硕博连读英语翻译（汇编20篇）

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告

how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation

i. purpose and significance

with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.

ii. literature review

long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.

i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.

another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.

i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.

in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

iii. feasibility analysis

this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.

2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.

6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.

iv. problems of the research and solutions

1. problems

despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. solutions

(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.

(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

v. necessary conditions

1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.

3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

vi. outline

i. introduction

a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation

b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis

c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation

1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english

2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure

ii. the principles of ellipsis

a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works

b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test

c. omitted words which are self-evident

ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis

a. the coherence of the meaning of expression

b. the coincidence of the manner of expression

1. ellipsis of articles

a. ellipsis of definite articles

b. ellipsis of indefinite articles

2. ellipsis of prepositions

3. ellipsis of pronouns

a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns

b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns

c. ellipsis of relative pronouns

4. ellipsis of conjunctions

a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions

b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions

5. ellipsis of rhetoric

a. ellipsis of repeated words

b. ellipsis of synonyms

Hello! My name is , Normal University, is a 20xx graduate. Graduation has taught more than a year. Have long teaching experience gained! Lively and outgoing personality, nice, treat people in good faith, understanding, strong language skills and com#munication skills; diligent, strong and determined, serious and responsible work, down to earth, patient, attentive, careful thinking, have becom#e teachers the basic quality and potential.

Determined to be a teacher since childhood, college entrance examination chosen university, is not only a solid basic knowledge of mathematics, but also on the accumulation of educational theory and practice, especially during the internship period, absorbing the best teaching experience of teachers, and students from morning till evening in the day, and more loving education.

With self-learning and research capacity in × × × University graduate student during a more thorough understanding of mathematical knowledge. Believe they will be both professional research and teaching skills of educational personnel.

1.扎实的语言基本功。一名优秀的译员应具备良好的英语修养和扎实的汉语基本功，掌握英汉两种语言的特点和互译规律，拥有快速、准确地遣词造句的能力。译员要有良好的语音基本功，掌握英汉两种语言基础，敏锐的听力，超常的词汇量，良好的语感，灵活的表达能力以及广阔语言文化背景知识。需要特别强调的是译员的听力理解能力,他是口译成败的一个关键因素，也是一名译员的综合语言和知识水平的反映。

2.广博的知识面。译员光有扎实的语言基本功是远远不够的。常常有译员因缺乏主题知识或百科知识而出现“卡壳”的现象。译员的接触面很广，接待的对象在职业、年龄、身份、阶层、志趣、爱好、生活习惯、民族性格、社会习俗、宗教信仰等方面都会有很大的差异，随时随地都有可能遇到各种话题。因此，译员必须掌握丰富全面的百科知识，例如专业常识、社会常识、法规政策常识、国际常识以及背景知识、国情地情、风土人情、名胜古迹、花草树木、昆虫动物等百科知识，拥有较高的文化修养，能上知天文、下通地理、博古通今，并熟悉各行各业，努力做一个“杂家”或“万事通”。

3.出众的记忆力。译员需要有非凡的记忆力，这一点是由口译工作的特点所决定的。首先，译员在口译过程中不可能有机会查阅词典和工具书，或请教别人，因此，译员必须记住大量的词汇(包括专业词汇)、成语、典故和缩略词等。其次，译员要把讲话人所讲的内容准确详尽地用另一种语言表达出来，也必须有相当好的记忆力。

经过为期两个月的实习，我学到很多东西知道了翻译的具体过程和基本要求，了解到自己不足的地方，清楚了自己应向哪个方面努力。在实习期间从事大量中英文文字翻译，例如各种出国证明书(出生证明，亲属证明，成绩单等)，合同，财务报表，公司章程及法律文件。以后，我在学习上应理论联系实际，从点到面的全面学习，避免拿以前应付考试的态度来学习;在工作中应该实事求是，细心认真的独立完成自己的工作，并要培养与人协作的精神;在生活中就我个人而言应学会更好的与人相处和沟通，即将离开学校走入社会，我必须更好的完善自己的性格。

Beijing, the ancient capital of Six Dynasties in China, has a long historyand a relatively complete architectural pattern. Beijing, the capital of thepeoples Republic of China, is the center of Chinas politics, culture andinternational exchanges. Therefore, Beijing has a rich and colorful ancient andmodern cultural landscape and profound cultural heritage.

Beijing covers an area of 16807.8 square kilometers, with Jundu mountain inthe north and Xishan Mountain in the West. Dongling Mountain at the junction ofHebei Province is 2303 meters above sea level, the highest peak in Beijing.There are Miyun reservoir, Huairou reservoir and Ming Tombs Reservoir in theterritory; there are five other rivers, namely Chaobai River, Beiyunhe River,Yongding River, Juma River and Tanghe River.

