雁山园导游词实用20篇

盼望已久的旅遊

從三年前，媽媽就說帶我出國旅遊，可一直沒有實現。終於在這個暑假如願以償了。在去巴厘島的頭一天晚上，我就抑制不住內心興奮，翻來覆去的睡不着。終於挨到天亮，我早早的起床，快速收拾停當，催促媽媽快點到機場。安檢結束后我就坐在飛機上靜靜的等待飛機起飛。就算是飛機誤點了兩小時，我依然很高興。

熱情的當地人

我剛下飛機就感受到了印度尼西亞人那淳樸，熱情好客的民俗風情。導遊小姐雙手合實，用真誠的微笑祝福我們：“旅途愉快!”之後給我們帶上了當地的島花“雞蛋花”製成的花環，迎面而來的花香使我陶醉在其中。

第二天，我在沙灘上撿到一隻小小的螃蟹，特別高興。裝在袋裡，像個寶貝似的捧在手裡。路上經過許多商戶，突然，一個商戶：“啊，啊，啊!”板著臉指着螃蟹大叫起來。我看見他的表情，嚇得我瞪大了眼睛，心想：是不是當地不讓抓螃蟹呀!當我正在詫異時。他微笑着沖我豎起大拇指：“Good!Good!”原來他是在跟我開玩笑，他用這種表達方式向我祝賀，為我高興。

有一天早上，媽媽用房間內的電水壺燒水時，一摸電線，馬上渾身顫抖，還好電流較弱馬上就甩開了。我們怒氣沖沖的找他們理論。第二天，他們收拾房間時，不光把水壺換了，還為我們準備了水果籃和一盤花，還有一張卡片，上面是當地的語言。雖然我不懂，但我理解他們以此表達的歉意之情。

在馬路上當地人見了我們都會點頭微笑。在酒店裡，每一個服務員，看見你都會說：“Goodmorning;Hello!”之類的話語。

當地人就是這樣坦誠相待、彬彬有禮。

海龜島

在巴厘島的對岸，有一個海龜島，特別小基本算是巴厘島的一部分了。島上是專門繁殖海龜和當地特有的動物的。上面的海龜最大的，直徑足足有七八十厘米，最小的，也是剛剛出生的，還沒有手心大呢!島上還有蝙蝠、蜥蜴、大嘴鳥、蟒蛇、鷹和各種鳥類。參觀這個島的旅客不需要購買門票。島上的活動有：抱海龜，拿蟒蛇，摸蜥蜴，看大嘴鳥，扛鷹等等。但當你離開時，要捐錢多少都可以，為島上的繁育工作作出貢獻。

巴厘島的沙灘是，細細的，軟軟的。海水退潮時，海草鋪滿了整個沙灘，沙灘上有很多被海水衝上來的海產品。那的海膽有許多許多，我還發現了一個長長的海參呢!都是在我所見到的海里很難發現的，這正是叫人驚奇地方。我撿了很多小海螺，沒想到裡面還有寄居蟹呢!你要把海螺擱那兒不動，一會兒兩個小鉗子就偷偷的鑽出來，悄悄地背着“家”逃走。躺在沙灘上，吹着海風，明媚的陽光照在你身上，看看美景，那真是人間仙境，叫我留戀望返。

那軟軟的沙灘，清澈見底的海水，藍藍的天空，白白的雲兒，高高的椰子樹，蔥綠的熱帶植物，迷人的熱帶風光成為世界上有名的旅遊聖地。我喜愛巴厘島的所有，如：人、美景、動物、海洋……

After the September 18th Incident in 1931, the Japanese aggressors pushedforward step by step, and the treasures stored in Beiping Palace Museum moved tothe south. Under the chairmanship of Ma Heng, the president of the PalaceMuseum, about 200000 pieces of antiquities were removed from the palace museumafter selection, cataloguing, numbering and packing, including the travel map ofXi Shan.

The antiquities were stored in Shanghai, transported to Sichuan on the eveof the Anti Japanese War, moved back to Nanjing after the victory of the AntiJapanese War, and moved from Nanjing to Chinese Taiwan in 1948. Fortunately, althoughthe war was in chaos and the war was raging, the cultural relics weretransported for a long time and the roads were dangerous, but there was nodamage or loss. It was a miracle indeed.

The Palace Museum, located in waishuangxi, covers an area of 20 squaremeters. It was built in 1962 and completed in 1965 in commemoration of Sun YatSens birthday. The whole building imitates the form of the Palace Museum inBeijing and adopts the Chinese palace style design. It has a magnificentappearance and carries green mountains. It is where the elite art of Chinesecultural relics collection lies.

Before entering the Palace Museum Square, you can see a memorial archwaycomposed of six stone pillars. On the archway, you can see a bronze tripodengraved with the word "fraternity".

The collection of the Imperial Palace Museum in Chinese Taiwan includes the essenceof old Beijing, the Imperial Palace, Shenyang the Imperial Palace and theoriginal river and so on. There are about 700 thousand pieces of cultural relicsdonated by people from all walks of life at home and abroad. They are dividedinto 14 categories: calligraphy, ancient paintings, inscriptions, bronzes, jadearticles, ceramics, stationery, carved lacquers, enamels, sculptures,miscellaneous items, embroidery and silk, books, and literature. The museumoften maintains about 5000 pieces of calligraphy, painting and cultural relicson display, and holds various special exhibitions regularly or irregularly. Theexhibits in the museum are replaced every three months.

According to the calculation of 5000 exhibits every three months and 20000exhibits every year, there are 700000 pieces in the collection here, which canonly be seen in 35 years without falling down at a time. This is not comparableto the general Museum collection.

在妈妈的组织下，我们一共有六户人家在清明节一起去富阳玩。我们是自己开车去的，四辆车子挤得满满的，车子一共开了2个小时左右才到了我们的目的地：富春桃源。

我们一行人从九宵碧云洞坐地轨缆车上山。到了山上，看见了一个蝌蚪池，心心和叶以萌迫不及待地伸手去抓，结果一只也没有抓到。这时萌萌她爸找来一根木棍，把蝌蚪赶到池子边沿，这样就可以抓到了。最后却把水搅得很浑浊，只好浑水摸鱼了。他又看见了两个装米的工具，给心心和萌萌一人一个;哇!好用多啦!抓到了很多只。

随后我们又去了溶洞——九霄碧云洞，走在里面，绕来绕去的我觉得像地道战。我还觉得那个神州奇花一点都不像花;还有那个比萨斜塔，我一点都不敢看，就怕它倒下来;还有，野槠林和碧云洞中间有个轻轨列车，本来我想自己驾驶，可是工作人员不让我驾驶，我没办法了只好让妈妈驾驶了，但是我会说，“快刹车”、“慢一点”、“快一点”等，还是有点刺激的。

我们又在野槠林里逗留了很久，我们小孩在打水枪，宇航哥哥在挑战自我，而大人在一边聊天呢!最后我们是坐竹筏出来的。

我喜欢在大自然里自由地玩耍。

各位游客们大家好，我是您们的导游小黄，首先欢迎大家来到澳门，今天我将带领大家去游览澳门旅游塔。

澳门旅游塔位于南湾新填海区D区域1号地段，占地面积达13363平方米。第一期兴建一座高约338米的澳门观光塔，第二期兴建娱乐中心。开发单位为澳门旅游娱乐有限公司。1998年7月30日澳门政府批出土地的租赁期限为25年，可续期至2049年12月19日。观光塔的商业用途部分为3675平方米，服务部分为4370平方米;娱乐中心总建筑面积为42188平方米，其中楼宇地库的第二及第三层用作停车场。

澳门新的标志性建筑——澳门观光塔，总耗资10亿元澳门币，1998年开始兴建，经过3年的建设，于20__年12月19日竣工揭幕，并正式接待游客。澳门特别行政区行政长官何厚铧和澳门旅游娱乐有限公司总经理何鸿燊为澳门观光塔亮灯。

从此，澳门观光塔成为澳门新的旅游景点，大大促进了澳门旅游业的发展。该塔动工时，正值亚洲金融危机严重冲击澳门经济之时，可是澳门著名实业家何鸿燊却应对超前，看好回归后的澳门市场，毅然投资兴建这座观光塔。

澳门观光塔集观光、会议、娱乐于一体，是全球十大观光塔之一。观光塔顶层为大型旋转餐厅，可俯瞰全澳景色。站在塔的观光廊，澳门、珠海尽收眼底，晴天可以看到香港的大屿山岛。此外，该塔还有展览及会议设施、主题餐厅、高级购物中心和剧场、露天广场和海滨长廊等。观光塔为全球第8高塔，也是超越巴黎埃菲尔铁塔的东南亚最高观光钢塔。这座338米高、可远眺香港和珠三角部分地区的高塔被誉为澳门新的标志性建筑物。

被命名为“澳门旅游塔”的观光塔位于澳门南湾新填海区，面对珠江口。塔身内的3部高速电梯飞速运转，50秒内就将参观者带到223米高处的公众观景层，在以整体玻璃幕墙围成的观景层内，不但澳门大小景观一览无遗，就连隔海相望的横琴岛、与澳门半岛相连的珠海市区也都显得近在咫尺。能见度高的时候，游客甚至可以眺望到几十公里外香港的大屿山及部分离岛。

在旅游塔顶向下望去，只见澳门半岛和凼仔、路环两岛犹如莲花漂浮在碧绿的海面上，东西望洋山、中银大厦、葡京酒店等分布错落。两条乳白色的跨海大桥下，过往船只像点点繁星，在海面上划出弧型的痕迹。澳门旅游塔观景层最大的特色在于部分地面由透明玻璃铺成，尽管厚达4厘米的强化玻璃能够确保安全，但看到位于脚下200多米处的海面、公路和建筑，仍令不少观众“不寒而栗”。有人说，走在这种透明的地面上，的的确确是在“空中漫步”。

观光塔塔底配套建有大型会议、展览、娱乐、餐厅、剧院、商场等设施。其中包括一个可容纳1200位宾客的宴会厅和一个500座位的剧院。投资兴建旅游塔的澳门旅游娱乐有限公司总经理何鸿(三个火下加木)今天在揭幕仪式上说，旅游塔选择今天启用，是对澳门回归祖国两周年纪念日的“特殊献礼”。他说，旅游塔的落成使澳门增加了一个新的旅游产品，将为澳门吸引更多的游客。

