西安大雁塔的导游词【经典19篇】

西安大清真寺英文导游词

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词怎么写？跟着小编来看看下面的范文，说不定能帮到你们哦~

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

The Mosque is a major spot for religious activities of over 60.000 Moslems in Xi’an, likewise, an important cultural relic protected by the Provincial People’s Government. Unlike the Arabic mosques, with splendid domes, the minarets reaching into the clouds, the coulourful engraved sketches with dazzling patterns, the Mosque here in Xi’an possesses much Chinese traditional touch in both its design and artistic outlook; besides the style peculiar to Islamic mosques, this Mosque also holds characteristics of Chinese pavilions with painted beams and engraved ridgepoles.

However, any further discussion about the Mosque will be futile unless anything of the introduction of Islam into China is brought up.

Islam as a religious order was founded in the early period of the 7th century A.D. and was introduced to China in the mid-600s. At that time, Arabian merchants and travelers came to the northwest of China by way of Persia and Afghanistan and thus established diplomatic, trade, and military contacts with China. In the meantime, another route saw a batch of sea voyagers through Bangladesh Bay and the Malacca Strait to China’s Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Huangzhou, Yangzhou and other cities where many of them settled down and married the local women who later gave birth to babies who then became Moslems.

However, massive immigration of the Moslems to China did not take place until as late as the early period of the 13th century, when Genghis Khan, as a result of his expedition against the west, had conquered vast expanses of land stretching from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, including the north of Iran. Many of the Moslems in the conquered areas were thus forced to enlist and later settled in China.

Among the enlisted many were soldiers, and some were smiths and officials who were called the Hui people in the history books on the Yuan dynasty. The Hui people later followed Kublai Khan down to the south, helping him unifying China and then establish the Yuan dynasty. In the wake of the conquest, Islam spread all over China and mosques began to appear everywhere. In the Yuan dynasty, many Moslems held positions both in the military and civilian organs of the country. And a lot of the Moslems took part in Zhu Yuanzhang’s uprising in the early 14th century and made great contributions to the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, all the emperors of the Dynasty issued mandates to protect Islam, and to set up mosques in praise of the Moslems for their feats. In the early 16th century, Islam predominated Qinghai on the minority nationalities including the Huis, the Uygurs, the Kazaks, the Kirgizes, the Tajiks, the Tartars, the Ozbeks, the Dong Xiangs, the Salars and the Bonans. The Moslems in Xi’an are mainly the Huis, being a small portion out of the ten million in China.

The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.

According to the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty. However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty. The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque. On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty. They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy. At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored. It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty. A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship. Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out. The five wooden houses, which are called Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. Across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings. The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.

The Moslems in China share very much the same customs with their brothers and sisters elsewhere in the world. They worship five times a day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, and at night. Female worshipers attend their services in a separated place from their brothers, usually at home. Moslems pay special attention to their health and see that they always wear clean clothes. They are teetotalers not only of wine, but also of pork and animal blood for in Koran pigs have been mentioned four times as being unclean”. According to Koran, a man can have four wives and women should wear veils when they go out. However, except a few places in Xinjiang, the Chinese practise monogamy and women are veiless when they go out. Upon his death, a Moslem has to be thoroughly cleaned”(thoroughly bathed), has to be put on Ke Fan”(to be shrouded with a piece of white cloth) and has to be buried coffinless in the ground, with an imam reciting Scriptures at the funeral.

The Chinese constitution promulgates that freedom of religion of each citizen and freedom of preserving or reforming local customs for every nationality are permitted. And of course, the Moslems in China enjoy equal rights with peoples of other nationalities and their religious beliefs and customs are respected everywhere in the country.

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.

Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).

The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.

Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation. Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.

The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface. In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths). At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to its close. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers. In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well. The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers. Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).

The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong’s favorite lady, used to take bath. It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring. The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot Spring..

Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath. Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion. Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.

Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion. On its head three big Chinese characters Xi Jia Lou” (Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.

At this spa there are four hot springs. They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C. The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain. The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour.

Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.

The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident. After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China. This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation. Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Inspired by our Party’s policy let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese aggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance. Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth. Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.

Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending. Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool. They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one vigorous effort. The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only. What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall. He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it. Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident. Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an. Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals. On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing. The Xi’an Incident was so peacefully settled.

The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive. Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage. It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.

In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident. It was also called Vital Energy Pavilion”. After the national liberation it was renamed Catching Chiang Pavilion”. Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident. Iron chains and rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.

Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction. It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow. So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.

Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.

The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times. It was constantly under special control. Once the enemies were pressing on towards the border, the beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the daytime while set on fire at night.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile. King You tried many ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again. He called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she pulled a long face. Then the band were asked to play the bamboo flute and strings” and she remained displeased. Afterwards, maids of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all.

You don’t like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King asked.

I nearly have a liking for nothing. But I can still well remember I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk when I was a child. It was clear anf melodious,” she replied. King You said in excitement, That is very simple. How come you didn’t let me know it earlier?”

Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear it into pieces. Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.

Why didn’t you let out a single smile then?” he asked.

I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.

The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in the end he gave orders, Anyone both in and out of court who can amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”

Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and offered advice: Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave the order. In the split second the flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain. There they found nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively. The King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that Everything should have been all right. I have just been joking with you.” When they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left disappointed. Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily. Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold. Later on King You did so more often than not. In 771 B.C. Quan Rong (a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the Western Zhou Dynasty. King You ordered urgently to set the beacon tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved. Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away. The Western Zhou dynasty vanished. Herein come the Chinese idiom A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and The sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.”

西安城墙景区位于西安市中心区，现存城墙建于明洪武七年到十一年(1374-1378)，至今已有600多年汗青，是中世纪后期中国汗青上最闻名的城垣构筑之一，是中国现存最完备的一座古代城垣构筑。呈长方形，墙高12米，底宽18米，顶宽15米，总周长13.74公里。有城门四座：东长乐门，西安宁门，南永宁门，北安远门。呈长方形，墙高12米，底宽18米，顶宽15米，总周长13.74公里。

西安城墙是在唐皇城的基本上建成的。完全环绕“防止”计谋系统，城墙的厚度大于高度，稳定如山，墙顶可以跑车和训练。早在明王朝成立前，当朱元璋攻陷徽州后，一个名叫朱升的隐士便汇报他应该“高筑墙，广积粮，缓称王”。朱元璋采用了这些提议。当世界同一后，他便呼吁各府县广泛筑城。朱元璋觉得“全国山水，唯秦中号为险固”。

西安古城垣就是在这个建城的高潮中，由都督濮英主持，在唐皇城旧城基本上扩建起来的。明代扩建后的西安城墙高12米，顶宽12-14米，底宽15-18米。城墙每隔120米修敌台一座，突出在城墙之外，顶与城墙面平。这是专为射杀爬城的仇人配置的。敌台之间间隔的一半，刚亏得弓箭的有用射程之内，便于从侧面射杀攻城的仇人。城墙上共有敌台98座，上面都建有驻兵的敌楼。

各位游客：

中国拥有数百座古代城墙，其中以北京、南京、西安的古城墙规模最大，但北京、南京古城墙先后被拆毁或严重残缺，而始建于公元1370年的西安古城墙迄今仍保存完整。日本天皇访华来西安时，放着“世界第八大奇迹”秦俑坑不看，却登上了始建于600多年前的西门城楼，领略了这座古代城墙的雄姿。下面请大家跟我一起实地去参观西安古城墙。

【城墙的起源】

各位游客，这几天我们已经在车行晨曦或晚霞中领略了古城墙的多彩多姿和古朴深沉。现在我们来到城墙脚下，请大家走上城墙游览。

大家一定想知道城墙的真正含义是什么。“城墙”一词原是从“城”字引申而来。“城”按《说文》解释，是“盛”的通假字，“盛”是纳民，所以“城”字的本义是土围民而成国，由此引出城墙一义。被誉为中华民族脊梁的万里长城的“城”宇，同样是城墙的意思。只是后来随着社会的发展，“城”字又包含了今天城市的解释。“城”字最早出现在周朝的金文中，从字形看活生生地体现了古代城墙的军事用途。城墙的军事作用是保卫私有制，而在意识形态上看，城墙的形体规模又是等级森严的宗法制的严格体现。显然统治者营造城墙，是用它来保护自己，宣示国威。现在我们看到的西安城墙，是中国历史上最著名的城垣建筑之一。它从明洪武三年(公元1370年)朱元璋下诏修城开始动工，至洪武十一年(公元1378年)完工，历时8年，是在隋唐京城的皇城基础上扩筑而成的，经过历代修葺，基本上保持着完整的封建社会城垣建筑的面貌，反映了中国古代筑城技术的杰出成就。

【城垣规模和结构设施】

各位游客，那么西安城墙到底有多大呢?它的结构又是怎样的?据测算，西安城墙周长11.9千米，其中东城墙2590米，西城墙2631.2米，南城墙3441.6米，北城墙3241米。这样的规模在国内外都是比较少见的。

大家看见城墙四门外筑有护卫城门的小城，那叫瓮城。所谓瓮城，意为敌人一旦进入，就会受到瓮城城墙上面的四面夹击，犹如瓮中之鳖，无法逃脱。瓮城外还筑有拱卫瓮城的小城，古称羊马城。古时候大城门的启闭有规定时间，关闭城门后尚未回城的人可连同自己牵的羊、赶的马等，进入羊马城以及今环城公园地带歇息，等候开城门后再进城。西安的羊马城在清末已全毁。记得1986年在西安城安定门(西门)瓮城北门外约17.5米处发现羊马城北侧门道，长5.5米，宽2.4米。现在大家能看到南门瓮城外侧已修复的羊马城，墙体长198米，高9.5米。