Beijings climate is temperate continental monsoon climate with distinctseasons: a little sandstorm in spring and low temperature. Summer is hot withshowers. In autumn, the weather is sunny, mild and crisp, which is the goldenseason for tourism; but in late autumn, it is cooler in the morning and evening,and hot at noon. In winter, the climate is dry and cold with less snow.

When you come to Beijing for sightseeing, you cant miss the snacks withBeijing characteristics and the famous food with a long history. Famous dishesinclude Beijing roast duck, instant boiled mutton and court dishes.

Beijings specialties are: Wang Mazi scissors, Angong Niuhuang Pill, Qiulipaste, preserved fruit, Poria cocos cake, Liubiju pickles. Local products are:Jingbai pear, Gaishi, Liangxiang chestnut, hawthorn, walnut, Miyun jujube,apricot.

北京,是中国六朝古都,历史源远流长,保存着较为完整的古代建筑格局。北京,是中华人民共和国的首都,简称京,是中国的政治、文化和国际交往的中心,由此北京有着丰富多彩的古代、现代的人文景观,有着博大精深的文化底蕴。

北京全市面积16807.8平方公里,在北面有军都山,西面有西山,与河北交界的东灵山海拔2303米是北京市的最高峰。境内有密云水库、怀柔水库和十三陵水库;其他还有潮白河、北运河、永定河、拒马河和汤河五大河。

北京的气候属于温带大陆性季风性气候,季节分明:春季略有风沙,气温偏低。夏季炎热,有阵雨。秋季天气晴朗、温和,天高气爽,是旅游的黄金季节;但深秋早晚较凉,中午较热。冬季气候干燥、寒冷,雪较少。

来北京观光旅游不能错过具有北京特色的风味小吃和悠久历史的名吃。名吃有北京烤鸭、涮羊肉、宫廷菜。

北京的特产有:王麻子刀剪、安宫牛黄丸、秋梨膏、果脯蜜饯、茯苓夹饼、六必居酱菜。土产有:京白梨、盖柿、良乡板栗、山楂、核桃、密云小枣、杏。

回想自己大学这四年的经历，做过团支书，做过院学生会副主席，做过党支部书记，丰富的工作经历给予我一份精彩的体验和回忆。我从中得到的是成长，是进步，是成熟。记得自己在刚进大学时，觉得在这个天地很开阔，这个环境很新鲜，带着对未知事物的新奇，我希望一一经历所有以前未曾经历的东西，尝试着改变自己，做不一样的自己。怀着这样的心情，我积极得去做自己想做的事，军训期间的中秋晚会，第一次班委选举，学生会招新，社团招新，新生辩论赛，新生演讲赛，我都一一参加过，后来大一期间，在班级中担任团支书，担任院学生会记者团委员，也是凭着自己的热情和干劲，努力做着自己喜欢的事，一年里经历过心酸和失落，但更多的是收获了一种成熟的处理问题的方式和面对困难的勇气，学会如何先做人再做事，

这期间我很庆幸得到了自我提升与完善，比如能够勇敢不胆怯地在公开场合讲话，比如语言组织能力得以加强，比如学会如何与人相处，比如表达能力有一定提升……其实虽然自己各方面有所提升，但是我觉得最重要的是这些刻骨铭心的经历，会伴随我一辈子。

曾经有人问过我，这些工作对我来说，最重要的收获是什么，我想我得到的或许是自信，或者是锻炼，或许是友谊，再或许......的确，大学之前的自己，就连在很多人面前讲话，都会很紧张，而如今，我想不论面对多少人，我都可以做到从容自信，这算是自己一个很大的提升吧。说到锻炼，我从身边的很多人身上学到了太多东西，学会思考，学会表达，学会组织，学会号召。最重要的一点是，我学会了如何挑战自我，勇敢地做自己从前不敢做的事情，四年前的自己或许不敢想象，今天的我，能够站在这里，面对这么多的人，给大家做这样的报告。曾经我遇到过很多瓶颈，每一次在我觉得自己可能做不到，要打退堂鼓的时候，我都会告诉自己，一定要去尝试，过了这一次，以后就不会怕了。所以，就这样，我不断克服自己的弱点，总结自己的不足，一点一点在进步着。

在我看来，这些工作带给我最大的收获是一种心情，是面对工作油然而生的热情，责任与动力，这样的心情带给我满满的充实感，让我感受自己一点一滴的成长。

Respected tourists:

It seems that everyone is very energetic. Today we are going to visit theGreat Wall. Please be prepared. The Great Wall is the longest building in China.It is also the most famous building in China. Its length reaches more than 13000Li. We often call it the Great Wall.