天华山位于丹东市宽甸满族自治县灌水镇北部，距宽甸县城50公里，距丹东市150公里。天华山素以峰奇、峡险、涧幽、水秀著称，整个旅游区分为白龙涧、青龙涧、玉龙涧、天华峰、灵光顶、西谷顶六大景区，奇峰怪石、森林洞峡、幽涧瀑布遍布山间。

景区里有雄奇峻拔的天华峰、神采奕奕的毛公峰、坐立云端的观音峰、栩栩如生的狮头峰等十八奇峰，还有通天峡、天门风道、龙脊险崖等巧夺天工的景观。走在山间，常见瀑布、溪水从巨石上飞泄而下，尤其夏季更是避暑佳境。

通天峡和天台是天华山的两大奇景。天华峰开裂两道长缝，形成了高百余米、宽仅0.8米的通天峡，行走在其中犹如坐井观天。天台峰海拔1006米，为天华山最高峰，远望如整块巨石直插云霄，登临山顶，却是一块宽阔平整的天然大石台，可遥望远处群峰延绵。

天华山四季分明、各有特色，但秋季最美，是赏枫胜地。这里的秋季满山艳丽，到处是赤红的枫叶、金黄的白桦、天柏、胡柞，挂满枝头的野果子和瀑布谷壑的野菊，十分唯美。而春天的天华山万木吐翠、花草遍地，山间巨石上生满苔藓，山崖上丁香、杜鹃等山花竞放;夏日的天华山万木葱茏，林间遮天蔽日，清爽宜人，更是观瀑赏水的好时节;冬季的天华山则是一派金色林带银色山的壮观景象。

旅客朋友们，大家好!

漫步荫凉的竹林、聆听清脆的水声，我们就到了小石潭。来到这里的柳宗元留下了千古名篇《小石潭记》。

大家看，下面的水潭清澈透明，底部为一块石头，翻卷露出水面的像礁、像屿、像垒、像岩;水中的鱼儿像在空中游一样。

《小石潭记》，全名《至小丘西小石潭记》，是唐朝诗人柳宗元作品，也是《永州八记》中的经典名篇，寄情山水之意尤为明显。该作品记叙了作者游玩的整个过程，以优美的语言描写了“小石潭”的景色，含蓄地抒发了作者被贬后无法排遣的忧伤凄苦的感情。全文不足二百字，却清晰的记述了作者出游、游览、返回的全过程。寓情于景，情景交融是本文的一大特点。

柳宗元的山水游记在中国文学史上具有独特的地位。其中最著名的，是他被贬谪到永州以后写的《始得西山宴游记》 《钴鉧潭记》 《钴鉧潭西小丘记》《至小丘西小石潭记》《袁家渴记》《石渠记》《石涧记》《小石城山记》，这些作品并称为《永州八记》。这些作品，画廊式地展现了湘桂之交一幅幅山水胜景，继承了郦道元《水经注》的传统而有所发展。

而柳宗元的山水游记则把自己的身世遭遇、思想感情融合于自然风景的描绘中，投入作者本人的身影，借被遗弃于荒远地区的美好风物，寄寓自己的不幸遭遇，倾注怨愤抑郁的心情。本文是柳宗元《永州八记》中的第四篇，保持了《永州八记》一贯的行文风格，观察入微，描摹细致。肖其貌，传其神。文章先写所见景物，然后以特写镜头描绘游鱼和潭水，再写潭上景物和自己的感受，写出了小石潭及其周围幽深冷寂的景色和气氛。

《小石潭记》观鱼时写鱼“似与游者相乐”，也折射了作者欣赏美景之初的愉悦的感情。而观鱼后坐潭上，感到风景“凄神寒骨，悄怆幽邃”，也是作者抑郁忧伤心情的反映。

听到“如鸣佩环”的流水声就“心乐之”，看到“往来翕忽”的游鱼便以为“似与游者相乐”。但好景不长，很快便感到这些“凄神寒骨”了，心里觉得“其境过清”，就匆匆离开了。这一乐一忧，耐人寻味。这是由于柳宗元参与改革，失败被贬，心中愤懑难平，因此凄苦是他感情的基调，寄情山水正是为了摆脱这种抑郁的心情;但这种“乐”，毕竟是暂时的，一经凄清环境的触发，忧伤、悲凉的心境便会流露出来。

潭水来自西面曲折的小溪，朋友们，让我们静静的感觉这幽静深邃的景色吧。

兰亭位于绍兴市西南十四公里处的兰渚山下，是东晋著名书法家王羲之的寄居处，这一带有“崇山峻岭，茂林修竹，又有清流激湍，映带左右”，是山阴路上的风景佳丽之处。相传春秋时越王勾践曾在此植兰，汉时设驿亭，故名兰亭。现址为明嘉靖二十七年(公元l548年)郡守沈启重建，几经反复，于1980年全面修复如初。

兰亭布局以曲水流觞为中心，四周环绕着鹅池、鹅池亭、流觞亭、小兰亭、玉碑亭、墨华亭、右军祠等。鹅池用地规划优美而富变化，四周绿意盎然，池内常见鹅只成群，悠游自在。鹅池亭为一三角亭，内有一石碑，上刻“鹅池”二字，“鹅”字铁划银钩，传为王羲之亲书;“池”字则是其子王献之补写。一碑二字，父子合璧，乡人传为美谈。流觞亭就是王羲之与友人吟咏作诗，完成《兰亭集序》的地方。东晋穆帝永和九年三月三日，王羲之和当时名士孙统、孙绰、谢安、支遁等41人，为过“修禊日”宴集于此，列坐于曲水两侧，将酒觞置于清流之上，飘流至谁的前面，谁就即兴赋诗，否则罚酒三觞。这次聚会有26人作诗37首。王羲之为之作了一篇324字的序文，这就是有“天下第一行书”之称的王羲之书法代表作《兰亭集序》。兰亭也因此成为历代书法家的朝圣之地和江南著名园林。

兰亭位于绍兴古城西南约13公里处的兰渚山下，因王羲之等人曾在此雅集，留下一篇著名的《兰亭序》而出名。兰亭地方不大，但景色非常雅致。鹅池碑、兰亭碑、曲水流觞、御碑亭是这里的主要景观。

过了检票处不远就会看到写有草书“鹅池”的石碑，相传“鹅”字由王羲之所写，显得娟秀挺拔，而“池”字却较为粗旷、豪迈奔放，是儿子王献之所写，这块碑也因此被称为“父子碑”。来到这里的游客，几乎都会在这里拍照。传说王羲之很喜欢鹅，现在兰亭的鹅池里也养了几只白净的鹅。

鹅池北岸即是兰亭碑亭，碑上的“兰亭”两字是康熙皇帝的御笔。兰亭碑旁边就是曲水流觞的区域，曲水流觞简单的说可以理解为现在的行酒令，有人在曲水的上游，放上一只盛酒的杯子，酒杯有荷叶托着顺水流漂行，到谁处停下，谁就得赋诗一首，作不出者罚酒一杯。当年王羲之便是趁着酒兴，挥笔成就了被誉为“天下第一行书”的《兰亭序》。当今很多游人来到这里，兴致勃勃地用塑料杯子，盛上饮料，放在曲水里“流觞”，体味当年曲水邀欢的情趣。

右军祠是纪念王羲之的祠堂，祠堂四面环荷花池，是康熙年间所建，这里主要看不同模仿版本的《兰亭序》。继续往西走，可以看到御碑亭，碑的正面是康熙皇帝所临写的《兰亭集序》全文，背面是乾隆皇帝游兰亭时即兴所作的一首七律诗《兰亭即事诗》，祖孙两代皇帝同书一碑，所以又称祖孙碑。祖孙两代皇帝同刻一碑，这是全国独一无二的，也是兰亭的镇亭之宝。

御碑亭背后还有十八口水缸，游人可以在此用毛笔蘸水在石桌上写字，体验当年王献之学字的场景。另外，景区西北有兰亭书法博物馆、兰亭瓷砚艺术馆，展出了不少书法作品和各种各样的砚台，感兴趣的话，不妨前往参观。

首先我来介绍故宫的概况。

故宫过去叫紫禁城，它是明清两代的皇宫。紫禁城始建于明朝永乐四年(142019年)永乐十八年建成，占地面积72万多平方米，距今已有62019年的历史。在这里曾居住了明清两朝24位皇帝。紫禁城的建筑是依据我国古代的《周礼.考工记》中“前朝、后市、左祖、右社”的原则建造的。

那么为什么叫“紫禁城”呢?这里面有很深的文化内涵。咱们中国是一个天文学非常发达的国家，早在3000多年前的甲骨文中就有许多关于天象的记载。在古代的天象观测中，人们发现，有一颗星的位置是不变的，始终居于天空的正中，它是紫微星，也就是大家熟悉的北极星。人们认为那是天帝居住的宫殿，称它为“紫宫”。皇帝称自己为天子，就是天帝的儿子，他所居住的宫殿就叫“紫宫”，这是其一，其二呢，皇帝居住的宫院，对寻常老百姓来说，是绝对的禁忌之地。于是两层含义合起来，所以就叫“紫禁城”

紫禁城是明朝的第三个皇帝朱棣，也就是永乐皇帝在142019年开始营建的，用了2019年的时间才全部建成，1421年正式迁都北京。从明朝永乐到清朝宣统，共有24位皇帝在这儿居住过，统治中国达491年。

相传紫禁城有宫殿9999间半，实际上是8700多间，是我国也是世界上目前规模最大、保存最完整的宫殿建筑群。这些宫殿沿中轴线排列，并向两边展开，左右对称，格局严正，气魄雄伟，极为壮观。当我们漫步在这些宫殿之间时，不仅仅可以亲身接触到它的一砖一瓦，还会欣赏到青铜、玉器、书画、珠宝等珍贵的文物。要知道，这些文物都是从故宫博物院150多万件藏品中精心挑选出来的，您定会爱不够，也看不够。再者说，在那些文物的背后，在眼前这些殿宇之中曾经发生过许许多多令人荡气回肠的故事，足以让您听不够、想不够。简单一句话，您今天走进了这明清两代的皇宫，就是走进了中华文明的宝库。

故宫的全称是“故宫博物院”，因为它是在明清两朝的皇宫和宫廷旧藏文物的基础上，建立起来的综合性国家级博物馆。说到这儿您可能会问了，那故宫博物院是什么时候成立的呢?不要着急，这还要从末代皇帝溥仪的退位说起。192019年，辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统治，192019年溥仪正式宣布退位。按说，这座宫殿应该收归国有。可是，按照当时的规定，溥仪却被允许居住在后宫部分，长达十几年。

