语言专业论文方向（热门两篇）

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告

how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation

i. purpose and significance

with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.

ii. literature review

long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.

i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.

another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.

i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.

in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

iii. feasibility analysis

this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.

2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.

6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.

iv. problems of the research and solutions

1. problems

despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. solutions

(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.

(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

v. necessary conditions

1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.

3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

vi. outline

i. introduction

a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation

b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis

c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation

1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english

2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure

ii. the principles of ellipsis

a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works

b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test

c. omitted words which are self-evident

ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis

a. the coherence of the meaning of expression

b. the coincidence of the manner of expression

1. ellipsis of articles

a. ellipsis of definite articles

b. ellipsis of indefinite articles

2. ellipsis of prepositions

3. ellipsis of pronouns

a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns

b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns

c. ellipsis of relative pronouns

4. ellipsis of conjunctions

a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions

b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions

5. ellipsis of rhetoric

a. ellipsis of repeated words

b. ellipsis of synonyms

2019计算机专业毕业论文开题报告范文（C语言）

开题报告是由选题者把自己所选的课题的概况(即"开题报告内容")，向有关专家、学者、科技人员进行陈述。然后由他们对科研课题进行评议。再由科研管理部门综合评议的意见，确定是否批准这一选题。开题报告作为毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。

一、选题目的和意义

选题的目的：粗糙集理论自从提出后20多年来，逐渐成为数据挖掘领域的研究热点之一，基于粗糙集理论的属性约简算法具有重要的研究意义。目前，属性约简已有多种算法，各种算法也有其不同的优、缺点。求属性约简集，通常是从求核属性开始的。目前提出的各种算法当中，使用具体程序实现比较少，而本文实现了粗糙集理论中的求核和属性约简算法。另外，人们可能认为粗糙集仅仅是理论方面的研究，但实际上，粗糙集理论在现实生活中的应用是非常广泛的，不论是医疗、气象学方面，还是电信业、金融业等方面都有所应用。

选题的意义：本文使用c语言程序实现求属性核算法和基于分明矩阵的属性约简算法，通过程序可以清楚地表达算法的各个步骤和算法的具体实现过程。而本文中又结合了实际生活中的两个实例，分别是在房地产信息决策系统医疗诊断系统方面，说明粗糙集理论并不只是空洞的理论，而在实际当中有着广泛的应用，和人们日常的生产、生活和学习是息息相关的。

二、本选题在国内外的研究现状和发展趋势

国内外的研究现状：粗糙集理论是1982年由波兰数学家z.pawlak提出的，当时没有引起国际计算机学界和数学界的重视，研究仅限于东欧的一些国家，直到20世纪80年代末才逐渐引起各国学者的注意。1991年，z.pawlak发表了专著《rough set: theoretical aspects of reasoning about data》，奠定了粗糙集理论的基础，从而掀起了粗糙集的研究热潮。后来，1996年在日本举行的国际粗糙集研讨会以及XX年在重庆举行中国粗糙集研讨会推动了亚洲地区和我国对粗糙集理论与应用的研究。具体地说，粗糙集中的求核算法和属性约简算法也有许多种，而这多种不同的方法也有其各自在空间复杂性或者时间复杂性上的优点和缺点。而将这些算法使用具体程序设计语言实现出来的，也是比较少的。

发展趋势：在理论研究方面，国内外学者不断提出新的研究成果和研究方法，其中包括数据库中的数据约简、数据相关性的发现、数据意义的评估、数据产生决策控制、数据的近似分类等方面，这些方面的理论研究是当前研究的热点之一，并引起越来越多的学者的关注。除了理论研究，人们也在积极寻找粗糙集在数据挖掘和知识发现中的应用，如在医疗诊断、药物学、气象学、电信业、银行及金融业、市场研究、工程设计及其他领域都有重要的应用。对于本文实现的这两种算法，通过文中的具体例子，也可以看出它们与人们生产、生活和学习等方方面面有着密切的联系。粗糙集理论在机器学习、归纳推理、模式识别、决策支持系统、振动分析、开关函数、冲突分析、图象处理、声音和字符等方面都已经有了成功应用的实例，在这些方面以及推广到其他方面的应用必将更加的广泛。另外，国际上研究粗糙集的机构和个人开发了一些应用粗糙集的实用化软件，也出现了商业化的软件，而且应用粗糙集理论的商业化软件也越来越多。