First of all, we came to the foot of the Great Wall. You see, the the GreatWall is so tall and strong that it uses huge stones and brick. The top of thecity wall is paved with square tiles. It is very smooth. Like a wide road, fiveor six horses can be parallel.

Do you see a hole in the tooth, a small square, and a fortress? Let me tellyou what the three things are for? That hole like a tooth! Its called a look. Ithink you must know why it calls it? Ill tell you, when the war was, the eightuncle came to see the situation, that small square. The shape is called anarchery. It is used for archery. That fort is used for city platforms to echoeach other.

Everyone is tired, is it hungry? Can I eat a bit of food, I send you a bagfor garbage, remember not to throw rubbish, Ill tell you a story about theGreat Wall: Qin Shihuang fought a lot before, and then he thought of buildingthe Great Wall, so he took all the men of Qin State To catch the the Great Wall,Qin Shihuang was afraid that the men would run away, so he tied the feet of themen together. How many laboring peoples sweat and wisdom is the only way toform the the Great Wall that has never seen before or after.

做人真诚热情，乐观向上，工作态度认真负责、谦虚，有较好的时间观念和适应能力强，积极参加各种社会实践来充实自己，发挥自己的才能，挖掘自身的潜力。富有团队协作精神，集体观念强。

Man warm and sincere, optimistic, serious and responsible attitude, humble, has a good sense of time and the ability to adapt to and actively participate in various social practice to enrich themselves, their talents, tap their own potential. Full of team spirit, strong sense of the collective.

我从正式开始学习翻译到现在，不过两年时间。作为一个年轻的翻译爱好者，我对翻译这门让人时而绝望时而又充满希望的艺术，有着自己最真实的经历与感悟。在此想借本文与所有翻译新手共勉。

关于英汉互译的研究著作可谓汗牛充栋，各种派别观点层出不穷，让后来者眼花缭乱，却又无从选择。其实从英译汉的角度来说，究其本质，过程无非就两个步骤：1、准确理解英文原文;2、用地道的中文表达原文的含义。

如何准确理解英文原文

我们先来谈谈第一个步骤，如何准确理解英文原文——这一点说白了就是考验译者的阅读理解能力。如果说在阅读中遇到不认识的单词或词组，译者尚且能够通过查阅字典的方式解决的话，那么英语中繁复多样的句式往往就不是一本字典可以打发的了。尤其在阅读文学性较强的英语作品时，作者行云流水般的笔触通常都是借助丰富多变的句型来表现的。这些英语作品与我们日常教科书本中选取的文章相比，往往来得更为艰深难懂。怎么办?惟一的办法就是从头做起：

1、确保自己在学校中或是培训班上接触到的一切阅读材料都能够完全透彻地理解。

千万不要小瞧学校老师为你选择的阅读教材，或许它们所触及的话题不是非常新鲜前卫，或许它们涵盖的内容与你的兴趣爱好相悖。但是，它们却能在不经意间为你打下阅读基础的坚实栋梁。

2、在学有余力的基础上，可以选择一些英语课外读物来扩充自己的阅读量。

对具体英语读物的选择其实还是有些讲究的。比如，有些学生对文学类作品很感兴趣，但并不意味着他们在一开始就该选择那些厚得像砖块一样的原版名著来阅读，因为这样做无异于“自杀”。究其原因，仅其中的生词就足以使阅读者信心全无。那么，那些有中英文对照的版本是否能称为上佳之选呢?答案依然为否。因为这极易激发读者的惰性，尤其对阅读量有限的读者来说更是如此。

对此我的建议是，选择那些名著的缩写本，并且是配有详细注释的版本。在阅读过程中，读者往往很难定位陌生的词组或表达。比如说有这样一句话：HesaidthatIwaswayoutofthatgirl’sleague.初次见到这个表达的人可能以为只要查到league的中文意思问题就解决了，他们无法立刻意识到，AbeoutofB’sleague是一个完整的词组表达式，其含义是：A君配不上B君;而句中的way一词，也不是我们以前学过的“道路”或者“方式、方法”的意思，而应解释为“远远地”或是“过于”。所以，全句的正确理解应为：他说我压根儿就配不上那个女孩子。如果读者选择读物的时候能够找到有类似这样配以注释的版本，阅读起来就既不会因为生词过多而灰心，同时又能够逐渐培养定位词组的语感了。

3、将新鲜或新学的词组记录在笔记本上，并连同该词组出现的句子一起写下，以供随时重温。

有时候，仅写下词组对我们的记忆来说是一项很大的挑战，因为我们可能很快就会忘记其含义。即使当初在一旁写下了中文意思，时间一长就会忘记应如何使用它了。这时如果为该词组提供背景环境，不但能够加深我们对它的记忆，也可以为日后模仿成句提供现成例子。