在1924年冬季的一天，冯玉祥将军的手下鹿钟麟，将溥仪和他的后妃逐出了皇宫，同时成立“清室善后委员会”，接管故宫，并对皇宫中的文物进行了清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备，1925年10月10日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼。那天，为了争先目睹这座神秘的皇宫和宫殿里珍藏的宝贝，许多人拥向故宫，北京城万人空巷、交通堵塞，这件事成了当天各大报纸的重要新闻。

故宫在开放的第一天，到底接待了多少游客，我们不知道。可这几年，每年都有近1000万中外游客到故宫参观游览。因为故宫是全年365天开放的，算起来，每天平均要接待将近3万人呢。

故宫博物院已经有80多年的历史了，在这么长的时间，尤其是新中国成立后，故宫在古建筑保护、文物收藏、研究和展览方面，取得了巨大的进步。您知道吗?目前故宫珍藏的文物有150多万件，占全国文物馆藏总量的十分之一，其中一级文物占全国文物的五分之一还多呢?那故宫的文物都有哪些品种呢?这150多万件文物种类齐全，包括玉器、陶瓷、书画、珐琅、漆器、金银器，以及大量帝后、妃嫔服饰、衣料和家具等十多个门类。

这些年来，故宫博物院除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和西六宫外，又开辟了青铜、陶瓷、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆，并经常举办各种临时的主题性展览。另外，你还可以到故宫的网站上看看，网址是：.. (D是英文Digital 数字的意思;PM是Palace Museum，故宫的意思。中文意思就是数字故宫。

城池

午门 是皇宫的正门，因其位于紫禁城的午位(正南方)故称午门。“五凤楼”;在明清两朝，它的地位非常重要，许多重大仪式都是在这里举行的。比如：每年农历十月，皇帝要亲自到这儿来颁布下一年的历书。另外，打完仗，将士得胜回朝后，要在午门前举行隆重的献俘礼。午门有时也会作为举行喜庆活动的场所。每年农历正月十五的元宵节，这儿要张灯结彩、“放灯”三天，而且允许平民百姓来赏灯游玩，显示皇家于民同乐、普天同庆的太平景象。然而，说到这午门，大家都会想到“退出午门斩首”这句话吧。其实，这句话纯属误传，北京当时的刑场在南城的菜市口。那这句话是怎么传出来的呢?过去大臣们和皇帝在朝堂上议政，经常出现意见不和的情况。在明朝时，皇帝就可以把触犯他的大臣拉到午门外用竹子打屁股。这叫廷杖。千万不要小看这竹子，它是一种碗口粗的毛竹，里面还要灌上水银，据说是为了加大杀伤力，几杖下去就能皮开肉绽。被打的人不死也要终生残疾。这种恐怖的事情从皇宫传到民间，就逐渐变成“推出午门斩首”了。

神武门 故宫的北门。这座门故去除了供帝后妃嫔、太监、宫女们进进出出外，还是击鼓报时的场地。当年这门楼上有一支大鼓和一口大钟，每夜有专人值班击鼓报更。这里说的更，是过去人们对夜间的计时方法，一更约为两个小时，一夜分五更。夜里11点到第二天1点，正是三更的时候，所以就有了“三更半夜”或“半夜三更”的说法。每天夜幕降临后，在击鼓报初更之前，先要敲钟108响。楼高夜静，紫禁城里的人们，都能听到这钟鼓声。

东华门 是整个明代皇宫的东门，与西华门一东一西，遥相对应。东华门与西华门不像午门与神武门那样处于正南正北方为，而是处于靠近东南、西南方位。

西华门是紫禁城的西门，门外与东华门一样矗立着一块下马石碑。这个门的职能与东华门相同，是大臣们上朝进宫出入的必经之地，或许因为出入东华门要经过一大片马厩的缘故，大多数朝臣一般进出皇宫都走西华门。清代皇帝和太后平时出宫游玩也多走西华门。

角楼 在紫禁城高高的城墙上，有四座小巧别致、精美无比的角楼。它们像四颗明珠，镶嵌在高大的城墙上，它们不仅是我国，也是世界上的建筑精品。这角楼的建筑十分复杂，它一共有三层檐。关于这角楼的建造，还有一个故事呢，我来说说吧。 相传，明朝的永乐皇帝在修建皇宫时，特意指定要在紫禁城的死角，各建造一座“九梁十八柱七十二脊”的角楼，并且限期100天，盖不好要杀头。谁也没有见过这么复杂的建筑阿，这可难坏了全国各地的能工巧匠。眼看皇帝的限期就要到了，工匠们愁的都吃不下饭。这是，来了一个卖蝈蝈的老头儿。他那蝈蝈笼子非常精致漂亮，大家都为过去看那巧夺天工的笼子。有个工匠不自觉的数起笼子上的玉米秸，“一根梁，两根梁…..”一数，一共是九根横粱、十八根柱子、七十二个脊。哎，这部正式咱们要盖的角楼吗!大家非常兴奋，突然想起卖蝈蝈的老头儿，可一看，老头儿不见了。工匠们七嘴八舌的说，这是鲁班爷显灵，来救我们了。于是，工匠们如期建好了角楼。

护城河和金水河 紫禁城城垣的外围围绕着一条宽52米，深6米的护城河，河岸陡直，由条石砌成，俗称筒子河。清代护城河的北、东、西三面内侧建有守卫围房732间，戒备森严。护城河水的源头是京西的玉泉山，玉泉山水经过颐和园、运河、西直门的高梁桥，流到市中心的后海，然后从地安门的步梁桥下分出支流，经景山西门的地道进入护城河。从康熙朝开始在护城河中种莲藕，农历七月，荷花盛开，十分壮观。收获的莲子和莲藕除交给宫中食用外，剩余的拿到市场上卖，所得银子作为小花销。嘉庆以后开始出租给人养荷收取租金。故宫周围有两条金水河，一条是内金水河，一条是外金水河。外金水河在天安门前，其水系来自护城河西边的河段，护城河河水到达宫墙西南角后，进入地道，在从织女桥流出，绕过社稷坛，从外金水桥流过，经牛郎桥向东过天妃闸，流出皇城。内金水河的水是从神武门西边的地道引入的护城河河水，河水沿内廷西区供电墙外向南流，在慈宁花园墙外向东南转，蜿蜒经武英殿，在太和门前广场形成一个优美的拱形渠，然后转向北流经文渊阁，在銮驾库的西边流出皇宫。整条内金水河在皇宫里绵延2019多米，河上共有大大小小21座桥，还有10多处涵洞。内金水河除有排泄雨水、方便宫中取水、消防等实际功能之外，增加精致也是其中不可忽视的因素。

太和门和三大殿

太和门 朋友们，到了皇宫，您一定想知道皇帝上早朝的地方吧，太和门，就是明朝“御门听证”的地方。所谓御门听证，就是大家所说的上早朝，由皇帝和大臣们讨论、处理国家大事。 在人们的印象中，皇帝上朝都是在威严的大殿里，其实不然。每天清晨，皇帝从后宫出来，坐在这太和门种种摆放的龙椅上。王公大臣们按照文东武西的顺序，站在门下的广场上，向皇帝奏事。皇帝身边站着当班的内阁学士，负责记录皇帝的意见，退朝后再稍加整理，颁行天下，这就是我们常说的“圣旨”或“上谕”，国家的日常事务就在这太和门商量决定了。说到这里，也许您会想到：在露天的门外办公，万一刮风下雨怎么办呢?其实别说刮风下雨，就是平常这里也不打舒服。但按当时的规定：皇帝和大臣们每天都要上早朝。不过，制度是死的，人是活的。封建社会每个朝代的头一两个皇帝一般都还比较勤奋，后代的皇帝就贪图享乐，把祖父辈打江山时的艰辛和治天下短裤新都抛到脑后了。明朝也不例外，中后期的万历皇帝竟长达24年不临朝。历史学家曾说过“明之亡，则亡于神宗”就是说明朝的灭亡正是从这位明神宗开始的。到清朝的时候，将御门听证改在故宫的乾清门。

金水桥 在太和殿前面有五座精致的汉白玉石桥，这就是著名的金水桥。您知道它为什么叫“金水桥”吗?我先说桥下这条河的水，它来自京城西面的玉泉山，从紫禁城的西北进入，东南流出。而古人推崇阴阳五行学说，就是金木水火土这五种物质，认为“西”这个方位在五行中属金，所以取名“金水河”，那上面的桥自然就叫“金水桥”了，我们都知道，天安门外也有金水桥，那是外金水桥，而我们眼前的是内金水桥，这金水河不光起到了装饰庭院的作用，也是紫禁城里重要的消防水源和排水渠道，故宫中的水源是很少的，一旦宫殿着火，金水河里的水就非常珍贵了。