护城河外曾有拱卫四城门的四个夯筑土城叫郭城。据《西安府志》卷九记载：唐天佑年间，韩建筑东郭小城和西郭小城。宋、金、元皆因之。明洪武年间拓城时，东郭小城大部分被包在大城内，留在城外的即为东郭新城。明后期西郭小城记。目前，四关郭城墙体仅存部分残段，郭门仅在地名上留有其名称。

现在我们来到西安城内东北处，这里曾经是明秦王府城，简称王城。明初，朱元津封其次子为秦王，命其坐镇西安，加强对西北的控制。整个秦王府城分为两重城墙。外城墙称萧墙，全系土筑成。内城墙因外砌青砖，故称砖墙。明灭后，萧墙被毁。清雍正年间，西安修庙宇，秦王府的建筑多被拆除，砖城改为八旗教场。目前秦王府砖城只存夯土城残段若干处。

明代建西安城时，全城城门有4座：“长乐”、“永宁”、“安定”、“安远”。门名刻于大城门洞外的青石门据上。大城城门上所建的楼房称城楼，也叫正楼，是守城指挥官的指挥所。瓮城城门洞上所建之楼称箭楼，因楼壁辟有箭窗，是当时发箭防御之用。到了民国时又开辟了4座城门，俗称小四门：中山门(小东门)，在现在的东新街东端，是为纪念孙中山修建的;勿幕门(小南门)，在今天的四府街南端;玉祥门(小西门)，在莲湖路西端，解放后，此门被拆;解放门(小北门)，原名中正门，在解放路北端，当年因为陇海路通车到西安而修建，到了1952年因扩建火车站而被拆除。西安在解放后也开辟了新城门，南墙有建国门、和平门、文昌门、朱雀门、含光门。北墙有尚德门。东墙有朝阳门。

一般游客知道明代建筑西安城墙时有98座敌台，台上均建有敌楼。但1982年西安市城墙管理所实地调查发现，那些古敌楼没有留下一个，只有部分尚存础石。之后，西安重建敌楼12座，为砖木结构，歇山顶式，重檐二层楼，底层周设回廊。

古代城垣设施不仅修建敌楼、箭楼作用武之备，还修建魁星楼以祭把主宰文运之神魁星。西安魁星楼建在南门城楼东，后遭兵火毁坏。后来在原址上复建魁星楼，值得一看。

【焕发新颜的古城墙】

各位游客，经过十多年的整体开发，古都西安已把位于市中心的残破的明代城垣，改造成颇具特色、中外罕见的环城旅游风景区。1983年，西安市开始了建国以来规模最大的文物保护开发，到1997年底累计投资2.27亿元，不仅全面修缮了城墙，填补了大小洞穴1650个，还重建敌楼四座、角楼2座以及南门月城、闸楼、吊桥各一处，同时对环城河、林、路进行了全面整治。现在，从14条被修复的马道缓步登城，能见到长1334O米的城垛，还有11500米的女儿墙也全部修复。站在高12米的城头上举目远眺，南边的终南山、北部的渭水河遥遥相望;俯首四顾，城内城外市容尽收眼底。城上还陈列弓弩。滚木、擂石等防卫工具，城下复设吊桥、云梯，供人使用参观。从城墙下到环城河边，修建了20多座桥，城河到城脚之间的环城绿化带，成了西安最大的绿化公园，茅屋瓦舍，仿古亭廊，诗碑雕塑，应有尽有。

各位游客，西安古城墙的开发，受到了中外人士的高度评价：过去把古城墙看作是妨碍现代化城市发展的枷锁，如今它却成了使古城增添姿彩的花环。专家们还评价，秦始皇兵马湘的发掘，一举成就了世界奇迹;而西安明代城墙的维修，同样引起了世界瞩目。联合国教科文组织的专家来此后，一致同意推荐它列入“世界遗产名录”。

西汉时期，厚葬风气极盛，在贵族阶层中“事死如事生”的观念很强。他们生前的生活场景和宠幸爱慕的东西雕刻于墓室以尽人间之乐。汉代画像石便是在这种厚葬风气中逐渐产生的。石刻艺术室陈列的汉画像石大多出土于陕北。内容除少数神话故事外，其余的大量取材于现实生活，如牛耕、狩猎、乐舞，贵族生活等。汉画像石记载了大量的历史史实。因此，它们既是艺术创作又是历史记录，为研究东汉社会提供了珍贵的资料。《牛耕图》是汉代画像石的代表作，画面上有一人双手扶犁，前面有两头牛拉着,两头牛的牛颈上有一横杠,这就是二牛抬杠的耕作方法.汉朝时农业的耕作水平已经是很高的了.在陕北地区共出土汉代画像石500件,西安卑林博物馆收藏有133件。隋唐时期的陵墓石刻在这里陈列的有献陵石犀和昭陵六骏。我们现在所看到地这尊石雕是献陵石犀，它原来位于唐高祖李渊的献陵前，刻于公元635年，重10吨，是用整块巨石圆雕而成。这种犀牛的品种非常奇特。大家来看，它头上没有角，鼻子上方有一圆包，因此叫做“圆帽犀”。这种犀牛原产于东南亚一带，现已灭绝。据史料记载，唐初，林邑国，也就是今天越南顺化一带，以这种犀牛向唐王朝进贡，李渊非常喜欢。建造献陵时，唐太宗李世民就特意把石犀置于陵前。这一石雕注重写实，结构匀称，比例准确，显然是以活犀牛为“模特儿”，使人感到它温顺驯服，憨态可掬。

接下来各位看到的这一组石雕为“昭陵六骏”。它是原先置于唐太宗昭陵北麓祭坛两侧庑廊的六幅浮雕石刻。六骏，指唐太宗在统一中国的战争中曾经骑乘作战的六匹骏马。相传六骏图形出自于唐代著名画家阎立本之手。原先画面上角刻有唐太宗题铭的四言赞诗，是由欧阳询书写的，由于年代久远，字迹已经模糊了。唐太宗营建昭陵时，诏令立昭陵六骏的用意，除为了炫耀一生的战功外，也是对这些曾经相依为命的战马的纪念，并告戒后世子孙创业的艰难。六骏采用高浮雕手法，以简洁的线条，准确的造型，生动传神地表现出战马的体态、性格和战争中身冒箭矢、驰聘疆场的情景。每幅画面都告诉人们一段惊心动魄的历史故事。由于六骏雕刻精美，引起了外国人的注意。1914年，美国人毕士博勾结陕西军阀陈树藩将六骏中的两骏盗运美国，现存于美国费城宾夕尼亚大学博物馆内。这两骏便是拳毛弧与飒露紫。大家现在看到的这两幅完整的浮雕作品，便是拳毛弧与飒露紫的复制品。1918年，他们又再次来到中国，企图将剩余的四幅砸成数块再次装箱运走，被人们发现拦存了下来。所以大家现在看到的是四幅残损的浮雕。它们虽然是残缺的，但却是真品。

西安碑林博物馆导游词

各位游客，中国有四大碑林，而陕西省的西安碑林博物馆，以碑石之多、价值之高，名列四大碑林之首。它始建于北宋元祐二年(公元1087年)，历经900多年的历史，是我国收藏碑石最早最多的艺术宝库。该馆藏石3000余方，现展出的仅是藏石的三分之一，下面，请大家尽情地欣赏一番碑林的艺术精华吧。

碑林博物馆是典型的中国传统庙宇式建筑群。它的前半部分是由孔庙改建而成，至今仍处处可见孔庙的痕迹。自古孔庙无南门，礼门仪路两边开。所以孔庙的门开在东西两侧，西门称礼门，东门称仪路。走进去之后映如我们眼帘得是高大而不失精巧的太和元气坊，它是在明万历年间有皇族资助400两黄金建造而成。北边有两个半圆形的水池，是孔庙特有的建筑。叫泮池。泮池以北的石牌坊也是孔庙特有的建筑，叫棂星门。中门刻有“文庙”东门刻着“德配天地”西门“道冠古今”。在当时，进棂星门有严格的规定，祭孔活动时，只有主祭最高官员才能由中门出入。门内有4根华表相向而立，在第2道门戢门的东侧的钟亭里陈列的是景云钟。它铸造于唐睿宗景云年间而得名。它用青铜制成，上面有唐睿宗书写的铭文。不说不知道，一说吓一跳，我们在除夕之夜，中央人民广播电台播放的新年钟声就是以景云钟录制的。与钟亭位置对应的马亭里有另一文化瑰宝——大夏石马。大家看这匹马的腿部下方刻有“大夏真兴6年。。大将军”等字样，它和景云钟都属于国宝级文物。

大家抬头远远可以看见正前方的碑亭上方刻有“碑林”两个大字的烫金匾额，匾额出自清代爱国志士林则徐之手，是他在鸦x战争之后，被革职戍边新疆伊利时，路径西安时所写的。

接下来我们看见的这块石碑是博物馆内形制最大、最华丽的《石台孝经》。《孝经》是孔子的学生曾参编撰的讲的是孝道，提倡“事君如事父”唐玄宗李隆基亲自为此碑作释作序并书写，目的就是想表示自己是以孝来治理天下。此碑高近6米，碑身、背座、碑首由35块巨石组成。所以此碑显的是顶天立地气度不凡，因此也有“迎客第一碑”之称。