对英语原文的准确理解是英译汉的第一步。形象说来，这一步就像是“踩点”，一定要踩得准、踩得到位，只有这样才能为下一步转换成中文打好基础。

如何使行文变得“地道”

英译汉的第二步是用地道的中文表达原文的含义。这对译者的中文功底是一个十足的考验。这里的“地道”指的是，译文不会让人感觉到有英语原文的痕迹，就好像它原来就是一篇中文作品一样。

很多时候，译者对原文的理解没有问题，但是要将这粗糙、原始、零碎的理解升华为通顺、精致、具整体性的另一种语言，并用符合该语言习惯用法的表达转述出来，往往就不是那么容易了。尤其当原文是以精确简约著称的英语，而目标语言是惯于华美繁复的汉语时，我们往往就得花费更多的工夫去打磨译文，才能弥合两种语言之间的沟壑。那么我们如何培养出这种“地道”的翻译呢?

再拿前文提到过的一个句子为例：HesaidthatIwaswayoutofthatgirl’sleague.句中way一词若单独解释，则可以理解为“过于”或“远远地”等含义，但是如果直接放置到句中，其译文则成为：他说我过于配不上那个女孩子;他说我远远配不上那个女孩子;与我们给出的译文“他说我压根儿就配不上那个女孩子”相比，“过于”和“远远”显然都不如“压根儿”来得地道，虽然从本质上讲，这三个词的含义都很相近。你一定想问：我怎么就想不到“压根儿”这个词呢?那是因为你没有成功进行角色的变换。

什么叫做角色的变换?

当我们做到上文所讲的第一步“准确理解英文原文的含义”后，我们的思维会在不经意间嵌入英文语言的模式。这时，只有成功脱离该模式，进入换位思考的状态，才有可能在最大程度上激活自身的汉语表达能力。面对这种情况，我们应该将原文的含义提取出来，暂存在大脑中，想想作为一个中国人，他会怎样来表达这层意思;或者回想自己有没有亲历过类似的情况，自己当时又是如何表达的呢?如此这般，较为地道的用语就能信手拈来了。

又如这么一个句子：Butthesameadvantagewouldapplytoallspecies,andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace.原文理解起来并不困难，但若跳不出英语的思维模式、不考虑中文惯用表达、逐字翻译，其结果就是：但是同样的优势将会出现在所有的物种身上，然而惟独我们谱写出交响曲和字谜游戏，将石头刻成雕像，划分时间和空间。

这样的翻译不能说有错，但是中文的美感全无。翻译界前辈总结的“信达雅”是以信达为基础，以雅为目标的三步翻译标准，其中最难把握的也就是这第三步“雅”的境界。下面我们来具体分析一下这个句子的各个部分。

首先要注意的词是第一个分句中的would，这个词可不是随便用的，它除了在过去将来时中会出现以外，还会出现在虚拟语气里。在此我们可大致判断，第一个分句其实是一个省略虚拟句式，即省略的非真实条件句，而被省略的部分就是该非真实条件复合句中的条件部分，而我们看到的只是结果部分。所以有必要将条件部分还原为：如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力，那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。

第二个小分句andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace中，值得注意的地方可不少：

(1)整个句子的结构：andyetwealone如同一个统领的标志,后面的compose,carve,map分别是其下的三个并列动宾词组。如何翻译此类句子?

在这里我们可以采用类似数学中合并同类项的做法——将andyetwealone先提取出来总述，然后将后面的三个动宾词组作为分述，译文为：然而，惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头：我们谱写交响曲

(2)动词compose后面跟的两个宾语symphonies和crosswordpuzzles该如何处理?虽然原文里只用了一个动词，但是在中文里面却很难找到这样一个动词能够同时搭配交响曲和字谜游戏，所以在翻译过程中，应将一个compose拆分为两个中文动词，与两个宾语分别搭配，译文为：我们谱写交响曲，创造字谜游戏;

(3)那么carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace这两个动宾结构又该如何处理呢?在这里可以延续前面的主语“我们”：我们谱写交响曲，创造字谜游戏，刻石头成雕像，划分时间空间，但是，这样的译本就看似平淡，没有层次感。如果我们根据意群对该分句进行二度划分，就能把划分符放在carve之前，将后两个动宾词组合为一组，与前文分开。同时，采用主宾对换的方式使得句式结构富于变换，即不再使用“我们”作为动宾结构的主语，而是让原本处于宾语地位的stone和timeandspace翻身作主人，这一切变换措施只需要借助一个小小的地点状语即可实现：在我们的手中，顽石诞生为雕像，时空归依为坐标。全句翻译如下：如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力，那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而，惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头：我们谱写交响曲，创造字谜游戏;在我们的手中，顽石诞生为雕像，时空归依为坐标。这样一来，整句中的小结构里又透出工整对仗之意，大结构上又十分富有层次感，也不失变化;读来全无英文的痕迹，而又忠于原文，这才是令人颇为满意的好译文。