太和殿 在宽阔的太和门广场上，广场中间有一条青白石铺成的御道，这条御道当年只有皇帝才能走。从太和门广场北望，在那高大、漂亮的汉白玉台基上，有座雄伟的建筑叫太和殿，也就是老百姓所说的金銮殿。这汉白玉台基高达8米，比现在的两层楼还要高。修建这么高的台基，为的就是造成大殿的雄壮感。咱们国家古建筑的主体是木结构，而木材本身又不可能很高大，于是聪明的工匠采用高大的石台基将大殿托起，以增强气势。 在紫禁城所有宫殿中，以这座金銮殿最受尊崇，当年最高级别的仪式和大典都在这里举行。比如说，皇帝登基、大婚、册立皇后，还有在发生战争时派将出征，都要在太和殿举行非常隆重地典礼活动。其中最为隆重的就是登基大典，皇帝要这里接受百官和外国使臣的朝贺。此外一年当中的三个大节庆，也就是元旦、冬至和万寿节，皇帝也要在这里举行盛大的宴会。其实这个元旦不是咱们现在的新年，而是农历的大年初一_—春节。冬至是一年当日光照时间最短的一天，古人认为这是阳长阴消的日子，值得大庆。所以皇帝要在冬至那天到天坛祭天，次日在太和殿接受王公大臣的朝贺，而万寿节则是当朝皇帝自己的生日。您可能在电视剧中看到过举行大典的场景把，这广场的两要布置雄壮的仪仗队，文武百官就跪在这御道的两旁。而皇帝是坐在太和殿内的宝座上，接受官员们的叩拜大礼的。既然太和殿的地位这么重要，在建筑规格上自然就是最高、最大的了。它的建筑面积是2377平方米。不仅在紫禁城内，就是从全国范围看，也是现存最大的木结构宫殿。从它的屋脊到地面，高达35米，比现在的10层楼房还要高。讲到这里，不知您是否注意到这么一个问题。您看，这么大的一个广场，怎么连一颗树也没有?原来，这是为了突出三大殿的壮观和皇帝的尊严。您想一想，如果这里松柏参天，三大殿掩映在树荫之中，那还能有现在这种气势马?再者说，这里是举行重大典礼的地方，要求格外庄严肃穆。如果有了树木，仪仗和百官的站位都会受到影响，将有损于典礼的严肃性。如此说来，是这些宫殿建筑的功能，决定了这里不能种树。 在太和殿的汉白玉台基上，有许多青铜鼎，其实那时香炉，因为它们是模仿周朝的鼎造的，所以叫鼎式炉。三层石台上共有18个香炉，象征着清朝的18个行省。每当大典时，就在香炉腹部装上香料，然后将香料点燃，18个香炉就一起散出缕缕青烟，使太和殿显得更加神秘庄严。 太和殿外面两边平台的两个角落，各有一件汉白玉雕凿的器具。在一块圆石板上，中间插一根铁针，周围刻有刻度。当太阳升起时，铁针的投影指向哪个时刻，就表示是什么时辰了。它叫日晷，是古代的一种计时工具。与日晷对称的位置，是一座石头亭子，它叫嘉量。在嘉量的里面石斛(hu)、斗、升、合(ge)、龠(yue)五种计量器具，一直到近代，人们还常用斗和升来称量东西。为什么要把这两件器具摆放在这儿呢?这里面有很深的文化内涵。在中国古代，时间和度量衡是非超重要的，它代表上天的旨意和国家的统一。在世间，只有天子才能代表上天，行使规定时间和计量的权力，它们象征着皇权的至高无上。摆放在日晷和嘉量旁边的统龟、铜鹤是举行大典时熏香用的，但还有一定的寓意。我们都知道，龟、鹤是长寿的动物，在太和殿的两边摆放上龟、鹤，象征着国运永昌。 我们都知道故宫有8700多间房子，而这太和殿，就有55间，这是怎么回事呢?因为在古代，我们把四根柱子之间算一间屋子，而太和殿是横11间、纵5间，就是55间了。所以说，整个故宫也只是由几百座宫殿。 摆放在太和殿中平台上的龙椅，就是民间俗称的金銮宝座。它是用紫檀木制成，从明朝到清朝一直是用。这宝座的宽度大大超过高度，给人一种非常稳定的感觉，象征着皇权安稳、江山永固。大殿里的柱子，靠近金銮宝座的是6根金黄色的柱子，他表面贴的是金箔，6根金柱拱卫着那巨大的龙椅，把皇帝衬托得更加尊贵、庄严。此外还有66根朱红色的柱子。这些柱子都是用才子东北长白山的红松制成的，每根高12米，直径1米多，两个人都抱不过来。当年没有显得的大型运输工具，要采伐、运输这么的木材，实在是一件非常艰难的事情。 在太和殿的天花板上，有一个盘龙藻井。这“藻井”是古建筑中的名称，就是指天花板中间镂孔雕刻的一块。太和殿的藻井是一条蟠龙，就叫蟠龙藻井。在这龙嘴的下面，吊着一个亮晶晶的圆球，它叫“轩辕镜”。这个东西可大有讲究，您听说过“炎黄子孙”这个词吧。传说古代有炎、黄两帝，而咱们现代人都是它们的后代，所以中国人都说自己是炎黄子孙。而过去的皇上也自认为是黄帝的继承者和接班人。这个传说中的黄帝号“轩辕氏”，而皇上在宝座的正上方悬挂一个轩辕镜，表示自己三正统黄帝，而且有轩辕氏的保佑。 太和殿地面上铺的是一种亮亮的方砖。您听说过紫禁城“金砖墁地”吗?指的就是这种“金砖”。这种砖并不是拿黄金制成的，那它为什么会叫金砖呢?这种砖是在今天苏州附近的御窑村烧制的。因为是专门为京城烧制的，所以叫“京砖”。可是南方人发“京”这个字音时，听起来像是黄金的“金”字。久而久之，这京砖被叫成金砖了。虽说这砖不是用黄金制成，可是由于它的制作方法独特，工艺复杂，它的质地更像大理石一样细密、坚固，尽管经历了几百年的摩擦，依然光亮如镜，再加上烧制、铺墁这种砖的费用也是很高的，所以，冠以“金砖”的美名，也是名副其实。

中和殿 太和殿后面有一座四四方方、象亭子一样的建筑，是中和殿。它是黄帝在大典之前的休息室。每次大典前，皇帝从后宫出来，在中和殿稍作停留。当太和殿所有的仪式都准备好后，有专门的人来导引着皇帝，沿中间的御道，从太和殿的后门走近去。当皇帝一落座，就要焚香、奏乐、响鞭，整个大典便开始了。由于这里是皇帝大典之前做准备工作的地方，所以他在后来逐渐成为举行各种祭祀、典礼时的准备场所。在各种祭祀活动中，有一项很特殊，那就是每年春天的祭农。每年春分，皇帝要到先农坛，那里有一块皇帝的“自留地”，就是咱们俗称的“一亩三分地”。平常有专门的官员管理，但到了春分那天，皇帝要亲自到这块田地上，扶扶犁，锄锄地，这叫行“亲耕礼”，祈求五谷丰登。皇帝在去先农坛之前，要在中和殿举行一个仪式，看一看他要用的农具，这也反映皇帝对农业的重视。当然了，中和殿还有其他用途。比如皇帝要在这里阅视家谱。皇族和老百姓一样，也有自己的家谱，皇帝的家谱叫“玉牒”。玉是玉器的玉，牒是通牒的牒，每隔十年重修一次。这里要说明一句，皇帝的家谱虽名为玉牒，但并不是用玉制成的，也是用纸张书写，只是为了强调皇帝家谱的高贵，才称为玉牒。中和殿的另一个用途，是皇帝在这里为皇太后上徽号。皇帝为了表示孝道，要在寿庆和节日给皇太后上一些吉祥的称号，叫做徽号。像我们熟悉的“慈禧”“慈安”就是徽号。

保和殿是一座非常著名的宫殿，在明清两朝，这里是皇家的高级宴会厅。每逢重大节日和帝后生日，皇帝都要在这里宴请文武百官，以示庆贺。一些少数民俗的领袖，像西藏的高僧，蒙古王公来皇宫，皇帝也要在这里设宴款待，以示笼络。公主出嫁，皇帝也要在这里宴请亲家，表示对他们的尊重。然而，保和殿在读书人的心目中，地位是最高的，因为从清朝乾隆年间开始，保和殿拥有了一项更加重要的职能，成为中国科举考试的最高一级殿试的考场。老百姓所熟知的状元，就是从这座大殿里考出来的。朝为放牛郎，暮登天子堂。将相本无种，男儿当自强!您听过这首童谣吗?它的前两句是说一个青年早上还在为地主放牛，晚上就到天子堂来考试了。而“天子堂”，指的就是这保和殿。这里形容读书人的一步登天，其实当年可不是这样的。在当年，能够到这座大殿内参加考试，就应经是非常非常不容易了。因为来到这里的考生，都是从全国众多学子中，经过从地方到京城层层考试选出来的。一个读书人，熟读“四书五经”之后，首先要中秀才。中了秀才就是读书人，到县衙大堂，见县官就不用跪了。秀才要去省会城市考试考“乡试”，考中为举人，举人就可以做县令之类的小官了，社会地位也会得到很大的提升。您还记得吗，在电视剧《铁齿痛牙纪晓岚》里就有秀才参加乡试，考官们徇私作弊的情节。其实，中举对于科举之路来说，只是万里长征走完了第一步。举人们还要到京城的国子监去考“会试”。然后才有资格到这座宫殿参加考试，所以叫“殿试”。“殿”就是保和殿的“殿”。殿试每三年举行一次，由皇帝亲自主考。从早上考到晚上，整整一天。阅卷工作全部结束，皇帝要在太和殿进行一个隆重的发榜仪式，称之为“金殿传胪”。所有参加殿试的贡生们都云集在太和广场，皇帝亲自在大典上宣读前三名的名字。考中第一名的称为状元，第二，第三名称为榜眼和探花。这三个人可以很荣耀的从午门正中的门洞走出紫禁城，这是皇帝对他们的恩宠。

云龙石雕 故宫中，在许多宫殿的前台都有石雕，用浮雕的手法刻出游龙、翔凤等图案。这些石雕主要为了装饰，显示皇家的威严和气派。在这些大大小小的石雕中，保和殿后也就是台阶中间的云龙石雕是最大的一块。石雕的图案，从上到下，刻着九条形态各异、栩栩如生的游龙，嬉戏于云海之中，非常生动、精美。这块石雕是用一块完整的大青石雕成的，现在长16.57米，宽3.07米，平均厚度1.70米，重量达200多吨。这块石料是采自北京房山区的大石窝村，距离紫禁城有100多华里。在500多年前，没有任何现代化运输工具的情况下，是如何从百里之外将这么巨大的石头完整的运来的呢?这是一个非常有趣的话题。简单地说，就是借助冰，是用拉旱船的办法拖过来的。工匠们从紫禁城到大石窝村，每隔一里地打一口井。到了严冬季节，从井里把水提上来，泼在路面上，就这样波一条100多华里的冰道。我们知道，饼面上的摩擦力小的多。就是这种能够情况下，仍然动用了两万多名民工、几千匹骡马，用了近一个月时间，耗银11万两，才把这块大石头拉进紫禁城里，其艰难程度可想而知。每个人站在它面前，都不得不从心底叹服古代劳动人民的勤劳和智慧。

铜缸 故宫里有许多大缸，您想这些大缸是做什么用的呢?这些缸是储水防火用的，故宫里现在总共有308口铜缸或铁缸，分散在各个宫殿附近。故宫的缸都有一个特点，缸底的石基都留有一个方口。因为北京的冬天很冷，户外的水很容易结冰，所以入冬以后，专门有太监来管理这些缸。在缸的外面套上棉套，上面盖上缸盖，低下烧上炭火，一直烧到惊蛰时节气温回升了才撤火，基座下的方口就是烧炭的炭口。这些缸大部分都是用青铜铸成的，缸外面是镏金的，一口缸要用黄金约3公斤。金灿灿的镏金铜缸衬着红墙，十分华贵气派。可是，如果我们走到前朝宫殿旁边，会发现那里的缸表面只留下了斑斑的黄迹。这是怎么回事呢?说道这儿，我要讲一段令人心酸的历史了。100多年前，也就是公元192019年，八国联军以镇压义和团的名义，侵略北京。当他们进入紫禁城后，对宫廷物品进行了大肆劫掠，抢走了数不清的玉器、玛瑙、佛像，许多珍贵图书、档案也被破坏。这些大缸表面，金灿灿的黄金夜难逃此劫。贪婪的侵略者用刺刀把缸表面的镏金一点点刮去，留下横七竖八的刀痕，引起我们痛苦的回忆，提醒我们要勿忘国耻，自强不息!