下来请大家跟我到碑林的第一陈列室参观，这里展示的是《开成石经》。“开成”是因刻成于唐文宗开成年号，“经”是中国古代儒家的经典著作。(包括孝经，周易，尚书，诗经，周礼，仪礼，礼记，春秋左传，春秋公羊传，春秋谷粱传，论语，尔雅，孟子)这些书都是古代文人学士必读之书，由于古代印刷术不发达，所以将经文刻到石头上作为范本供人们校对。《开成石经》由114块碑石双面组成，共计288面，650152字，最初只有12部经书，清代又补刻了《孟子》一书，合称13经。中国历史上曾组织过7次经籍石刻，只有这一部保存得最完整，加上时代又早，史料价值极高，于是，人们称其为“世界上最厚最重的书籍”。

参观完了开成石经之后，我们就来到了第二展室，这个展室主要向大家展示的是一些唐代名碑。以及和书法毫无关系的《大秦景教流行中国碑》。这通碑是唐朝波澜壮阔的中外交流史的一个见证，。“大秦”是中国古代对罗马帝国的泛称。景教是基督教中斯脱里派的中国称呼。此碑记载了景教的教规，教义，教旨。更难能可贵的是用古叙利亚文记载了景教徒再中国的活动和一些教徒的名字。为研究中国古代同欧洲，中亚交流提供了珍贵资料。在它的拓片传入国外后引起了国际上的广泛关注，据说现在已经有了好几块景教碑的复制品，但真品还是在我们的西安碑林博物馆。

颜真卿的《多宝塔碑》和《颜氏家庙碑》，颜真卿不但书法潇洒流畅，为人也是坚贞不移，刚正不阿。《多宝塔碑》是颜真卿44岁时所写，是留下来的颜书中最早的作品，代表了他早期风格，。《颜氏家庙碑》是他73岁时写的，书法造诣到达人书俱老炉火纯青的境界。他的书法对后世影响很大，人称“颜体”。

请大家看这边的这《大唐三藏圣教序碑》它也是我们碑林“最贵”的一块碑了。怀仁和尚将王羲之的墨迹集合而成。他以唐太宗能为玄奘撰写纪念碑文深以为荣，由因唐太宗特别推崇东晋王羲之的行草书，于是他就从32019年前王羲之遗留的墨迹中搜集字句，为了补齐所缺的字，他不惜在全国张榜重金征集，前后花了24年，花费了巨大的代价。因此，集字碑也称“千金碑”。

好，现在我们就来到了第三陈列室，它主要向人们介绍书法的演变史。在这一展厅里，我们可以看到自汉代到宋代不同时期、不同风格源流的书体碑石。大家可以通过比较，来领悟书法的发展演变脉络。

大家看这通曹全碑它是我国著名的汉代书法名碑也是汉隶的精品。是陕西合阳县县令曹权集资修建的。它体现了我国隶书的特点“蚕头燕尾，一波三折，蚕不双涉，燕不双飞”。也是国宝级文物。

接下来大家来看这两通碑，分别是张旭的《肚痛帖》和怀素的《千字文碑》，他们是草书的代表作品，狂草，即狂放的草书。让人眼花缭乱目不暇接。特别是张旭他为人豪爽，嗜酒如命，经常喝的是酩酊大醉，酒醉之后为求尽兴竟然用自己的头发蘸墨来写字，疯疯癫癫的，因此也被人称之为“张癫”。而千字文就是用一千个不重复的汉字组成，四字一句对偶压韵，便于记忆是我国儿童的启蒙读物。

穿过着道门我们就来到了第4陈列室。再这里我给大家介绍几块比较有趣味的碑石。大家看这是清代马德昭《魁星点斗图》此图以儒家修养的标准“正心修身，克己复礼”八字组成魁星形象，左手托砚，右手执笔，一脚翘起托一“斗”字，一脚立“鳖”字上，取魁星点斗独占鳖斗之意。形象生动，拼字巧妙，是文字游戏之作。

清《关帝侍竹图》图中有一竿风竹和一竿雨竹，仔细看此图由竹叶组成五言绝句一首：“不谢东君意，丹青独立名;莫嫌孤叶淡，终久不凋零。”此诗图实为当时文人附会关羽而拼组的文字游戏之作。

最后，在后面的3个展厅当中，主要展出了一些宋代至清代时期之间的一些诗文碑石。大家可以参观一下。

各位游客我们碑林博物馆不仅是因为“碑石如林“而著名。而且它的石刻艺术也是驰名海内外的。接下来我们来到的便是石刻艺术博物馆了，石刻艺术博物馆建于1963年，它收集了散失在陕西各地的西汉至唐代的石刻70余件，分为陵墓石刻和宗教石刻两大类。

由于时间关系再这里我只给大家介绍以下这两个石刻艺术的代表作昭陵六骏和老君像。

昭陵六骏，相传由著名的画家阎立本所作的。营建昭陵时，诏令立昭陵六骏的用意，除炫耀一生战功外，也对这些曾经相依为命的战马的纪念，并告诫后世子孙创业之艰难，六骏采用高浮雕手法，以简洁的线条，准确的造型，生动仪神地表现出战马的体态、性格和战阵中身冒箭矢、驰骋疆场的场景。它们分别是(白蹄乌，特勤骠，飒露紫，青骓，什伐赤)，由于他们过分的精美，其中飒露紫和拳毛瓜两骏马石刻于192019年被以美国人勾结封建军阀盗运美国，现存于美国的宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆中。六骏经过了1000多年的风雨沧桑但他们的造型依旧健美，神态逼真，是唐代杰出的艺术珍品之一。

老君像，这座老君像原来位于西安郦山的老君殿，老君既老子，他是道教的创始人，当时统治阶级们为了维护自己的政权，推崇道教封老子为创始人。据说这座老君像是安禄山为了取悦李聋基让人用汉白玉雕刻而成，采用了圆雕的手法，既细致入微有自然生动，也是属于国宝级文物。

好了各位游客西安碑林博物馆参观到次结束了，如果有兴趣您还可以参观其他的碑刻，但原今天的参观能给您带来艺术的启迪，知识的收获。

各位游客大家好!欢迎大家来到古城西安旅游，我是你们的导游，我姓黄，叫我小黄或伟群都行。我今天有幸陪同大家一起参观，很高兴，希望我能和各位一起度过这一段美好的时光。今天我先带大家去最著名的秦兵马俑。

秦兵马俑在我国西安临潼出土，今天我就带领你们游览这举世无双，享誉世界的历史文物。

看!这就是将军佣，它身体魁梧，头戴鹤冠，身上披着铠甲，手里还握着宝剑，看它若有所思的样子，好象在考虑如何打退匈奴大军呢!

瞧!这个兵马俑是陶马，它的大小跟真马差不多，个个形体键壮，肌肉丰满，看它跃跃欲试的样子，好象一声令下，就会撒开四蹄，腾空而起，踏上征程哩!

今天，我的讲解就到这，档案，先的景点不知这一关额，还有先古城墙，华清池等等，这些景点我都会带你们去的，今天我们就先到这里，大家回去好好休息，然后有一个好的状态再继续我们明天的行程，希望大家今晚能休息好，我们明天见。

2019年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词

西安明城墙位于陕西省西安市中心区，墙高12米，顶宽12—14米，底宽15—18米，轮廓呈封闭的长方形，周长13.74千米。城墙内人们习惯称为古城区，面积11.32平方千米，著名的西安钟鼓楼就位于古城区中心。下面是小编收集整理的20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词范文，欢迎借鉴参考。

20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词(一)

大家早上好!欢迎大家来到古城西安，很高兴认识大家，我是你们本次的导游，我叫许晨轩，大家叫我许导或晨轩就可以了。下面让我们开始西安古城墙之旅吧!

首先，我给大家简单介绍一下西安古城墙，西安古城墙又称为西安明城墙，位于陕西省西安市中心区，墙高12米，顶宽12-14米，底宽15-18米，轮廓呈封闭的长方形，周长13。74千米。城墙内人们习惯称为古城区，面积11。32平方千米，著名的西安钟鼓楼就位于古城中心。

请大家紧跟我不要掉队，我们前面的是城墙的主城门，像这样的城门共有四座：我们面前的长乐门(东门);还有永宁门(南门);安定门(西门)，安远门(北门)。它们四座城门作为明城墙的原有城门，因当时的军事，防御需要，都是单门洞，且都修建了三道城墙，两道城墙之间又形成了翁城。至今为止，四座城门中除永宁门外，其余三座城门都只剩下两道城墙。

好了，下面是大家自由活动的时间，请大家一个小时后在这里集合。

本次游览结束，感谢大家对我工作的支持，谢谢大家，祝大家身体健康，万事如意，以后有缘再见。

20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词(二)

各位游客大家好,我们现在看到的这座古城堡就是明西安城墙。明西安城墙是明初在唐长安皇城的基础上建筑起来的。它是我国中世纪机后期历史上最著名的城垣之一，也是我国古代城垣中至今保存最完整的一处，同时，也是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代军事城堡设施。

城墙是中国冷兵器时代城市的传统防御设施。我们在距今6020xx年前的半坡遗址看到，半坡人在居住地周围挖掘深沟，以提防野兽和外部的袭击。如果把半坡村落视为城市的最初萌芽，深沟也就是当时相当于城墙的设施。待到人们发明筑墙技术后，城墙自然伴随城市同时诞生，成为古代城市的显著标志了。据史册记载：“筑城以卫君，造郭以居，此城郭之始也。”这大约是在距今约4520xx年前的原始社会晚期。