综上所述，翻译两部曲中的第二步是“成品”的关键所在。译者在此既要有跳出原文束缚的能力，又不能一蹦三丈远——完全脱离原文内容实质、凭空创造;也就是说，译者还得有将译文“靠”回原文的本领。翻译之路如此漫漫，大家还需不断“上下而求索”，希望我的这篇文章能够在此给大家“抛砖引玉”。

慰问受伤的人(To Those Who Have Been Injured)

June 16, 20__

Dear Tom,

I just can’t tell you how sorry I was to learn of your accident. Your family tells me that your are progressing nicely, and that you’ll be out of the hospital in about ten days, I’m certainly relieved to know that!

In the next day or so you’ll receive a little package from Margaret and me. I hope you like it, and that it will help to pass the time more pleasantly.

With every good wish for your swift recovery.

Sincerely,

Dear Mr. Wang,

I am very sorry that I shall be unable to come to your classes today owing to a bad cold. I enclose a certificate from the doctor who is attending me. He said it will be two or three days before I shall be able to resume my school.

David

April 20

王老师：

很抱歉，我因患重感冒今天不能到校。现附上医生证明，他说我两三天后才能到校学习。

大卫

四月二十日

毕业论文格式标准范文：基于关联理论的英语广告语的翻译策略分析

摘要：随着商业贸易和经济全球化的发展，广告翻译在国际交流中的重要作用日益凸显。作为翻译学中的一个分支，广告翻译有着它内在的规律，需要对它进行系统研究。论文试运用关联理论来分析英语广告语的翻译，目的是探索英语广告语翻译的实质，并且试图构建基于关联理论的翻译模式，来指导译者进行英语广告语汉译时灵活地选择翻译策略。

经过研究，本文认为英语广告语的汉译实质是语际间对广告语原文的明示推理阐释的过程，译者在广告语翻译中具有极其重要的作用，在翻译过程中负责两个推理过程:首先在原文语境中对广告主的交际意图进行推理并做出正确的理解;其次是通过对目的语读者的认知环境进行推理，而后将广告语原文转化为目的语文本。最后，本文提出了基于关联理论的翻译模式，将认知语境置于中心位置，指出译者在该模式指导下可以灵活地选择直译、意译或改译等翻译策略。

关键词：英语广告;广告翻译;关联理论;认知语境

引言

经济全球化的发展使得广告的作用日益显现，各企业必须依靠广告才能把他们的产品打入国际市场，因此广告翻译的作用也不言而喻。英语作为国际通行的主要语言，英语广告语的翻译显得更为重要。

翻译是一件复杂而有趣的工作，理查德说过：翻译或许是宇宙历史上最复杂的事情。①而广告语的翻译作为翻译学的一个分支，也是一件极其复杂的工作，并且有广告语的翻译也不同于其他文本的翻译。彼特纽马克认为英语广告语属于呼唤性文本的范畴，具有不同于其他文本的文体特征和文本功能(newmark,)。②叶长缨认为广告语具有不同的形式和功能，因此其翻译过程也是不同的。③它们不仅要求达到吸引读者的目的，而且还要激励和促使他们去购买商品。从这种意义上说，进行英语广告语翻译的深入研究是及时和必要的。国内外许多学者对英语广告语的翻译进行了大量的研究而且取得了一些成就。

中国的传统翻译强调基于严复“信达雅”和鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”理论的“信”，这些理论对于翻译有一定的指导作用，但它们主要适用于非文学作品的翻译，对于英语广告语的翻译并不适用。卡特福德的“文本对等”和奈达的“动态对等”理论对于指导翻译并未取得理想效果。另外，功能主义者所倡导的方法也未能对译者在翻译过程中的创造性翻译给出合理的解释。

上述学者的研究主要侧重于英语广告语翻译的策略和理论研究，很少有人关注英语广告语翻译的本质和过程。尽管有很多理论和技巧来技巧来指导广告语的翻译，但是这些理论和技巧并不完全适合于英语广告语的翻译。于是，探讨英语广告语的汉译是一项紧迫的任务。

因此需要一个更确切的理论来指导广告语的翻译。由斯波尔和威尔逊提出的“关联理论”顺应了这一要求。本文尝试以关联理论为指导来探讨英语广告语的翻译，试图发现英语广告翻译的实质，并且试图构建基于关联理论的翻译模式，来指导译者进行英语广告汉译时灵活地选择翻译策略。