横街

在保和殿和乾清门之间有条狭长的广场，是紫禁城内的一条分界线，称“横街”，又叫乾清门广场。横街以南是外朝，是举行重大典礼的场所。横街以北是皇帝后妃们居住的地方。从这里向北的一片金碧辉煌的宫殿，就是紫禁城的内廷。在内廷紫禁城的中轴线上有三座宫殿，依次是乾清宫、交泰殿和坤宁宫，称为后三宫，再往北是御花园。两侧各有六座规制相同的院落，就是妃嫔们居住的东六宫和西六宫。东六宫的东侧，有皇帝供奉祖先的奉献殿和乾隆打算养老的宁寿全宫。在内廷中轴线的西面，有一大片宫殿，是供太后、太妃们居住的慈宁宫、寿康宫。另外，还有一座很高的建筑，与周围其他殿堂有很大差异。那是外西路的一处佛堂，叫雨花阁，是故宫中最大的一处佛堂。这座阁楼的形制与其他宫殿明显不同，它的四个屋脊各雕有一条铜铸镏金的龙，四条游龙栩栩如生，呼之欲出。

军机处 在乾清门西高墙边，有排又矮又小的房子，比起紫禁城里那些高大的宫殿，它们实在是太不起眼了。可是正像俗话所说的“人不可貌相”一样，这几间小房子也非比寻常，因为这就是鼎鼎大名的“军机处”所在地。您在各种文学、影视作品中所看到的“军机大臣”，就在这里值班。清朝为什么要把军机处那样一个非常重要的机构，放在这么一个不起眼的地方呢?就是因为这排房子的一墙之隔就是皇帝居住的养心殿。雍正初年，西北地区放生大规模的武装叛乱，军情紧急，雍正皇帝经常在养心殿昼夜不停的和大臣们商量如何评定叛乱。为了随时召见这些大臣，雍正便将养心殿外这排平房作为大臣们休息和等候的地方。这样一来，既节省了时间，又有利于保密。于是，军机处成为正式的国家机关，国家的军政大事都在这里决断，而本来掌握朝政大权的内阁变成空架子。军机大臣的人选要皇帝亲自在大学士、尚书、侍郎等大臣中选任。这样军机处就完全置于皇帝的直接控制之下了。而军机大臣确实有一定权势。要是没有过人的才能，还是不可能成为军机大臣的。一位大臣初入军机处，叫学习“行走”，他每天的工作就是誊写诗片。皇帝每天口诵所制诗文，这位大臣只能肃立静听，然后回到军机处根据记忆将皇帝的诗文誊些出来，也能做到准确无误了，才能参加撰写皇帝的谕旨。皇帝的谕旨，有时一天好几次，有时一说就是几百句话，听了以后，仅凭记忆，要能写的完全符合皇帝的本意才行。您说，这活儿容易吗?

景运门 在明朝时期可是戒备森严，没有皇帝的诏令，就是王公大臣也不能进入。因为，这是进入皇宫内院的必经之门。在景运门西面，有一个和它正对着的门，叫隆宗门，隆宗门的作用及管理办法，和景运门完全一样的。

后三宫

乾清门，它和南面的太和门有异曲同工之处。太和门是明朝“御门听证”的场所，清朝则改在这里。清代的许多重大国事比如平定吴三桂等人的叛乱、抗击沙皇俄国的侵略、出兵收复中国台湾等。都是在这里讨论决策的。乾清门内是一个不大的院子，周围有一些看上去很普通的长廊式房屋，您可千万别小看这些没有气派的平房，中国历史上许多重大历史事件就发生在这里。您听说过康熙智擒鳌拜的故事吗?这历史上真实的一幕，就发生在乾清门西侧的叫南书房的屋子里。康熙做皇帝的时候只有8岁，又鳌拜登四名大臣辅政，鳌拜居功自傲，专横跋扈。有很大野心。他通过大肆结党营私，迫害异己逐渐总揽了朝廷大权，干了许多坏事。康熙14岁时，名义上正式亲政，可实际上鳌拜仍然控制着朝廷，把康熙置于傀儡地位。有一次，鳌拜和一个大臣发生争执，鳌拜在朝堂上，就和皇帝大吵大闹，后来竟然撸起袖子、伸出拳头，胁迫康熙。康熙只好暂时忍耐。从那以后，康熙决心除掉这块绊脚石。然而鳌拜是满族贵族中有名的“勇士”武功极好，又手握大权，在朝中有一大帮党羽，要扳倒鳌拜也不是件容易的事。康熙决定智取，假装迷上了摔跤，他让人找了十几个身体强壮并和自己年龄相仿的少年，天天在一起玩摔跤。有时鳌拜进宫办事，看到小皇帝这样贪玩，认为不会有什么作为，就更加不把皇帝放在心上，做着独揽大权的美梦。经过一年多的训练，康熙认为时机已经成熟，便在康熙八年五月的一天，召鳌拜来南书房讲书，当时这里是康熙读书的地方。当鳌拜像往常一样趾高气扬的走进去时，突然拥上一帮少年，连拉带绊把他按倒在地，鳌拜还以为这帮孩子在跟他开玩笑。当他被捆绑住后，康熙严厉的列举了鳌拜的30条罪状。考虑到鳌拜毕竟为清朝立下过汗马功劳，宣布将他终生监禁。不可一世的鳌拜后来死在狱中。这一年康熙皇帝才16岁。

乾清宫 是皇帝的寝宫，明朝的14位皇帝和清朝的顺治，康熙两位皇帝都曾在这里居住，并在这里批阅奏章、召见官员、接见外国使节。从清朝第五代皇帝雍正开始，将寝宫移到了养心殿。宫殿里宝座的上方，悬挂着一块牌匾，上面写着“正大光明”四个大字。这块匾是康熙皇帝临摹顺治皇帝的笔迹写成的，在学多电视剧中出现过，可以说它是紫禁城中最重要的一块匾，为什么这么说呢，有两个理由：首先“正大光明”这四个字是清朝皇帝标榜的祖训格言，制成扁悬挂在这里，作为立身、齐家、治国、平天下的基本准则。再者，它和清朝雍正皇帝创立的秘密建储制度有关。储是储存的储，建储业叫立储，就是确立皇位继承人。我国历代王朝，大都采取公开建储的方式，立为太子的多是嫡长子，也就是皇后生的第一个儿子。可是皇帝的儿子一般都很少，不少皇子都做着皇帝梦，他们为此往往拉帮结伙、勾心斗角，甚至发展为同胞骨肉互相残杀，您看过电视剧《康熙王朝》吗?剧中的康熙皇帝就因为建储而遇到问题：他曾两次立嫡长子胤礽为太子，又两次把他废掉。此后康熙便不再提太子的人选，直到他临死之前，才下诏书，让四子胤祯继承皇位，这就是雍正皇帝。由于康熙朝的太子长期不定，而雍正即位又比较突然，所以民间就盛传雍正是偷改了康熙皇帝的遗诏而登上皇帝宝座的。据说，康熙写的是“传位十四子”，雍正勾结负责传召的故名大臣隆科多将“十”字上面加一横，下面加意钩，改称了了“于”字，成为“传位于四子”。事实果真如此吗?据清史专家考证，这种传说是靠不住的，因为清代这种传位诏书要用满汉两种文字书写。这样看来，雍正并不是靠篡改诏书登上皇位的。雍正皇帝即位后，吸取历史教训，决定将公开立太子的制度，该为秘密建储。秘密建储的做法是，皇帝在位时不公开确立太子，通过对皇子们的全面考查，选定皇位接班人，并秘密的将这个皇子的名字写在两份诏书上，一份由混各地随身带着，另一份装在一个小盒子里，密封好后，就放在这块“正大光明”匾背后。当皇帝病危时或去世后，由朝廷重臣和王公贵族，一起把这两份诏书取出来，对照无异后，即按照上面的名字公布下一任皇帝。这种方法确实减少了皇子之间的争斗。雍正皇帝设立了这种秘密建储制度后，他的儿子乾隆皇帝就是以这种方式登上皇位的。

交泰殿 是以做四方的亭式建筑。这座宫殿上的彩画图案和其他宫殿的是有区别的。所绘彩画是一对对飞翔凤凰，而其他宫殿基本上都是一对对游龙。在封建社会，龙是皇帝的象征，而凤凰是皇后的象征。皇后头上戴的是凤冠，穿的是凤头鞋，住的是凤楼。说到这儿您是不是已经想到了交泰殿的用途，原来这交泰殿是宫内专门为皇后准备的正殿。在皇宫中，皇后的地位也是非常尊贵的。每年的一些重要节日，如元旦，还有千秋节，也就是皇后的生日，皇后就会端坐在交泰殿内的宝座上，接受宫内嫔妃以及一些高级官员大夫人的朝拜。殿内正上方悬挂的那张匾写有“无为”二字。这两个字很是耐人寻味，无为是古代的一种政治思想，讲究清静无为、清心寡欲，其实就是不要有太多的作为，凡是要顺其自然。交泰殿虽然不大，里面的陈设却非常丰富。宝座两旁有一些蒙着布的方架子颇引人注目。当年这些架子上放置着象征皇权的大印，一共有25方，习惯上称为二十五宝，这些都是乾隆皇帝亲自选出来的。在殿的两侧，还有两件大型计时器，东边的叫“铜壶滴漏”，西边的叫“大自铭钟”。铜壶滴漏是中国古代传统的计时器，大自铭钟是吸收西方近代科学仿造的钟表。