西安作为千年古都，历代曾多次修筑城墙。它们多数被历史的尘埃掩埋。但我们看到的这座城墙仍可追溯到公元六世纪的隋代。公元581年，隋文帝杨坚建立隋朝，并于第二年在龙首塬北麓修建了大兴城。大兴城规模庞大，结构严密。除环绕城市的外郭城城墙外，城内环绕宫城和皇城也筑有城墙，形成“城中有城”的格局。唐王朝建立后，将隋代的大兴城改名为长安城。唐长安城基本上沿袭了大兴城的规模和布局，只是对大兴城进行了扩建和修建。唐代末年，朱温挟持唐昭宗逃往洛阳，留守长安的佑国军节度使韩建出于军事防守需要，放弃外郭城和宫城，把长安城缩小到皇城之内，以皇城城墙作为长安城的城墙，形成自五代至元的长安城规模。公元1369年，明王朝大将徐达从山西进入陕西，将原来的奉天路改为西安，意为“西方长治久安”。从此开始了明在西安的统治，也拉开了明在西安修筑城墙的序幕。由于西安在历史的政治、军事地位极高，所以，明王朝在对全国广筑城墙的过程中，对西安城墙的修筑更为重视。朱元璋任命长兴侯耿柄文和都指挥使璞英主持修筑。从洪武三年，也就是公元1370年，到洪武十一年，也就是公元1378年，历时8年，西安城墙的修筑才全部竣工。明西安城墙修筑得高大坚固，西、南两面城墙基本上和唐长安城皇城的范围相同。东、北两面城墙分别向外扩移了三分之一。这座城墙的外形是一座长方形。城墙高12米，顶宽12—14米，底宽15—18米。南城墙长4256米，北城墙长4262米，西城墙长2706米，东城墙长2886米，周长13.9公里。最初的西安城墙采用黄土夯打而成。在城墙墙基和墙顶还分别有一层厚80厘米和45厘米的三合土层。这种三合土用黄土与石灰、糯米汁、猕猴桃汁拌合而成。干燥之后，坚硬如石，用镐都刨不动。

西安城墙自明代初年建成后，历代屡有修葺。明穆宗隆庆年间，也就是公元1568年，陕西都指挥使张祉为原来的城墙内外包砌了青砖。清乾隆年间，也就是公元1781年，陕西巡府毕沅对城墙进行了大规模补修。沿旧城墙先围基石后灌脚，再用黄土逐层夯打，至顶部铺砌青砖，并对整个城墙外壁加厚砖面。城墙内每隔40—60米，用青砖砌筑水槽一道，排除城墙顶面雨水，对西安城墙的长期保护起了重要作用。尤其是自1983年以来，陕西省和西安市人民政府对这座古城墙进行了大规模修缮，补建已被拆毁的东门、北门箭楼、南门闸楼、吊桥，并建成了环城公园，使这座古建筑重新焕发了昔日风采。

西安古城墙包括护城河、吊桥、闸楼、箭楼、正楼、角楼、敌楼、女儿墙、垛口等一系列军事设施，构成科学、严密、完整的军事防御体系。

护城河也叫“城壕”,是城墙的第一道防线。它可以阻滞敌人进攻,甚至可以利用有利地形把敌人趁机消灭。环绕西安城墙的护城河宽20米,深7米。跨过护城河就是城门，而连接护城河与城门的唯一通道就是吊桥。吊桥的桥头两侧有铁环，贯以粗大的铁索与麻绳，系在闸楼上，用滑轮控制升降。平时，守城士兵听从晨钟暮鼓的指挥，早晨降下吊桥，开启城门;晚上升起吊桥，断绝交通。一旦发生战争，吊桥升起，城门紧闭，城门就成为坚固封闭的战斗堡垒。

城门是城防体系的重点，也是薄弱点。平时，它是出入城市的通道。战争时，又是攻守双方争夺的首要目标。因此，明代十分重视完善城门防御设施。尤其值得注意的一大技术突破是采用了券拱式城门。明代以前，城门沿袭砖门的过梁式结构。从军事角度看，这种城门的最大弱点是经不起火攻。因此，城门上往往眼设置水池，以防敌人火攻。也因此留下“城门失火，殃及鱼池”的成语。券拱式城门的出现从根本上解决了这个问题，一色青砖结构不仅使得城门更加坚固，而且可以有效地抵御火攻。

在古代，双方作战，当敌人跨过护城河时，城门却又拦住了去路。所以，在攻城的一方常有几个人扛着粗重的木桩前来撞门，要花费好长时间才能将城门撞开，而有时也可能撞不开。明西安城的城门非常坚固，门扇用厚达16厘米的木板制成，一扇城门须用木材2.8立方米，重达3.19吨。门扇上下横匝着9道宽15厘米，厚23厘米的铁条加固，每两道铁条的间隔处，钉有180枚四棱攒顶的铁蘑菇针。整个门扇上共有1800枚铁蘑菇针。这样密集的钉群，挤密了门扇的木材，增加了门扇刚度，使箭矢无法射入。有的城门还在门扇后的城门洞内，设置了拒马桩、陷马坑、铁蒺藜等，进一步阻挡敌人进攻。

为了提高城门防御的保险系数，城门实际上由三重组成，即：闸楼、箭楼和主楼。闸楼在最外，它的作用是升降吊桥，也叫“阙楼”、“樵楼”。象征门阙，兼用来打更。闸楼三面有城墙与主城墙相连，形成一个半月形的立体空间，叫“羊马城”。敌人即使攻入闸楼城门，也好似进入瓮内，会受到来自四面居高临下的攻击，因此楼下这一空间也叫“瓮城”。箭楼在正中，正面和两侧都有窗户，供射箭用。箭楼与箭楼之间用围墙连接起来的也叫“瓮城”，瓮城内可屯兵。无论敌人进入第一瓮城还是第二瓮城，箭楼均可发挥攻击作用。正楼在最里，正楼上面的城楼是城门的主题建筑。城楼距地面高约32米，长43.2米，三重飞檐，四角高翘，回廊环绕，庄重稳健，是主将镇守指挥的所在。城墙外侧，每隔120米有一个突出于城墙主体之外，宽20米，长12米的敌台，俗称“马面”。整个城墙上共有“马面”98座，“马面”上面的建筑叫敌楼，两个敌台之间相距120米，正好形成一个立体交叉射击区域。也正是弓、弩、箭等古代远射程冷兵器的有效杀伤射程。而它的一面为60米，为“一箭之遥”。这样的布局便于从侧面射杀攻城的敌人。因此，古人有评论说：“有城无台，亦如无城，是城所以卫人，台又所以卫城也。”敌楼供士兵避风雨和储备物资。城墙上外侧有矮雉，又称“垛墙”，整个城墙共有5984个矮雉。垛墙上有垛口和方孔，可供射箭和嘹望。内侧的矮墙称为“女儿墙”，墙高1米，没有垛口，它的作用是为了防止士兵行走时坠入墙下。在西安城墙四角各有一座城楼叫“角楼”。如果你绕城一周，就会发现，城墙的四个角唯独西南角是圆形的，其它三个角是直角，那么这是为什么呢?其实这个角是保持了元代长安城蒙古式风格的转角圆状。明城墙在隋、唐、元代城墙遗址基础上改建而成，范围和唐长安城皇城范围基本相同。

在箭楼与正楼形成的瓮城中，有同向城头的马道。缓上没有台阶，便于战马上下。全城共建有登城马道11处。登城马道底部道口的门是朱漆的，俗称“大红门”。战争期间，这里是调兵遣将的咽喉要道，必须保证畅通无阻。为防敌人奸细混入城墙守卫部队中，登城马道戒备严密，平时不允许守成士兵私下，也不许闲杂人等靠近逗留。等到军中禁夜炮响后，铁门便紧锁了。

西安城墙除明代在东、西、南、北有四个门：长乐门、安定门、永宁门、安远门外，随着岁月的变迁，城门也发生种种变化。现在我们除了可以看到这四个门，还可以看到：勿幕门、朱雀门、含光门、玉祥门、中山门、尚德门、建国门、和平门、文昌门等等，这些名称的来历也从一个侧面反映了古城沉浮衰兴。

明西安城墙显示了我国古代劳动人民的聪明才智，它以悠久的历史，伟岸的雄姿，神秘的色彩吸引了八方游客。

好了，西安城墙就参观到这里，我们将继续带大家去参观钟鼓楼。谢谢大家!