广告及广告语

广告,简言之即是广而告之。一般可分为商业、社会和公共三类。我国《广告法》中指出广告是指商品经营者或服务提供者承担费用,通过一定媒介或形式直接或间接地介绍自己所推销的商品或所提供的服务的商业广告(commercial advertising)。④

广告语(slogans)也叫广告标语,广告口号等。它是为了加强消费者对企业,产品或服务的印象而在广告中唱起,反复使用的简洁,口号性的语句。它只在广大消费者中建立一种思想观念,引导和指引消费,同时它也是公司发展的号角。⑤

在国际市场中，广告语有着极其重要的作用。作为一种要被广泛使用,认同的语言表达方式,广告语与语用学(pragmatics)的关系显然是密不可分的,因为语用学是“study of language in use and linguistic communication”(胡壮麟,1988)。⑥换言之,在特定情景中的特定话语(何自然, 1988),⑦尤其是指在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解及使用语言。关联理论作为语用含义的内容之一,既可以很好地解释这种交际中的各种问题,又可以促使交际中隐含信息的成功传递。

关联理论与翻译

关联理论认为语言交际是一个认知过程，这个过程是靠明示推理来进行的，并受关联原则的支配。在交际每个交际行为都传递有最佳关联的假设，即说话者总是通过话语提供具有最佳关联的假设，话语理解则是一个通过处理话语找出最佳关联解释的推理过程。⑧

gutt发展了关联理论并将应用于翻译。gutt认为，翻译本质上是一种交际过程，这种交际涉及到原语交际者的意图和目的语读者的期望值。翻译的终极目标是译文与原文本的相关性。相关的原则是最大可能地使原语中交际者的意图与目的语的读者的期望值相匹配。⑨

共2页，当前第1页12

Hello,Im .Im a girl.Im 13 years old.I live in China.I can speak Chinese and a little Endlish.I like singing and dance.I can play ping pong.I like English.Because I think I can learn lots of from it.My favourite color is blue.I like to eat noodles best.My email is #.My telephone number is 3456789.We can be good friends.

你好，我是.我是个女生。我已经(13)岁了。我住在中国。我会说汉语和一点英语。我喜欢(唱歌和跳舞)。我会(打乒乓球)。我喜欢(英语)。因为我觉得(我可以从当中学到很多)我最喜欢的颜色是(蓝色)我喜欢吃(面条)。我的电子邮箱是，我的电话是(3456789)。我们可以成为好朋友。

亲友生病或是受了伤，或由于火灾、水灾、被盗等一些不幸的事件而蒙受了损失，就应该写一封慰问信表示关怀和慰问。慰问信要写得很真诚，要注意措辞。写慰问信时，一定要围绕一个中心，那就是使收信人从中得到安慰和鼓舞。

Dear Mrs. Corbin,

I was so sorry to learn of your illness. You must hurry and get well!Everybody in the neighborhood misses you, and we’re all hoping you’ll be back soon.

Mr. Burke joins me in sending best wishes for your speed recovery.

Sincerely yours,

Mary Burke

[译文]

亲爱的科宾夫人：

听说您病了，我非常难过。您一定要尽快地恢复健康，因为邻居们都很想念您，大家都希望您早日出院归来。

伯克先生和我共祝您很快康复。

您真挚的

玛丽 伯克

Hi everone,my name is ___,I am __ years old this year.I study in class __ of the __ school.I am a optimistic person. I often helping each other to classmate,we study together and improve together. We live in the same class collective, we are like the brothers and sisters each other. There are a lot of my interest,e_ample:reading,watching at the film,play by ancient Zheng and so ons.....I especially like watching at the animation, particularly watching Japanese animation,the animation which I like is .This is about me,what do you thing?

大家好,我叫___,今年__岁.现就读于__中学,__班.我是个性格开朗的人,经常与同学互帮互助,共同学习,共同进步.我们生活在同一个班集体中,我们彼此就如兄弟姐妹一样.我有许多的兴趣爱好.比如:看书,看动画,看电影,弹古筝,等等...我特别喜欢看动画,尤其是日本动画片,我最喜欢的是.