坤宁宫 是后三宫的最后一宫。我们知道后三宫中最前面的是乾清宫，从名字上看，按照中国传统文化的解释，这“坤宁”二字同乾清宫的“乾清”二字是非常对应的，“乾”指天，象征着阳;“坤”指地，象征着阴。“清”“宁”都是表示安定、和谐的意思。您该猜到坤宁宫的作用了吧!乾清宫是皇帝的寝宫，那坤宁宫自然是皇后的寝宫了。在明朝，除了个别失宠的皇后外，其他皇后都住在这座宫殿内。清代，顺治和康熙时期，皇后依然住在坤宁宫里。到了雍正皇帝时，由于皇帝搬出乾清宫，皇后也就不再住坤宁宫了，于是对坤宁宫作了改建。从此，这座古老的宫殿在结构和功能上，都发生了有趣的变化。首先说，这座宫殿的正门不居中，而是偏向东边，这是东北地区满族的建筑特色，再者说，坤宁宫的窗户纸都糊在窗棂的外面，过去人们说东北三大怪，其中就有这“窗户纸糊在外”。在风沙大地区，这种把窗户纸糊在密集的窗棂外面的方法，既可以使窗户纸不易被风刮破，还可以使窗棂上不落灰尘。屋内的陈设，就更有特色了。大殿的西半部分较大，是萨满教举行祭神的场地。萨满教是满足的民族宗教，在东北地区非常流行，它是一个多神教，佛教中的释迦牟尼、观音菩萨，汉族民间祭拜的关云长，以及山里的虎、鹿、猪、熊，路边的石头、树林等都是萨满教的祭祀对象。坤宁宫东侧是皇帝皇后大婚的洞房。按照礼仪，帝、后新婚，要这这里住满三天。三天之后，皇帝搬到养心殿，而皇后在东西六宫中中选择一宫居住。洞房中的陈列室末代皇帝溥仪和他的“皇后”婉容大婚的原状。洞房的墙上涂着红漆，地上铺着红地毯，到处都是红色，在洞房的门口和东侧过道的木影壁上，各有一个大红底金色双喜字，寓意着“开门见喜”。靠窗户的大炕，是皇帝和皇后因交杯酒、唱交祝歌的地方。屋内靠西北墙的地方摆有皇帝和皇后的龙凤喜床。

坤宁门 是御花园的入口。到了这里，古柏老槐扑面而来，有一种神清气爽的感觉。御花园的面积并不大，它东西长130多米，南北宽90米，总面积不超过12019平方米。但古代的工匠们就利用这一方小小得天地，安排了各类建筑20多座、古树160株，还有两座假山、两方水池及散布其间的大量奇花异石，使御花园显得格外典雅、幽静，幽赏起来，美不胜收。

御花园

钦安殿 走进天一门，在钦安殿的前面，您能看到两棵长的很奇特的柏树。这两棵树的根和主干彼此独立，但从树杈上就相依相偎，难分彼此了。人们称它为“连理树”、“连理枝”。古代人把这种连理枝又叫“合欢树”、“夫妻树”。其实它们不是天然形成的，在它们很小的时候，园艺工匠就将它们拧到了一起，最后长成了这个样子。您知道吗，钦安殿是整个故宫中最古老的建筑，它是从明代保存下来的，距现在已经有580多年的历史了。明清两朝都在这里供奉玄武大帝。玄武大帝也叫真武大帝，是水神。皇宫都是木结构的房子，非常怕火，过去由于没有避雷针，曾多次着火。特别是太和殿，因为最高大，更容易遭受雷击，自明初建成以来，曾经发生五次较大的火灾。所以封建帝王们特意在宫中专门找一个宫殿供奉水神，祈求保佑皇宫的安全。而且，这连理枝前的门叫天一门，门的名字也跟水有关系。《易经》上说“天一生水”，水是灭火的，于是起这个名字，用水镇火，图个吉利。我们都知道，浙江宁波有一座明代的藏书楼叫“天一阁”，也是取这个意思。当然，这些都是一种心理上的安慰罢了。

养性斋 是座凹字形的两层楼阁式建筑。它的外墙倚着御花园的墙壁，海棠树、太湖石环绕周围，环境很优雅，在这儿居住一定很舒服。谁在这儿住过呢?他就是末代皇帝溥仪的英文老师。这位英文老师是苏格兰人，中文名字叫庄士敦。他是一个中国通，中国话也讲的非常流利。在电影《末代皇帝》中，就有这位英文教师的镜头。溥仪在《我的前半生》中写道，自己念书厌烦的时候，庄士敦能循循善诱，“讲些山南海北、古今中外的掌故。”他称赞庄士敦是自己的又一个灵魂。因此，溥仪特意把这养性斋，赏赐给庄士敦当书房兼卧室。当然，溥仪学习英文就业在这里了。

堆秀山，它是用江苏太湖流域的“太湖石”人工堆砌成的。太湖石是在太湖里被湖水多次冲刷而形成的奇形怪状的石头。要细算起来，这堆秀山“太湖石”的历史比整个皇宫都古老，听我们讲讲吧。在北宋的都城开封，过去由一座山叫“艮岳”，就是用太湖石堆成的。可是建好后不久，北宋就被金朝灭亡了，艮岳山也毁了。等到明朝初年修建紫禁城时，就把这些石头运到这儿，堆成了我们眼前的堆秀山。所以这些太湖石有近102019年的历史了。在山脚下，正中有一个门洞，在门洞的东西两侧各有一座人工喷泉。那时候故宫里没有自来水管道，这喷泉是怎么设计的呢?工匠们在半山腰两侧各设一口蓄水的大缸，通过水道，产生压力，使水从下面的龙嘴里喷出。而喷泉造型是用石头雕刻的一条蛟龙，盘踞在石座上面。喷泉整体造型和谐美观，使皇帝的游玩别有情趣。堆秀山山上有一座小亭子“御景亭”。那儿是御花园的最高点，每年农历八月十五中秋节、九九重阳节，皇帝会带着后妃们，在亭内登高赏月、饮酒作诗。

絳雪轩 为5间房的建筑。这个“絳”字是红色的意思。可我们都知道，雪是白的，那么，絳雪岂不成了红色的雪吗?其实，当年这里种着5棵海棠树。一阵微风吹来，白中透红的海棠花瓣纷纷飘落，地面上就像下了一层红色的雪，乾隆皇帝为此作诗“暇日高轩成小立，东风絳雪未酣霏”，来赞美当时的景色，所以取名叫絳雪轩。絳雪轩对面的花坛，竖着一块枯木。但您仔细想想，如果这是块木头，常年的风吹日晒雨淋，早就腐烂了。其实，这是一块木头的化石，叫木变石。这木变石是怎么形成的呢?据记载，东北的松木沉入松花江，经常年累月，变成石头，就是木变石了。一般的木变石都比较小，可是我们看这块石头，有一米多高，就十分难得了。这块石头是黑龙江的一个大将军，进献给乾隆皇帝的，乾隆得到石头后，非常高兴，诗兴大发，题诗一首，刻在石头上。

延晖阁 为二层阁楼。您可千万不要小看这阁楼，清朝的选秀女就是在这里进行的，每三年选一次，满、蒙、汉八旗官员的女儿凡是13岁到17岁的都要参选，只有到17岁仍未被选上的才可以自由婚嫁。选秀女的时候，候选的女孩子们先由太监从神武门领到这御花园北门外等候。选时一到，再将那些女孩子引到这延晖阁前站好，让坐在阁里的皇帝、皇太后挑选。被选中的秀女，或成为皇帝的嫔妃，或指配给皇子皇孙和皇家宗室的子弟。您知道吗?慈禧就是17岁时在这里被选入宫的。好，延晖阁讲到这里。我现在问您一个问题，您看过电视剧《还珠格格》吗?那里面的格格门住的地方叫什么来着?没错，淑芳斋!在延晖阁西北边有一个小屋檐，倚着红墙，那里面就是淑芳斋了。它位于西六宫最北处，目前还没有公开开放。我所以要讲一家，是为了消除一个误会，实际上这淑芳斋并不是拍《还珠格格》时的场景，也不是格格居住的地方，电视剧只是借用了这个名字。在清朝的时候，淑芳斋是皇帝和后妃们看戏的场所。紫禁城内共有5个戏台，淑芳斋里就有两个，梅兰芳、杨小楼等人都在这里演过戏

Today is July 10, our family asked for Wuhu, the second largest city inAnhui Province, to travel. I enjoyed my trip very much.

When you drive to Wuhu, the first thing you do is to go to the childrensparadise. Its said that the childrens paradise here is newly opened. We seemto be the second batch! "Wow! Its beautiful here." as soon as you enter thegate, there are many houses on both sides, some of which are round,semicircular, some of which are square, rectangular, and some of which areirregular There is a thin rope between every two parallel houses. The nationalflags of all countries are hung on the rope. The three-dimensional sense is verystrong. Many tourists cant help taking photos at the door. I conveniently tookout a map from the bookshelf, "Wow! Its so big here." playground, restaurant,cinema All of them. Its 10 hectares.

Entering the amusement park, I immediately ran to motianlun, "Wow! What ahigh Ferris wheel!" it was as high as a 30 story Ferris wheel building. Finally,we sat up and said, "Wow!" we were slowly rising. After a while, we got to thehighest place and looked down. WOW! The things below became so small! Peoplebecame little ants and cars became matchboxes. Overlooking the distance, greeneverywhere, like a layer of green carpet as beautiful.

When I got off the ferris wheel, I came to the "big pendulum". It wasfrightening to see the towering beam frame. I wanted to shrink back a little,but then I thought: come here, why not try it? Sitting on the big pendulum, myhands and feet were shaking, "Ding Ding Ding Ding!" the game started, the floorwas slowly falling, oh no! We were slowly rising, Gradually turned up, and beganto swing back and forth, swing higher and higher, count up a total of 300degrees ah! Wind blowing my face, my hands tightly grasp the safety bar, eyesclosed to death, mouth shouting "help ah!" my heart has been thinking: in caseof machine failure, stop in mid air do not move, in case of beam suddenly felldown, fell dead how to do What should I do if the safety bar is not fixed andIm thrown away When I stand upside down in the air, my hands hold more tightlyand sweat comes out. Gradually, gradually, the pendulum stops, and my mood calmsdown. Its safe. When I came down, I found that many people had vomited. Mothersaw, said to me: "such a terrible thing you dare to do, courage to grow up?" Igrabbed my head, "hey hey" smile twice.