20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词(三)

各位游客：

中国拥有数百座古代城墙，其中以北京、南京、西安的古城墙规模最大，但北京、南京古城墙先后被拆毁或严重残缺，而始建于公元1370年的西安古城墙迄今仍保存完整。日本天皇访华来西安时，放着“世界第八大奇迹”秦俑坑不看，却登上了始建于600多年前的西门城楼，领略了这座古代城墙的雄姿。下面请大家跟我一起实地去参观西安古城墙。

【城墙的起源】

各位游客，这几天我们已经在车行晨曦或晚霞中领略了古城墙的多彩多姿和古朴深沉。现在我们来到城墙脚下，请大家走上城墙游览。

大家一定想知道城墙的真正含义是什么。“城墙”一词原是从“城”字引申而来。“城”按《说文》解释，是“盛”的通假字，“盛”是纳民，所以“城”字的本义是土围民而成国，由此引出城墙一义。被誉为中华民族脊梁的万里长城的“城”宇，同样是城墙的意思。只是后来随着社会的发展，“城”字又包含了今天城市的解释。“城”字最早出现在周朝的金文中，从字形看活生生地体现了古代城墙的军事用途。城墙的军事作用是保卫私有制，而在意识形态上看，城墙的形体规模又是等级森严的宗法制的严格体现。显然统治者营造城墙，是用它来保护自己，宣示国威。现在我们看到的西安城墙，是中国历史上最著名的城垣建筑之一。它从明洪武三年(公元1370年)朱元璋下诏修城开始动工，至洪武十一年(公元1378年)完工，历时8年，是在隋唐京城的皇城基础上扩筑而成的，经过历代修葺，基本上保持着完整的封建社会城垣建筑的面貌，反映了中国古代筑城技术的杰出成就。

【城垣规模和结构设施】

各位游客，那么西安城墙到底有多大呢?它的结构又是怎样的?据测算，西安城墙周长11.9千米，其中东城墙2590米，西城墙2631.2米，南城墙3441.6米，北城墙3241米。这样的规模在国内外都是比较少见的。

大家看见城墙四门外筑有护卫城门的小城，那叫瓮城。所谓瓮城，意为敌人一旦进入，就会受到瓮城城墙上面的四面夹击，犹如瓮中之鳖，无法逃脱。瓮城外还筑有拱卫瓮城的小城，古称羊马城。古时候大城门的启闭有规定时间，关闭城门后尚未回城的人可连同自己牵的羊、赶的马等，进入羊马城以及今环城公园地带歇息，等候开城门后再进城。西安的羊马城在清末已全毁。记得1986年在西安城安定门(西门)瓮城北门外约17.5米处发现羊马城北侧门道，长5.5米，宽2.4米。现在大家能看到南门瓮城外侧已修复的羊马城，墙体长198米，高9.5米。

护城河外曾有拱卫四城门的四个夯筑土城叫郭城。据《西安府志》卷九记载：唐天佑年间，韩建筑东郭小城和西郭小城。宋、金、元皆因之。明洪武年间拓城时，东郭小城大部分被包在大城内，留在城外的即为东郭新城。明后期西郭小城记。目前，四关郭城墙体仅存部分残段，郭门仅在地名上留有其名称。

现在我们来到西安城内东北处，这里曾经是明秦王府城，简称王城。明初，朱元津封其次子为秦王，命其坐镇西安，加强对西北的控制。整个秦王府城分为两重城墙。外城墙称萧墙，全系土筑成。内城墙因外砌青砖，故称砖墙。明灭后，萧墙被毁。清雍正年间，西安修庙宇，秦王府的建筑多被拆除，砖城改为八旗教场。目前秦王府砖城只存夯土城残段若干处。

明代建西安城时，全城城门有4座：“长乐”、“永宁”、“安定”、“安远”。门名刻于大城门洞外的青石门据上。大城城门上所建的楼房称城楼，也叫正楼，是守城指挥官的指挥所。瓮城城门洞上所建之楼称箭楼，因楼壁辟有箭窗，是当时发箭防御之用。到了民国时又开辟了4座城门，俗称小四门：中山门(小东门)，在现在的东新街东端，是为纪念孙中山修建的;勿幕门(小南门)，在今天的四府街南端;玉祥门(小西门)，在莲湖路西端，解放后，此门被拆;解放门(小北门)，原名中正门，在解放路北端，当年因为陇海路通车到西安而修建，到了1952年因扩建火车站而被拆除。西安在解放后也开辟了新城门，南墙有建国门、和平门、文昌门、朱雀门、含光门。北墙有尚德门。东墙有朝阳门。

一般游客知道明代建筑西安城墙时有98座敌台，台上均建有敌楼。但1982年西安市城墙管理所实地调查发现，那些古敌楼没有留下一个，只有部分尚存础石。之后，西安重建敌楼12座，为砖木结构，歇山顶式，重檐二层楼，底层周设回廊。

古代城垣设施不仅修建敌楼、箭楼作用武之备，还修建魁星楼以祭把主宰文运之神魁星。西安魁星楼建在南门城楼东，后遭兵火毁坏。后来在原址上复建魁星楼，值得一看。

【焕发新颜的古城墙】

各位游客，经过十多年的整体开发，古都西安已把位于市中心的残破的明代城垣，改造成颇具特色、中外罕见的环城旅游风景区。1983年，西安市开始了建国以来规模最大的文物保护开发，到1997年底累计投资2.27亿元，不仅全面修缮了城墙，填补了大小洞穴1650个，还重建敌楼四座、角楼2座以及南门月城、闸楼、吊桥各一处，同时对环城河、林、路进行了全面整治。现在，从14条被修复的马道缓步登城，能见到长1334O米的城垛，还有11500米的女儿墙也全部修复。站在高12米的城头上举目远眺，南边的终南山、北部的渭水河遥遥相望;俯首四顾，城内城外市容尽收眼底。城上还陈列弓弩。滚木、擂石等防卫工具，城下复设吊桥、云梯，供人使用参观。从城墙下到环城河边，修建了20多座桥，城河到城脚之间的环城绿化带，成了西安最大的绿化公园，茅屋瓦舍，仿古亭廊，诗碑雕塑，应有尽有。

各位游客，西安古城墙的开发，受到了中外人士的高度评价：过去把古城墙看作是妨碍现代化城市发展的枷锁，如今它却成了使古城增添姿彩的花环。专家们还评价，秦始皇兵马湘的发掘，一举成就了世界奇迹;而西安明代城墙的维修，同样引起了世界瞩目。联合国教科文组织的专家来此后，一致同意推荐它列入“世界遗产名录”。

20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词(四)

大家好，我是你们的导游，大家可以叫我小王。很荣幸能为大家服务，今天我带大家去参观西安城墙。

我们现在看到的这座古城堡就是明西安城墙，是明初在唐长安皇城的基础上建筑起来的。它是我国中世纪后期历史上最著名的城垣之一，是世界上现存规模最大、最完整的古代军事城堡防御设施。

西安作为千年古都，历代曾多次修筑城墙。它们多数被历史的尘埃掩埋。我们现在看到的城墙可追溯到隋代。公元1369年，明王朝大将徐达从山西进入陕西，将原来的奉天路改为西安，意为“西方长治久安”。拉开了明在西安修筑城墙的序幕。历时8年修筑完的城墙外形是一座长方形。城墙高15米，顶宽12—14米，底宽16—18米，周长13。9公里。最底层用黄土与石灰、糯米汁拌合而成，干燥之后，异常坚固。

西安古城墙包括护城河、吊桥、闸楼、箭楼、正楼、角楼、敌楼、女儿墙、垛口等一系列军事设施。好了，现在让我们亲自来感受这座科学、严密、完整的军事防御体系。

这就是我们今天游览的西安城墙，它是世世代代陕西人的骄傲，是唐代文明的象征。

20xx年5篇陕西西安古城墙的导游词(五)

各位游客，这几天我们已经在车行晨曦或晚霞中领略了古城墙的多彩多姿和古朴深沉。现在我们来到城墙脚下，请大家走上城墙游览。

大家一定想知道城墙的真正含义是什么。“城墙”一词原是从“城”字引申而来。“城”按《说文》解释，是“盛”的通假字，“盛”是纳民，所以“城”字的本义是土围民而成国，由此引出城墙一义。被誉为中华民族脊梁的万里长城的“城”宇，同样是城墙的意思。只是后来随着社会的发展，“城”字又包含了今天城市的解释。“城”字最早出现在周朝的金文中，从字形看活生生地体现了古代城墙的军事用途。城墙的军事作用是保卫私有制，而在意识形态上看，城墙的形体规模又是等级森严的宗法制的严格体现。显然统治者营造城墙，是用它来保护自己，宣示国威。现在我们看到的西安城墙，是中国历史上最著名的城垣建筑之一。它从明洪武三年(公元1370年)朱元璋下诏修城开始动工，至洪武十一年(公元1378年)完工，历时8年，是在隋唐京城的皇城基础上扩筑而成的，经过历代修葺，基本上保持着完整的封建社会城垣建筑的面貌，反映了中国古代筑城技术的杰出成就。

【城垣规模和结构设施】

各位游客，那么西安城墙到底有多大呢?它的结构又是怎样的?据测算，西安城墙周长11.9千米，其中东城墙2590米，西城墙2631.2米，南城墙3441.6米，北城墙3241米。这样的规模在国内外都是比较少见的。

大家看见城墙四门外筑有护卫城门的小城，那叫瓮城。所谓瓮城，意为敌人一旦进入，就会受到瓮城城墙上面的四面夹击，犹如瓮中之鳖，无法逃脱。瓮城外还筑有拱卫瓮城的小城，古称羊马城。古时候大城门的启闭有规定时间，关闭城门后尚未回城的人可连同自己牵的羊、赶的马等，进入羊马城以及今环城公园地带歇息，等候开城门后再进城。西安的羊马城在清末已全毁。记得1986年在西安城安定门(西门)瓮城北门外约17.5米处发现羊马城北侧门道，长5.5米，宽2.4米。现在大家能看到南门瓮城外侧已修复的羊马城，墙体长198米，高9.5米。