英语自我介绍范文带翻译：

I am very happy to introduce myself here。I was born in Liaoning Province。I graduated from Nankai University and majored in International Trade。 I like music and reaing books，especially economical books。 It is my honor to apply this job。 I hope I can realise my dream in our pany。Please give me a chance。Thank you very much

it is my great pleasure to introduce myself。i was born in LIAONING。 My major is international trade。 I was graduated in Nankai University。 My hobby lies in the music and reading， especially like economics。

i am glad that i can take part in this interview and i am sincerely hope that i can join this pany to realize my dream。 please give my a chance。 Thank you。

很高兴做自我介绍，我出生在辽宁，专业是国际贸易，毕业于南开大学，我的兴趣是音乐，读书，尤其是经济类的书。

很荣幸应聘贵公司，期望能在贵公司实现我的梦想，期望能给我一次机会，多谢。

Hello,everyone!

i 20xx university graduates social sports session, performance excellence, sports and basic skills down. university branch secretary for four years as class groups responsible, enterprising, hard working, high moral character, serious and responsible work. won a scholarship every year, excellent student title, and received outstanding graduates, outstanding intern, outstanding league cadres, party members.

in all respects strict demands on themselves, thinking motivated, study hard, work for, simple life. four years of rigorous practice to make me a good university graduates. strong self-learning ability, to overcome problems; with solid professional skills and strong theoretical basis

calm; has a strong ability to identify and deal with non-; have strong organizational skills and social adaptability.

certificates: national computer level, certificate iii in english; the national putonghua 2 b certificates; school poetry recitation contest first prize.

thank you!

译文：

大家好!

我 20xx年大学毕业生社会体育会议，性能卓越，体育基本技能了。大学分公司四年来担任班级负责人、事业心强、工作努力、品德高尚、工作认真负责。每年获得奖学金，优秀学生称号，并获得优秀毕业生、优秀实习生、优秀团干部、党员干部。

在各方面都严格要求自己，思维动力，努力学习，工作简单，生活简单。四年的严格实践，使我成为一个优秀的大学毕业生。有较强的自学能力，克服问题的能力;具有扎实的专业技能和较强的理论基础

具有较强的识别和处理能力，具有较强的组织能力和社会适应能力。

证书：国家计算机级，证书三级英语;国家普通话2级证书;学校诗歌朗诵比赛一等奖。

谢谢!

Dear Mr. madam:

I am writing this letter to introduce my high school classmate in Beijing. He is now working for tech company. He will be transferred to the branch of your city next month.

Because this is his first time to work abroad， he may face many problems， especially housing.He wants you to help him find a suitable apartment.You have lived there for more than ten years， and you must be very familiar with it.I would appreciate it if you could help him find accommodation.

Thank you for your attention to this letter and hope to receive your reply as soon as possible.I am very grateful for the trouble.

亲爱的夫人：

我写这封信是为了介绍我在北京的高中同学，他现在**科技公司工作，下个月他将被调到您所在城市的分部工作。

因为这是他第一次到国外工作，所以他可能会面临很多问题，尤其是住房问题。他希望您能帮他参谋并找到一个合适的公寓。您在那里已经生活了十多年，对那里一定非常熟悉。如果您能帮他找到住处，我将非常感谢。

谢谢您对本信给予的关注，希望能尽快收到您的回复。烦劳之处，万分感激。

Hello,everyone!

I 20xx University graduates Social Sports session, performance excellence, sports and basic skills down. University branch secretary for four years as class groups responsible, enterprising, hard working, high moral character, serious and responsible work. Won a scholarship every year, Excellent student title, and received outstanding graduates, outstanding intern, outstanding League Cadres, Party members.

In all respects strict demands on themselves, thinking motivated, study hard, work for, simple life. Four years of rigorous practice to make me a good university graduates. Strong self-learning ability, to overcome problems; with solid professional skills and strong theoretical basis

Calm; has a strong ability to identify and deal with non-; have strong organizational skills and social adaptability.

Certificates: National Computer level, Certificate III in English; the National Putonghua 2 B certificates; School Poetry Recitation Contest first prize.

Thank you!

译文：

大家好!

我 20xx年大学毕业生社会体育会议，性能卓越，体育基本技能了。大学分公司四年来担任班级负责人、事业心强、工作努力、品德高尚、工作认真负责。每年获得奖学金，优秀学生称号，并获得优秀毕业生、优秀实习生、优秀团干部、党员干部。

在各方面都严格要求自己，思维动力，努力学习，工作简单，生活简单。四年的严格实践，使我成为一个优秀的大学毕业生。有较强的自学能力，克服问题的能力;具有扎实的专业技能和较强的理论基础

具有较强的识别和处理能力，具有较强的组织能力和社会适应能力。

证书：国家计算机级，证书三级英语;国家普通话2级证书;学校诗歌朗诵比赛一等奖。

谢谢!

尊敬的考官：

上午好!