So we played from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. We had dinner and went back to the hotelto have a rest.

各位游客：

大家好!欢迎来到明珠幼儿园参观游览。我是今天的小导游，我叫阮可可。今天就由我来给大家讲解。如果大家遇到什么困难，祝你们玩的快快乐乐。

我们景成幼儿园坐落于华丰社区，幼儿园始于1999年8月2日，幼儿园共有20个教学班，有400多名小朋友。占地面积大约是：3000平方米，绿化面积占地大约是780平方米。我们幼儿园有一个象花园似的的操场。还有一幢高大的。有现代感的教学楼。幼儿园在整个华丰是首屈一指。

走进大门，首先映入眼帘的是一副巨大的抽象画，它大得占了整面墙，没有人能看得懂这幅画上的东西，但是上面最漂亮的是他的颜色：浪漫的紫色。淡雅的粉红色。神秘的黑色。

现在请大家跟我继续往右走，这里就是我们的花园。

地上都是五颜六色。光滑的鹅软石，在花园的有侧是一棵高大的银杏树，它已经有50年的历史了，它一直生长在这里，它向小扇子一样的，还有它那高大挺拔的躯干，都让人感觉了生命的神秘!

银杏树的后面长着一棵壮硕的芭蕉，从它巨大的。随风飘动的，可以看出它也是一个树老人了。芭蕉看的时候火红火红的，非常的绚烂。周围那些高大的有着小叶子的都是桂花树。当八月来临，有一些小小的。淡淡的小桂花铺满了一树浓郁的香味，能飘出很远很远!

请大家跟我继续往前走，这里是学校的长廊，顶上爬满了葡萄滕 。长廊两侧的大柱子，都用极其丰富画上了许多的鱼，这里也是同学们乘凉的场所。

走出长廊，大家看到的就是儿童乐园。乐园里有许多滑稽的滑梯，上面有三株大荷花在滑梯上。还有向大螃蟹的滑梯。

欢迎你们来欣赏我们的校园!下次光临!

天下张家界，人间武陵源。峻秀莫出其右，神奇世间尽知。解决交通瓶颈，设置百龙天梯。德国郎格尔生产，中英合资兴建。设计国际领先，质量绝对过硬。实力为后盾，品质有保证。耗资1、8亿元，投下真金白银，巨资打造精品，成就一流天梯。采用双层全暴露轿厢，直观世界。垂直高差335米，打造户外天梯新高度;运行高度326米，堪称世界第一。载入吉尼斯，畅享举世之誉。世界11大创意电梯，中国唯一上榜电梯。外观靓丽无双，气势恢弘无比。人造与天设之完美结合，美妙与快乐之升级之版。不断升级改造，速度达到秒级。每秒5.25米，达顶接地只需66秒，上上下下只在须臾之间，飞天入地踏上快乐之旅。秒上有鹰击长空之感，秒下有鱼翔浅底之乐。体验一次，快乐三生。高速运转，莫忧其安全;快速升降，尽享其美妙。输送游客三千万，毫发无损。运行至今，事故为零。放心升降，安心赏景，平安旅行。来有期待，去有留恋。

百龙天梯，功莫大焉。通行高速，便利空前。“山上游，山下住”的目标已然实现，往日遗憾已化为过眼云烟。以前欲去袁家界，徒步耗时三小时，不免奇曲之烦;乘车费时五小时，难避盘山之险。天梯落成，时间缩为分秒，恍有缩地之功，如在梦幻之巅。天梯建成，促进了景区宾馆撤出，促成了居民设施搬迁。不需要山上留宿，减少了环境污染;控制了接待设施，保护了绿水青山。助推了绿色经济，推动了地方发展。得国家领导之青睐，为世界名流所称赞。中外首创，不愧当世靓景;全新体验，堪称人间奇观。

昔日登临袁家界，费时而履险，今日坐上登天梯，极速而近奇。欢迎乘座百龙天梯，看奇峰三千，观秀水八百，尽赏张家界美景，毕揽武陵源奇迹。予您神奇秀丽，予以快乐无极。

Badaling Great Wall located at Beijing yanqing county JunDouShan ditch ancient road north port. Badaling consists of "eight DaLing", "bada ridge", "eight ridge", "tatar" the four kinds of harmonics. Badaling is the mouth outside juyongguan, north to yanqing, akagi, die zhangjiakou, equal, east to yongning, universal, south to changping, Beijing and other regions, is convenient, so it is a important traffic arteries and ancient defense outpost, known as the "Beijing north first barrier". Badaling Great Wall is open to tourists the first location of the Great Wall, badaling scenic spot to the Great Wall at badaling is given priority to, build the badaling hotel and title by President jiang zemin of China Great Wall museum, such as full-featured modern tourist service facilities. Badaling scenic spot to its magnificent landscape, perfect facilities is famous in the world and the profound connotation of culture and history. "Not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall, badaling Great Wall is the ancient and modern Chinese and foreign people from all walks of life to visit in Beijing will come to that, so far, the Great Wall at badaling, including Nixon, Margaret thatcher, etc, have been established more than three hundred world famous people who hit the badaling Great Wall was xiuse view here.

Badaling Great Wall its GuanCheng is narrow east west wide trapezoid, built during Ming hongzhi 18 years (in 1505), jiajing and wanli period once repair. Something second east GuanCheng MenE topic "agent in town", engraved in the eighteenth year of jiajing (1539); Simon frontal topic "north gate lock-and-key", engraved Yu Wanli ten years (1582). Both doors to the masonry structure, coupons hole as a platform, on the north and south of Chinese Taiwan have their own channels, connection GuanCheng walls, and the stage build by laying bricks or stones around the crenel. Before and after the construction of pier 1316.

The Great Wall at badaling typically shows the Great Wall and style. As Beijing barrier, overlapping mountains here, the situation it is. Momentum is extremely powerful stretches the wall between the north and the south hovering in group of mountain majestic mountains, sight, no end. To both sides of the Great Wall more than line according to the mountain, steep cliff ancient books by "crash", the exact Outlines the badaling position of military importance.

Badaling is an important military strategic position since ancient times, the spring and autumn period and the warring states period to defense the northern nationality, in the built the Great Wall, still see the residual wall, pier remains, it leads in accord with the Ming Great Wall. Badaling is a mountainous overlapping JunDouShan at a mountain pass, in the Ming dynasty changan night said: "the road from then on, convenient, therefore the badaling, is the highest in barrier." Visible badaling geographical strategic position.

After eighty years of construction, the badaling Great Wall became chengguan associative, on the other side of the pier fort, heavy city guard, fire alarm system of tight defense.

Escort juyongguan badaling Great Wall is the gateway in history, from the Great Wall at badaling to todays nankou, grow in the middle is a 40 gorge, gorge zhongjian about city "juyongguan, the canyon hence the name" guan ditch ", and really grip the mark is badaling Great Wall, badaling on clearance groove at the top, two peak here, sceneries in a open, commanding, the situation is extremely dangerous. The ancients had "under the badaling juyongguan, such as building, such as looking well", "the agent of risks, not GuanCheng, in badaling". Visible at juyongguan is just a GuanCheng, true is built at the badaling Great Wall. Badaling mountain pass special terrain, becomes all previous dynasties mohican, therefore, here to build the Great Wall is very important strategic significance.

Badaling is the witness of many important events in history.

After the first emperor qin shihuang east tateishi, from badaling via datong, then drive back to xianyang. Queen mother XunXing shaw, yuan MAO shipments, the yuan dynasty emperor twice a year to travel between Beijing and on, emperor of Ming dynasty, the northern expedition, the article analyzes compromised, personal expedition emperors in the qing dynasty in Beijing badaling is. In modern history, the empress dowager cixi fled west tears in badaling, zhan tianyou in badaling hosts to build China is to build on our first railway, Beijing railway, sun yat-sen board the badaling Great Wall, etc., and left many historical allusion and precious historical memory, is history.

The Great Wall badaling Great Wall is open to tourists the first location. "Not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall". Badaling has received so far, the Chinese and foreign visitors to one hundred and thirty million, successively with Nixon, Reagan and thatcher, mikhail gorbachev, Elizabeth, heath, 372 foreign heads of state and the world of many characters, the badaling sightseeing.

春天到了，江水的冰融化了，两岸的柳树吐出了新芽。有很多人都在江边的沙滩上放风筝，只见那飞舞的风筝好像一只只美丽的蝴蝶，在天空中自由地飞翔。在看看远处，一只“大章鱼”风筝缓缓地飞向高空，飞过树梢，飞过白云，飞向那蔚蓝的天空。

夏天就更美丽了，河堤绿树成荫，游船一条挨着一条，太阳岛的风景映在那清澈的江水里。每当端午节的时候，那里就人山人海，非常热闹

秋天到了，一片片金黄色的树叶飘落江中，宛如一条条渔船在飘荡。凉风习习，河面上泛起一圈圈鱼鳞一样的花纹。黄昏时的太阳不知什么时候已经悄悄地移到西面，将天边的云彩映红，倒映在江中，这是一幅多么美丽的图画呀!

冬天的松花江也不寂寞，好多小孩子在江上滑冰。哈尔滨著名的冰灯用的冰就是从松花江里采来的。

我爱我的家乡黑龙江，更爱那里一年四季都美丽迷人的松花江!