护城河外曾有拱卫四城门的四个夯筑土城叫郭城。据《西安府志》卷九记载：唐天佑年间，韩建筑东郭小城和西郭小城。宋、金、元皆因之。明洪武年间拓城时，东郭小城大部分被包在大城内，留在城外的即为东郭新城。明后期西郭小城记。目前，四关郭城墙体仅存部分残段，郭门仅在地名上留有其名称。

现在我们来到西安城内东北处，这里曾经是明秦王府城，简称王城。明初，朱元津封其次子为秦王，命其坐镇西安，加强对西北的控制。整个秦王府城分为两重城墙。外城墙称萧墙，全系土筑成。内城墙因外砌青砖，故称砖墙。明灭后，萧墙被毁。清雍正年间，西安修庙宇，秦王府的建筑多被拆除，砖城改为八旗教场。目前秦王府砖城只存夯土城残段若干处。

明代建西安城时，全城城门有4座：“长乐”、“永宁”、“安定”、“安远”。门名刻于大城门洞外的青石门据上。大城城门上所建的楼房称城楼，也叫正楼，是守城指挥官的指挥所。瓮城城门洞上所建之楼称箭楼，因楼壁辟有箭窗，是当时发箭防御之用。到了民国时又开辟了4座城门，俗称小四门：中山门(小东门)，在现在的东新街东端，是为纪念孙中山修建的;勿幕门(小南门)，在今天的四府街南端;玉祥门(小西门)，在莲湖路西端，解放后，此门被拆;解放门(小北门)，原名中正门，在解放路北端，当年因为陇海路通车到西安而修建，到了1952年因扩建火车站而被拆除。西安在解放后也开辟了新城门，南墙有建国门、和平门、文昌门、朱雀门、含光门。北墙有尚德门。东墙有朝阳门。

一般游客知道明代建筑西安城墙时有98座敌台，台上均建有敌楼。但1982年西安市城墙管理所实地调查发现，那些古敌楼没有留下一个，只有部分尚存础石。之后，西安重建敌楼12座，为砖木结构，歇山顶式，重檐二层楼，底层周设回廊。

古代城垣设施不仅修建敌楼、箭楼作用武之备，还修建魁星楼以祭把主宰文运之神魁星。西安魁星楼建在南门城楼东，后遭兵火毁坏。后来在原址上复建魁星楼，值得一看。

【焕发新颜的古城墙】

各位游客，经过十多年的整体开发，古都西安已把位于市中心的残破的明代城垣，改造成颇具特色、中外罕见的环城旅游风景区。1983年，西安市开始了建国以来规模最大的文物保护开发，到1997年底累计投资2.27亿元，不仅全面修缮了城墙，填补了大小洞穴1650个，还重建敌楼四座、角楼2座以及南门月城、闸楼、吊桥各一处，同时对环城河、林、路进行了全面整治。现在，从14条被修复的马道缓步登城，能见到长1334o米的城垛，还有11500米的女儿墙也全部修复。站在高12米的城头上举目远眺，南边的终南山、北部的渭水河遥遥相望;俯首四顾，城内城外市容尽收眼底。城上还陈列弓弩。滚木、擂石等防卫工具，城下复设吊桥、云梯，供人使用参观。从城墙下到环城河边，修建了20多座桥，城河到城脚之间的环城绿化带，成了西安最大的绿化公园，茅屋瓦舍，仿古亭廊，诗碑雕塑，应有尽有。

各位游客，西安古城墙的开发，受到了中外人士的高度评价：过去把古城墙看作是妨碍现代化城市发展的枷锁，如今它却成了使古城增添姿彩的花环。专家们还评价，秦始皇兵马湘的发掘，一举成就了世界奇迹;而西安明代城墙的维修，同样引起了世界瞩目。联合国教科文组织的专家来此后，一致同意推荐它列入“世界遗产名录”。

一般游客知道明代建筑西安城墙时有98座敌台，台上均建有敌楼。但1982年西安市城墙管理所实地调查发现，那些古敌楼没有留下一个，只有部分尚存础石。之后，西安重建敌楼12座，为砖木结构，歇山顶式，重檐二层楼，底层周设回廊。

古代城垣设施不仅修建敌楼、箭楼作用武之备，还修建魁星楼以祭把主宰文运之神魁星。西安魁星楼建在南门城楼东，后遭兵火毁坏。后来在原址上复建魁星楼，值得一看。

Founded in 1087, Xian stele forest is an art treasure house with theearliest and largest number of ancient steles in China. There are more than 1000steles and epitaphs from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. There is a forestof Steles, so it is called the forest of steles. The forest of Steles in Xianis rich in materials. It is not only a treasure house of ancient Chinesecalligraphy, but also a collection of ancient literature and stone patterns. Itdescribes some achievements of Chinas cultural development and reflects thehistorical facts of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, soit is famous at home and abroad.

The forest of Steles in Xian was developed on the basis of preserving thestone scriptures of Tang Dynasty. The Shijing in Tang Dynasty includes ShitaiXiaojing written by Li Longji in 745 AD and Kaicheng Shijing carved in 837ad.

In front of the first exhibition room of the forest of Steles is a pavilionspecially built for displaying Shitai Xiaojing. Shitai Xiaojing is the largeststele in the forest of steles. It was written by Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong ofTang Dynasty, in 745 ad. The book of filial piety was compiled by Confuciusstudents, who specially emphasized filial piety. The first part is Li Longjispreface to filial piety. The purpose of Xuanzongs preface to filial piety is toshow that he wants to govern the world with filial piety. The following is theoriginal text of filial piety, and the small words are the annotation of EmperorXuanzong for filial piety. The base is composed of a three-layer stone platform,with vivid lines carved on it, such as vines, lion flowers, etc. it is arepresentative of the Mid Tang Dynasty, with relief cirrus above. The stele iscomposed of four stones with a stone platform under it, so it is called "stoneplatform filial piety".

The first exhibition room of the forest of Steles mainly displays theKaicheng Shijing. The materials include Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhouli, Yili,Liji, Chunqiu Zuoshi biography, Chunqiu Gongyang biography, Chunqiu Guliangbiography, Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, Erya and other 12 scriptures, with650252 words, 114 square stones and inscriptions on both sides. More than 30000characters on 17 sides of Mencius, which was made up in the Qing Dynasty, arealso displayed here, collectively known as the thirteen classics. Twelveclassics are the necessary books for intellectuals in feudal society. Becausethe printing technology was not very developed at that time, in order to avoidthe mistakes made by the literati in copying scriptures, and to preserve thempermanently, the 12 scriptures were engraved on stone tablets as models, whichwere set up in the Imperial Academy of Changan City for people to proofread.Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, China has carved scriptures seven times. KaichengShijing is the only complete set of stone scriptures.

大家好!我是你们这次游览的导游。大家可以叫我小惠。

秦兵马俑在西安的临潼出土，它举世无双，都是精美的艺术珍品。谁知道它的占地面积有多大呢?对，就是20xx0平方米，大概有50个篮球场那么大，坑内有兵马俑近八千个。大家想不想知道他的来历呢?让我来告诉你们吧：以前有几个农民相约一起打水井，发现了有一些陶片，他们继续打井，发现那是一条通道。他们陆陆续续下去察看，就发现了‘秦兵马俑’。好!大家一起参观一下吧!

兵马俑不仅规模宏大，而且类型众多，个性鲜明。你们看，那些身材魁梧，头带鹤冠，身披铠甲，手握宝剑是什么俑?他就是将军俑。那神态自若的样子，一看就知道他们是久经沙场，重任在身的领军人物了!

大家跟我来。那些身高1。8米什么俑，体格健壮，体形匀称，身穿战袍，披挂铠甲，手持兵器的是什么俑?对，就是武士俑。

谁知道身着短甲，下穿紧口裤，左手握弓箭，右手执缰绳的又是什么俑?错了，是骑兵俑。你们看，每一个兵马俑都是极为精美的术珍品。仔细端详，他们神态各异，惟妙惟肖，走近他们身边，似乎还能感受到他们轻微的呼吸呢!

好了，还有很多精彩的东西，大家自由参观，自己欣赏吧。活动时间，请大家注意安全!

Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.

Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).

The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.

Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation. Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.

The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface. In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths). At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to its close. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers. In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well. The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers. Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).

The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong’s favorite lady, used to take bath. It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring. The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot Spring..

Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath. Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion. Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.

Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion. On its head three big Chinese characters Xi Jia Lou” (Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.

At this spa there are four hot springs. They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C. The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain. The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour.

Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.

The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident. After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China. This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation. Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Inspired by our Party’s policy let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese aggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance. Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth. Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.

Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending. Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool. They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one vigorous effort. The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only. What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall. He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it. Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident. Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an. Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals. On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing. The Xi’an Incident was so peacefully settled.

The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive. Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage. It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.

In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident. It was also called Vital Energy Pavilion”. After the national liberation it was renamed Catching Chiang Pavilion”. Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident. Iron chains and rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.

Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction. It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow. So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.

Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.

The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times. It was constantly under special control. Once the enemies were pressing on towards the border, the beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the daytime while set on fire at night.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile. King You tried many ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again. He called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she pulled a long face. Then the band were asked to play the bamboo flute and strings” and she remained displeased. Afterwards, maids of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all.

You don’t like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King asked.

I nearly have a liking for nothing. But I can still well remember I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk when I was a child. It was clear anf melodious,” she replied. King You said in excitement, That is very simple. How come you didn’t let me know it earlier?”

Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear it into pieces. Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.

Why didn’t you let out a single smile then?” he asked.

I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.