本人毕业于_医学院临床医学专业，获得医学学士学位。

本人工作方面：做事勤奋诚恳，自信上进，喜欢交往，致学以用。在学习方面：专业基础扎实，虚心，好学钻研，努力提高自身素质，善于接受新鲜事物，善于学习新兴技术和新的方法。心理方面：自我调节能力较好，有耐受。个人亲和力较好，善于沟通和交流。

对于医学，我有着深厚的感情。学医五年，我被这一门学科深深地迷住了，细读医理，不禁酣畅雀跃，精研医案，往往拍案叫绝，掩卷沉思，常感豁然开朗之妙，临床印证，时有立竿见影之功。

在追求知识的同时，我努力完善自己人格。在别人眼中，我工作勤恳，为人坦诚，思想活跃，吃苦耐劳，维护集体利益，有敬业精神，与人为善，尊重他人。我深深懂得有高尚的道德观和完美人格的重要性，我也深信自己能做得更好。

临床医学是一个高尚的专业，需要我们加倍努力去探索和发展，我深知：只有拥有一技之长，精通自己的专业技能，才能在社会立足。在大学里我全身心的投入对这个专业的学习中。真诚的希望贵单位能给我一个施展自己才华的舞台，我将继续努力，全身心的投入到工作中，让自己在实践中不断成长，为临床医学事业的发展添砖加瓦!

我的自我介绍完毕，谢谢!

尊敬的辅导员老师，亲爱的同学们：

大家好!

我是某某某，迈入大学之后一切都不一样了，不管是在学习上面，还是在时间上面，我自己感觉很是紧张了，过去的很多年我都没有过这种感觉，因为这是人生的最后的学习阶段了，之前一直都没想过这些，毕业之后面临的是生活，社会，总有一天是要走出象牙塔，这是一定的，我们总是在不知不觉中提高着自己吗，但是这种提高是要付出的，在大学生活当中有很多提高自己的方式，在我以为做一名班干部能够有效的锻炼自己，在大学这最后的学习阶段我不放过任何一个学习的，提升的机会，所以这次我也是来竞选的，班长一职我内心充满了无限的期待，对着两个自我并不陌生，甚至说是很熟悉，在班长一职上我是有过经验的，我非常愿意相信这些都是我以后提升的机会，我愿意服务于班级，服务于大家，这些都是相互的，我知道没什么事情是不能纠正改变的，作为一名班长我也会得到很多锻炼，这就是一种相互。

当然作为一名班长不是说说而已，付出一定的行动证明自己非常重要，但是现在大家对我也不是非常的熟悉，来到某某大学这里我非常希望能够让自己进步，让自己的能够得到肯定，这次来竞选班长一职也是有这么一个想法，在工作当中证明自己是最直接的，我内心对自己充满了自信，不是什么事情都可以逃避，有些东西都是不断的积累的出来的，作为一名班长能力是一方面，这个也是非常重要的一点，只有把这些都弄清楚了才是好的，让自己在这些方面都得到很多的提升是一个不错的锻炼，这次我也一直在想着怎么去展示自己，当然班长一职有能者当之，作为班长有担当是最重要的，不管是在什么时候都要清楚一点，有责任心有担当，这样的班长才是为班级真心付出的。

再能里上面我不才也是有过几年的班长工作经历，这些年来来的一些事情上面我也是都在努力，给自己的足够的时间去提升，正式因为有过几年的班长工作经历，我知道作为一名班长要做到哪些，在班上扮演着什么一个角色，这些都是要非常清楚的，我深深地知道作为迎班长的责任之重，但是同时我也觉得我能够胜任这个职位，尽管现在是不能看到我的能力，可是我想我不会让大家失望的，也请同学们辅导员给我这么一个机会。

Hello， everybody，

大家好，

Im glad to meet all of you。

很高兴与大家相会，

Let me tell you a little bit about myself。

请允许我介绍一下自我，

Be patient with me， Im a little bit nervous。

我有点紧张， 期望大家多包涵。

My name is Louis。 Im reaIly excited to have the chance

我的名字叫路易斯， 有机会加入到李阳疯狂 英语的团队

to join the team here at Li Yang Crazy English。

我感到十分激动。

Im looking forward to getting to know all of you。

我热切地盼望着认识大 家。

I recently graduated from Harvard with a degree

我刚从哈佛大学毕业，

in political science。 My hobbies are watching TV

获得了政治学学位， 我的嗜好是看电视

and painting watercolors。 My favorite sport is volleyball。

和画水彩画。 我最喜欢的运动是排球。

Being the new guy here makes me feel a little bit out of place。

在那里我是个新手， 有点无所适从。

Im trying to remember everybodys name

我会尽力记住每个人的 名字，

so I wont embarrass myself by calling Mr。 Lee by someone elses

不至于张冠李戴而闹笑 话。

name。 If I do make a mistake， please forgive me。

如果真出了错， 敬请原谅。

Ive studied the reports of past meetings，

我学习了以往的会议记 录，

and Ive asked Mr。 Lee for his guidance。

也请教过李先生。

I hope that I can make a worthwhile contribution to the pany。

我期望我能为公司做出 卓有成效的贡献。

Thank you for your warm wele。

感谢各位的热情欢迎。