三、课题设计方案 [主要说明：研究(设计)的基本内容、观点及拟采取的研究途径。]

研究的基本内容：理解数据挖掘和知识发现的基本概念，了解粗糙集的提出与发展、现状和发展前景，通过深入理解粗糙集理论及其相关定义和概念、属性约简和求属性核的方法，提出这两个算法使用c语言程序的具体实现，之后再研究粗糙集理论在人们实际生活中具体应用的可行性，并通过选取人们生产、生活中很具体的两个例子，文中选取德州市房地产信息决策系统和某医疗诊断系统，说明该理论确实是实际可行的、有用的和有效的，该理论的应用是同样可以推广到诸多其他领域的。

研究途径：在指导老师的指导下，阅读指导老师提供的有关书籍中的基本知识以及指导老师提供的一些个人的研究成果，并通过网络查阅相关论文数据库、借鉴国内大学往届优秀研究生论文，以及查阅相关国外大学论文数据库的资料，搜索网络中粗糙集具体应用方面的具体数据和资料，综合概括查询得到的有关知识，确定论文研究内容的可行性、完成开题目报告，用c语言程序写出文中两个算法、将程序在microsoft visual c++ 6.0中加以运行和调试、输入多个具体例子进行测试，积极与指导老师探讨研究方法、研究中疑惑的问题和论文的写作方法，针对指导老师对论文内容和格式等方面提出的意见和建议，修改论文，直到最终完成论文。

四、计划进度安排 [主要说明：起止时间及分阶段的进度要求。]

XX年10月10日——XX年10月31日 查阅相关资料，确立论文研究方向和指导老师。在指导老师的指导下，阅读指导老师提供的有关书籍中的基本知识，并结合网络查询到的相关论文，确定论文题目，完成开题报告、任务书和课题说明书。

XX年11月1日——XX年12月10日 学习论文内容的基本知识，并用程序具体实现算法并通过调试和测试，完成论文部分章节，接受中期检查。

XX年12月11日——XX年1月15日 进一步查阅相关书籍和资料，并与指导老师探讨相关问题，写出论文。

XX年3月——XX年4月 检查论文，根据指导老师提出的关于论文内容和格式等问题，修改论文并最终完成，提交指导老师检查。参加毕业论文答辩。

五、主要参考文献

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[2]康晓东.基于数据仓库的数据挖掘技术.北京：机械工业出版社，.1.

[3]刘清.rough集理论：现状与前景.计算机科学，1997.4：1～4.

[4]徐凤生.一种新的可区分矩阵与求核方法.计算机工程与应用(已录用).

[5]左孝凌，李为鉴，刘永才.离散数学.上海:上海科学技术出版社，1982.

[8]masahiro inuiguchi，shoji hirano，shusaku tsumoto. rough set theory and granular computing， springer，，125.

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[10]叶东毅.jelonek属性约简算法的一个改进.电子学报，.12：81～82.

[11]孙惠琴，熊璋.粗集理论集成ordbms的原型系统.计算机学报，.11：1875～1877.

[12]代春艳.粗糙集理论及其应用发展综述.重庆工商大学学报，.12：575～576.

[13]王宗军，李红侠，邓晓岚.粗糙集理论的最新应用.统计与决策，.11(下)：27～29.

[14]束金龙，丁文霞.粗糙集理论在属性约简及知识分类中的应用.运筹与管理，.12：41～43.

[15]闫德勤，刘菲斐.属性约简中的差别矩阵与近似精度.小型微型计算机系统，，11：1975～1976

[16]朱凌云，吴宝明.医学数据挖掘的技术、方法及应用.生物医学工程学杂志，,20(3)：559～562

[17]杨涛,李龙澍.rough集在软件测试用例选择中的应用.微机发展,,2:12～14

[20]刘惠,邱天爽.知识发现及其在临床医学上的应用.生物医学工程学杂志,,4:677～680

[21]蓝敏.用粗集理论挖掘项目审查(评估)中的专家共识.西南交通大学学报,,2:85～89

[22]jiawei han,micheline kamber.data mining concepts and techniques,china machine press, ,11

[23]吴明芬.粗糙集理论的研究现状与前景.五邑大学学报(自然科学版),，6

[24]刘健勤.粗糙集理论及其最新进展.计算技术与自动化,1998,17(1):43～48

[25]王国胤.决策表核属性的计算方法.计算机学报,,5：611～615