九华山英文导游词

good morning! ladies and gentlemen! today, with such great joy, on behalf of anhui travel agency. i’d like to extend our warm welcome to all of you, our distinguished guest from the other side of the pacific. please allow me to introduce myself. my name is li xin and i work for anhui travel agency .during your short stay in jiuhuashan, i’ll be your local guide. it’s my honor to be of your service. if you have any request, go ahead! i’ll try my best to help you and make your stay comfortable!

it’s my honor to be of your service. if you have any special interest, please let me know, and i highly appreciate your understanding and cooperation.

ok, now we are heading for mt.jiuhua, which is known as one of the four buddhist mountains in china. it’s about 30 minutes’ bus ride. on the way you can enjoy the beautiful scenery and i’d like to give you a brief introduction about mt.jiuhua.

mt.jiuhua was originally known as jiuzi (nine-peak) mount. li bai, a famous chinese poet over 1300 years ago wrote of the mountain: ”sailing on the yangtze river, watching mt.jiuhua from after, green water falls from the sky, nine lotuses appear in the air.” this expresses the poet’s great admiration for mt.jiuhua. from then on, the mountain was renamed as mt.jiuhua.

mt.jiuhua covers more than 100 square kilometers in area, which has been known to have 99 peaks, and the main peak of the shiwang peak is 1342m above sea level. mt.jiuhua is full of waterfalls, streams, exotic-looking boulders, ancient caves, old pines and exuberant bamboo. with the richly variegated landscape, the ancient temples are tucked away amid the dense woods and the air reverberates with the tolling of the bells at dawn and dusk. mt.jiuhua is usually known as the no.1 mountain of the southeast.

ok, i have said too much about the mt.jiuhua, and i expect you have got a general idea about it. seeing is beliving. i’m sure you will learn a lot about chinese culture and buddhism after the visit, and you will also be impressed deeply by the wonderful scenery. let’s get off the bus and bring your camera. i’ll show you around the scenic areas.

look! so many monks, why? yes, that’s it! because mt.jiuhua is a buddhist mountain. especially on july 30th of chinese lunar is the birthday of earch buddha, and a great buddhist ceremony is held on this day. around that day every year, the mountain is the site of a temple fair. a large number of monks, nuns, pilgrims and visitors come to burn incense, chant and sacrifice food. the activities of each year are different. though today is not the festival, we can also enjoy the beautiful scenery. they are: sunrise at tiantai platform, evening bell of huacheng temple, sitting on east stone with pleasure, fairy mark of tianzhu, taoyan waterfall, clouds around lotus peak and phoenix pine.

ok, here we are, this is huacheng temple of jiuhua street. it was the first and oldest of all the temples of mt.jiuhua. over 1500 years ago, monk beidu built a simple temple here. then after 300 years it was reconstructed and named huacheng temple.

you see it lies a round plaza. look at the center! what do you see? yeah! it is a crescent shaped lotus pond named “crescent moon pond” you can go towards it, what do you see? it is believed that monk jin qiaojue used to free captive fish. ok, now i say some brief introduction about it and then you can go around it. we’ll gather here after one hour, ok? the temple consists of four parts: the lobby, the grand hall, the back hall and the scripture tower. the ground slopes up with each part and the whole layout is natural. the doors, windows, brackets, beams, columns, steps and the cornerstone are carved with exquisite designs. in the hall are preserved horizontal boards inscribed by emperor in ancient time.

ok! is everyone here? 1, 2, 3… ok, now, let’s go to see the phoenix pine, in minyuan scenic area. phoenix pine is over 1400 years old, and is one of the four decorative trees in anhui province.

after seeing phoenix pine, we’ll finish our travel, and on behalf of my company, my chinese colleagues and myself, i’d like to take this opportunity to express my thanks for your consideration, understanding, tolerance and cooperation.

各位团友：

大家早晨好。昨天我们游览了吉兰泰盐池工业旅游区，今天我们旅游活动的内容是参观、欣赏曼德拉山岩画。曼德拉山岩画位于阿拉善右旗孟根布拉格苏木克德呼都格嘎查境内。山峦四周为草原牧场，远远望去颇有威严壮观之势，尤其是山中沟边的黑色岩石群，起伏蜿蜒，上边刻有很多世间罕见的岩画，与山下的茫茫草原组成了一幅奇伟瑰丽的自然画卷。

曼德拉山岩画极为密集，分布在东西3公里、南北5公里的山地上。据不完全统计，现已发现岩画6千余幅，这样数量众多的岩画在其它地区极为少见。据岩画的色泽和水温水位资料推测，大约在几千年前，曼德拉山四周湖水环绕，是一个水草丰美的地方。这里，先后曾有匈奴、鲜卑、党项、蒙古等许多游牧、狩猎民族在山周水草间繁衍生息，留下了可寻的踪迹。这满山岩石面上留下的精湛生动的艺术图案，反映的就是这些民族部落的历史。

就曼德拉山岩画的内容而言，占首位的有各类动物图案。如北山羊、盘羊、青羊、石羊、绵羊、黄羊、羚羊、马、驴、骡、驼、牛、鹿、水牛、狗、狼、虎、豹、兔、狐狸、蛇、龟和飞禽等;此外还有庞大场面的狩猎、围猎、放牧、舞蹈、建筑、弓箭搏斗、排列整队、车辆车轮、太阳、月亮、星辰和草木等画面。

从岩画的风格特点、体裁、色泽和文字符号等方面判断，它反映的是从远古直到明清时期我国北方草原、荒漠地区游牧民族的生产、生活、宗教信仰、意识形态等各个方面的历史概貌。岩画的造型技法各不相同，有凿刻、磨刻和线刻，古朴粗犷，像儿童笔下的形象，颇得天真自然之美。可以说，它达到了庄严中见活跃，方正中见变化的艺术效果。大家都是考古和艺术爱好者，这次曼德拉山岩画观赏之旅，定能使您大饱眼福、收获多多。

八仙山位于中国台湾台中市和平区与南投县仁爱乡的交界处，是雪山山脉白姑山系向西南的支脉，其主峰海拔2424米，换算为台制约为八千台尺，故名“八仙山”。它被称为是中国台湾小百岳之一，又是大甲溪与乌溪的分水岭，立有第1547号二等三角点。

八仙山在日治时期拟定名为“八千山”，后以较为典雅的“八仙山”称之。游客登上高处便可将著名的中横公路、中央山脉、埔里和日月潭等景点尽收眼底。八仙山及附近山区的森林资源十分丰富，昔日称为八仙山林场，为中国台湾三大林场之一，但近年来已停止伐木。北麓的佳保台在日治时期曾被评选为中国台湾八景之一，林场管理单位转型后，已将该地区建设成为八仙山森林游乐区。不仅自然风光丰富多彩，山上还有神社遗址、静海寺、中国台湾八景纪念碑、国小遗址、千本松原等人文景观，亦十分诱人。

Dear visitors, today we will visit the emperor worship was formerly place - the temple of heaven.

Ming yongle emperor after moved in Beijing enterprise of Beijing, the big site modeled nanjing is established for this role in praying to alter, covers an area of reached 273 million square meters. Lord architecture is big, is also the site of QiNianDian position today. The temple of heaven has outer wall and the altar, the north is round compound has wall, the south is square, take meaning nature round place. In the beginning, heaven and offering ground is the temple of heaven, until the jiajing years in beicheng built ditan, just separate, and new MengDong HuanQiu altar, for the original big praying to the site, and great temple, instead, when MengChun specially for the mega garden just house roof was three double-hipped roof, from top to bottom blue and yellow green colors representing the earthen universe. And in qianlong multiplied, instead of the house, and now QiNianDian with roof tiles blue glazed tile. Thus formed today what we see of the worlds largest ceremonial buildings.

But such a praying to the holy land, but also once was in the anglo-french allied in 1860, then the looted in 1900 was again the ravages of g8 coalition. In 1916 the reign of yuan shikai once also in the temple of heaven has played a ceremonial farce. In 1918, the temple of heaven park end up with open. After the liberation tiantan not only become the famous tourist attractions, and still part of the Beijing urban green space, come here not only is the tourists, also have some specifically for the old people vti).

Now lets put the altar along the route that the emperor start the tour.

re going to see is HuanQiu altar of ancient emperor worship. There are two ways HuanQiu surrounded wall, make foreign inside the circle, accord with that nature round place. Every wall all have four groups lingxingmeng, from east ordinal it is tai yuan, zhao heng, GuangLi, ChengZhen, each group sanmen, a total of 24 seats, called "cloud gate jade". You can notice, lingxingmeng size are different, this is because in door is god dedicated, so tall; Only from the door of the emperor into; But other officials can only from the right side of the door through the smallest. And the same platform is emperor ceremonies in worship before replacement offering clothing and wash ones hands and face with local, called served Chinese Taiwan. Came to HuanQiu altar, well start next put altar, but I please pay attention to each layer of how many steps square. To top it all, we also found, the altar all steps number, guard board number are nine or multiples of nine. Every board a layer, have 9 steps, mesa tablets of stone, called pure among the first lap the periphery of nine laps huge brick slab, the second lap fan 18 blocks, and so on, to most outside the 9th lap is just 81 block; And everybody looked can see enclosure panels were all steps is divided into four parts, each part also has nine pieces, while middle-level enclosure panel is 18 blocks, lower is 27 pieces, these arent all be coincidence? Of course not, because according to the Yin yang-five elements, it is extremely Yang number nine, so ancient craftsman will use this digital to give HuanQiu sets the noble thoughts.

天安门英文导游辞

Tian’anmen Rostrum

Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of Heavenly Succession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war. When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:

1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony)

2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragon pavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.

3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.

4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.

5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.

Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix”.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.

On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park was formerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.

The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.

The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( common Bridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.

The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway. In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon. Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.

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Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.

Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.

Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.

What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.

The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.

Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIts 2.08 meters high and called Mian. Its said that its one of the nine sonsof the dragon. Its very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the peoplesorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhangs life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Dis great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.

After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.

Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.

On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.

Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.

Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.

Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchus high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxis southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.

This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. Its the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. Its easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.

Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors questions.

From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.

Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. Its just that the Ming Dynastys top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynastys Mausoleums top is oval.

Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.

In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.

The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.

As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, todays visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!

朋友，在我们海安新世纪广场的西南边，有一个景色怡人、绿树环抱的地方。远远地，你就能看到四块形状各异的石头座落在水池中，上面写着苍劲有力的四个大字——海安实小，这就是我们的学校。

一走进校园，你就会发现这里环境优雅，空气清新。校园里耸立着几幢雄伟的大楼，几架彩色的天桥将它们连在了一起，非常漂亮。南边是同学们最喜爱的少年宫，里边有演出厅、电脑房、藏书室……同学们可以在这里打电脑、看书、画画，它是我们学习的乐园。少年宫的北边是我们的教学楼，每天我们就是在这里，认真地听老师讲课，学到了许多知识，这里是我们学习的天地。

如果你想踢足球、赛跑、打乒乓球……，就请到我们学校的最西边，那里有长满草坪宽广的运动场，有许多运动器材，任你挑选。它是我们锻练身体的好地方。告诉你一个小秘密，我最喜欢的地方是学校最东边的三角亭，它是我们休息的好地方。它和四周绿色的草坪、五彩缤纷的鲜花组成一幅美丽的画卷，非常迷人!朋友，想到我们的学校来做客吗?到时候，别忘了找我做导游哟!