The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in the end he gave orders, Anyone both in and out of court who can amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”

Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and offered advice: Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave the order. In the split second the flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain. There they found nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively. The King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that Everything should have been all right. I have just been joking with you.” When they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left disappointed. Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily. Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold. Later on King You did so more often than not. In 771 B.C. Quan Rong (a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the Western Zhou Dynasty. King You ordered urgently to set the beacon tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved. Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away. The Western Zhou dynasty vanished. Herein come the Chinese idiom A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and The sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.”

西安钟楼，建于明太祖朱元璋洪武十七年(公元1384年),为砖木结构，重楼三层檐，四角攒顶的形式，总高36米，每边长35.5米，占地面积1377平方米，内有楼梯可盘旋而上。在檐上覆盖有深绿色琉璃瓦，楼内贴金彩绘，画栋雕梁，顶部有鎏金宝顶，金碧辉煌。以它为中心辐射出东、南、西、北四条大街并分别与明城墙东、南、西、北四门相接。

欣赏编钟所奏的乐曲以及仿古舞蹈。曲目有民乐《登楼曲》，长安古乐《奉金杯》、《摇门栓》，名曲《春江花月夜》，古曲《飞天》、《大登殿》，编钟独奏《茉莉花》，以及《秦腔曲牌》。每日六场演出，时间分别为上午9:00、10:30、11:30、15:00、16:00、17:00 ，每场四首滚动演出，表演时间10-15分钟。

钟鼓楼表演除每日固定时间外，团体欣赏可提前预约，加场演出时间为晚19:00-22:00。

西安碑林创建于公元1087年，是收藏我国古代碑石时间最早、数目最大的一座艺术宝库，陈列有从汉到清的各代碑石、墓志共一千多块。这里碑石如林，故名碑林。

西安碑林内容丰富，它既是我国古代书法艺术的宝库，又汇集了古代的文献典籍和石刻图案;记述了我国文化发展的部分成就，反映了中外文化交流的史实，因而驰名中外。西安碑林是在保存唐代石经的基础上发展起来的。唐代人所称的石经，包括公元745年唐玄宗李隆基书写的和公元837年刻成的。

石刻艺术馆

新石刻艺术馆以"长安佛韵"为展陈主题，共展出约150件北魏至宋代的石刻造像，代表了史上长安佛教艺术的最高水平。陈列分为造像碑区、造像区、大型造像区，全方位阐释了长安模式下佛教造像的典型样式和艺术风格。20xx年，"长安佛韵"荣获全国博物馆十大陈列展览精品，新石刻艺术馆荣获"中国建筑工程鲁班奖"。

西安碑林

西安碑林始建于宋哲宗元佑二年(1087)，经金、元、明、清、民国历代的维修及增建，规模不断扩大，藏石日益增多，现收藏自汉代至今的碑石、墓志4000余件，数量为全国之最，藏品时代系列完整，时间跨度达20xx多年。

孔庙

西安孔庙唐时在尚书省西隅国子监附近。宋代几经搬迁，崇宁二年(1120xx年)虞策将文庙、府学最终迁建于"府城之东南隅"，即西安碑林博物馆现址。保存至今的照壁、牌坊、棂星门、华表、戟门、碑亭、两庑多为明清建筑。

第xx届西安碑林国际临书展

11月16日，"第xx届西安碑林国际临书展"在西安碑林博物馆东西临展展出。本次展览共展出日本临书作品97件(组)，是从五百多件临帖书法作品中评选出的优秀获奖作品，包涵了真草隶篆各种书体。

碑林石刻艺术室

西安碑林石刻艺术室建于1963年，匾额为陈毅元帅所题，展陈内容主要为自汉代至明清的陵墓石刻。其中东汉双兽、汉画像石砖、唐李寿石椁及墓志、昭陵六骏等，雕刻手法多样，风格各异，是不同历史时期石刻艺术中的精品。

第一展室

陈列《开成石经》，内容包括《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《礼记》、《春秋左氏传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《尔雅》等12部经书，计60多万字，用石114方。清代补刻的《孟子》也陈列于此，合称《十三经》。这些经书是封建社会知识分子必读之书。当时为避免文人学士们在传抄经书时出现错误，以及永久保存，就把经书刻在石碑上作为范本，立于长安城国子监内，以供校对。《开成石经》是目前仅存的一套完整的石刻经书。第二展室

陈列书法名碑，以唐代为主。内容上，《大秦景教流传中国碑》、《不空和尚碑》是研究唐代中外文化交流的宝贵资料。书法价值上，虞世南《孔子庙堂碑》、褚遂良《同州圣教序碑》、欧阳询《黄甫诞碑》、欧阳通《道因法师碑》、张旭《断千字文》、柳公权《玄秘塔碑》，以及僧怀仁集王羲之书的《大唐三藏圣教序碑》，颜真卿《多宝塔碑》、《颜家庙碑》等，无一不是从古至今书法爱好者学习的范本。其中僧怀仁花费20xx年心血，从内府藏王羲之墨迹中集字刻成的《圣教序碑》，再现了书圣王羲之秀劲超逸的书风，加之碑文由唐太宗作序、唐高宗作记，颂扬了卓越的佛学家玄奘，又有玄奘写的谢表及心经，被誉为了"三绝碑"。

第三展室

陈列是由汉至宋代的各种书法字体名碑。篆书有唐《美原神泉诗序》等，隶书有汉《曹全碑》等，楷书有唐《臧怀恪碑》等，行书有唐《慧坚禅师碑》等，草书有隋《智永千字文碑》、唐《怀素千字文》、张旭《肚痛帖》等，都是驰名中外的书法瑰宝。

第四展室

陈列的是宋至清代名书法家苏轼、黄庭坚、米芾、赵孟頫、等的诗文书迹，以及明清时期有珍贵史料价值的碑石。还有一部分宋至清代的各种线刻画，其中宋刻《唐太极宫残图》、《唐兴庆宫图》，清刻《太华山全图》、《关中八景》等，对研究古代建筑和旅游胜迹都有参考价值。

第五展室

陈列宋、元、明、清各代的地方史料碑石，以清代的居多。其中许多碑石记述了修庙、记功、拨田、赡学、修渠等内容，是研究当时社会和地方历史的资料，并且在书法艺术上也有一定价值。

第六展室

陈列的石碑，除少数是元、明人士的诗文作品外，大部分是清代的诗词歌赋。其中元赵孟頫的、明董其昌、清康熙帝及林则徐所书的石碑等，都是难得的珍品。

第七展室

陈列的是清代用《淳化秘阁帖》复刻的碑石，共145方。石刻两面，其内容有历代封建帝王、名臣及书法家的各种字体，更有王羲之和王献之的草书字。是不可多得的名碑帖。

皆さん、こんにちは、私はあなた達のガイドです。王さんと呼んでください。今日は皆さんを西安の城壁を見学させていただきます。

私たちが今見ているこの古い城は明安城壁で、明朝の初めに唐長安皇城の基礎の上に建てられたのです。それは我が国の中世後期の歴史上最も有名な城壁の一つで、世界で現存する最大規模で、最も完備している古代の軍事城防御施設です。

西安は千年の古都として、歴代何度も城壁を築き上げました。それらの多くは歴史のほこりに埋もれています。私たちが今見ている城壁は隋時代にさかのぼります。1369年、明王朝の大将徐達は山西から陝西に入り、元の奉天路を西安に変えました。明が西安で城壁を築く序幕を開けた。8年にわたって築かれた城壁の形は長方形です。城壁の高さは15メートル、幅は12～14メートル、幅は16～18メートル、周囲は13センチです。9キロです。最下層は黄土と石灰、もち米汁を混ぜて作ります。乾燥した後、非常に丈夫です。

西安の古い城壁は堀、つり橋、閘門楼、箭楼、正楼、角楼、敵楼、女儿壁、積み上げ口などの一連の軍事施設を含みます。はい、今は科学的で厳密で完備した軍事防御システムを自分で感じさせます。

これは今日観光した西安の城壁です。代々陝西人の誇りで、唐の文明の象徴です。

清真大寺位于西安市鼓楼街北隅的化觉巷内。由于它与大学习巷的清真寺东西遥遥相望，而且规模较大，故又被称为东大寺或清真大寺，为全国重点文物保护单位。

据寺内现存石碑记载，清真大寺建成唐玄宗李隆基天宝元年(742年)，距今已有1250多年的历史。经宋、元、明、清几次重修和护建，逐步形成规模宏大，楼台、亭殿布局紧凑和谐，庄严肃穆的建筑群。清真寺前后分四个院落，占地面积13000多平方米，建筑面积5000多平方米。前院紧临照壁的木牌楼，高约9米，琉璃瓦顶，挑角飞檐，雕梁画栋，极为壮观。南北两边为仿古建筑的接待室。

第二院是悬挂“清真寺”匾额的五间楼。院内树木成荫，花圃对称排列，石制牌坊矗立其间，碑阴镌刻有著名书法家米芾、董其昌的题字。

第三院是敕赐殿，院中央是三层结构精巧的八角形省心楼。南北两厢是经堂、宫殿，里面珍藏有阿拉伯文和汉文翻译的《古兰经》及珍贵字画等。

第四院中心是一真亭，又名凤凰亭，南北各有面宽七间的厅房。南厅后有石碑廊，陈列着创建和重修清真寺的碑刻。

一真亭后有海棠形鱼池喷泉，亭南北各有一座碑亭。进石门，走上广阔的大月台，大殿就在正端。大殿面阔7间，进深9间，面积约1300平方米，可容纳千余人同时作礼拜。殿内天棚藻井，有画600余幅，彩画图案不一，墙壁刻蔓草花纹，套刻古兰经，构图着色，均表现中国伊斯兰教寺院建筑和宗教彩画的特色。

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

禁寺又名麦加大清真寺是世界著名的清真大寺，伊斯兰教第一大圣寺，始建于公元630年，世界各国穆斯林向往的地方和去麦加朝觐礼拜的圣地。下面是小编为大家带来的关于陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词范文!

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

The Great Mosque at Huajue Lane

The Mosque is a major spot for religious activities of over 60.000 Moslems in Xi’an, likewise, an important cultural relic protected by the Provincial People’s Government. Unlike the Arabic mosques, with splendid domes, the minarets reaching into the clouds, the coulourful engraved sketches with dazzling patterns, the Mosque here in Xi’an possesses much Chinese traditional touch in both its design and artistic outlook; besides the style peculiar to Islamic mosques, this Mosque also holds characteristics of Chinese pavilions with painted beams and engraved ridgepoles.

However, any further discussion about the Mosque will be futile unless anything of the introduction of Islam into China is brought up.

Islam as a religious order was founded in the early period of the 7th century A.D. and was introduced to China in the mid-600s. At that time, Arabian merchants and travelers came to the northwest of China by way of Persia and Afghanistan and thus established diplomatic, trade, and military contacts with China. In the meantime, another route saw a batch of sea voyagers through Bangladesh Bay and the Malacca Strait to China’s Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Huangzhou, Yangzhou and other cities where many of them settled down and married the local women who later gave birth to babies who then became Moslems.

However, massive immigration of the Moslems to China did not take place until as late as the early period of the 13th century, when Genghis Khan, as a result of his expedition against the west, had conquered vast expanses of land stretching from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, including the north of Iran. Many of the Moslems in the conquered areas were thus forced to enlist and later settled in China.

Among the enlisted many were soldiers, and some were smiths and officials who were called the Hui people in the history books on the Yuan dynasty. The Hui people later followed Kublai Khan down to the south, helping him unifying China and then establish the Yuan dynasty. In the wake of the conquest, Islam spread all over China and mosques began to appear everywhere. In the Yuan dynasty, many Moslems held positions both in the military and civilian organs of the country. And a lot of the Moslems took part in Zhu Yuanzhang’s uprising in the early 14th century and made great contributions to the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, all the emperors of the Dynasty issued mandates to protect Islam, and to set up mosques in praise of the Moslems for their feats. In the early 16th century, Islam predominated Qinghai on the minority nationalities including the Huis, the Uygurs, the Kazaks, the Kirgizes, the Tajiks, the Tartars, the Ozbeks, the Dong Xiangs, the Salars and the Bonans. The Moslems in Xi’an are mainly the Huis, being a small portion out of the ten million in China.

The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.

According to “the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty. However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty. The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque. On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, “May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, “Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty. They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy. At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a “month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored. It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty. A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called “Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship. Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out. The five wooden houses, which are called “Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called “the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. Across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings. The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.

The Moslems in China share very much the same customs with their brothers and sisters elsewhere in the world. They worship five times a day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, and at night. Female worshipers attend their services in a separated place from their brothers, usually at home. Moslems pay special attention to their health and see that they always wear clean clothes. They are teetotalers not only of wine, but also of pork and animal blood for in Koran pigs have been mentioned four times as being “unclean”. According to Koran, a man can have four wives and women should wear veils when they go out. However, except a few places in Xinjiang, the Chinese practise monogamy and women are veiless when they go out. Upon his death, a Moslem has to be “thoroughly cleaned”(thoroughly bathed), has to be put on “Ke Fan”(to be shrouded with a piece of white cloth) and has to be buried coffinless in the ground, with an imam reciting Scriptures at the funeral.

The Chinese constitution promulgates that freedom of religion of each citizen and freedom of preserving or reforming local customs for every nationality are permitted. And of course, the Moslems in China enjoy equal rights with peoples of other nationalities and their religious beliefs and customs are respected everywhere in the country.

大家好。今天就由我来陪同大家一起游览，我是导游小吴。大雁塔景区是国家A级景区，虽处闹市，却是一个放松休闲的好去处。由前面的大慈恩寺、大雁塔以及南北广场、东西两苑组成，占地约五百亩。

《西游记》里的唐僧可谓家喻户晓， 现在我们所处的位置就是就是大雁塔南广场，广场中央矗立的就是玄奘法师的高大铜像。你看他气宇轩昂，身披袈裟，手执锡仗，迈着坚定的步伐，好象正在奔波在西行取经的路途上。 大雁塔里 ，大雄宝殿是寺院的中心建筑。

大家面前高台上的建筑就是大雄宝殿。大殿前香火兴旺，大殿上面三座塑像是佛祖三身佛像。中为法身毗卢遮那佛，西为报身卢舍那佛，东为应身释迦牟尼佛。佛像两侧是佛的弟子，东为迦叶，西为阿难，两旁还有普贤菩萨和文殊菩萨塑像，均为明代雕塑，象征真理和智慧。东西两厢排列着包括玄奘和庆友在内的18 尊罗汉像。在大殿供奉的主尊背后塑有南海观音菩萨及众菩萨、龙女、木叉等150 身人物。

大家如果想感受海洋的气息呢，西安还有现代化的曲江海洋馆，有兴趣的朋友可以前往游览。

好了，各位游客，今天讲解就到此为止了，谢谢大家的参与，再见。

海洋馆曲直江海洋天下项目标焦点工程。来曲江海洋极地公园，寓目海洋生物和它们的各类演出。在海洋馆内，可以或许抚玩到有瑰丽的热带鱼和鳄鱼演出和人鱼演出;极地馆天全国午有出色的演出，能看到海豚演出顶球、跳圈以及和驯兽师一路演出火箭飞人等高难度举措。

海洋馆除了抚玩热带鱼类，还能看到娃娃鱼等两栖动物。这里的海底地道是浏览海洋生物的最佳点，缓步其间，如同置身海底，色彩斑斓的鱼群在头顶游过。馆内尚有各类演出可以看，除了鳄鱼演出要收费外，其他都是免费的。

极地馆首要展览极地生物，共有两层，一楼可以看动物在水下的糊口状态，二楼可以看它们在陆地上的糊口状态，像企鹅、海豹、北极熊等，都是既会在水下流泳，又会登陆游玩的。馆内尚有极地探险号模仿船体，在事变员的指导下可以与白鲸、海豚亲昵打仗。

海洋馆中的水手餐厅有卖吃的，价值偏贵。礼物区有海洋相干眷念品出售。海洋馆外有不少付费游乐办法，好比“鬼谷堆栈”鬼屋，参考价30元。

西安钟楼，是国内最大、最完整的一座钟楼，始建于明洪武十七年(公元1384年)，钟楼处于西安的中心地带，是古城的地标之一，以它为中心辐射出东、南、西、北四条大街并分别与西安城墙东、南、西、北四门相接。

西安的鼓楼，原先在西边的广济街上，随着城市中心东移，在明神宗万历十年(1582年)，将钟楼迁徙到了鼓楼东边，今天的位置。

钟楼呈典型明代建筑艺术风格，下部为砖石结构的正方形基座，顶部为三重四面攒尖顶结构，覆着深绿色琉璃瓦，顶尖用真金铂包裹。基座四面正中各有高约6米的门洞，门洞间互通，过去是东、南、西、北四条大街交会的通道，人流车辆从门洞通过，如今门洞已封闭，周围建有公路转盘，地下有专供人行的通道。

进入钟楼的入口就在这地下通道内，有楼梯可盘旋登楼。钟楼内有一口仿制“景云钟”，原件铸于唐睿宗景云二年(公元720xx年)，现在收藏在西安碑林博物馆里。

站在钟楼上，能够看到从钟楼延伸出来的东、南、西、北四条大街，钟楼周边西安最繁华的商区、及不远处的鼓楼。

游客在游玩钟楼时，还能欣赏到美妙的访古表演，每天日间6场，具体演出时间可详见网上。在钟楼和鼓楼之间为钟鼓楼广场，有音乐喷泉。

大家好!现在我们就来到了碑林。顾名思义，它的意思就是“碑石丛立如林”，这座博物馆始建于公元1087年，距今已有900余年的历史了。它是收藏我国古代碑石时间最早、数量最多的一座艺术宝库。所以，人们又将其称为“石质书库”。西安碑林是在保存唐代石经的基础上发展起来的。唐代恩所称的石经包括：唐天宝四年，也就是公元的745年，由唐玄宗书写的《石台孝经》;以及唐开成二年，也就是公元的837年刻成的《开成石经》。这些石经原来都立在唐长安城务本坊的国子监太学内。唐朝末年，朱温挟持唐昭宗迁都洛阳，驻守长安的佑国军节度使韩建将长安城进行了缩小，致使石经弃于郊外。在许多人的建议下，韩建和后来的刘郇陆续将这些碑石移到了城内的文宣王庙内，也就是今天的西大街社会路一带。由于那里地势低洼，所以对保存经石不利。于是，公元1087年，在北宋漕运大使吕大忠的组织下，又将那里的碑石移到了今天的位置。这便形成了最早的西安碑林。“碑林”一名始于清代。它收藏了从汉到清的各代碑石3000余件，分布在七个陈列室，八个碑厅和六座碑廊之中。这些碑石主要可以分为“碑林”和“石刻艺术室”两大部分。博物馆占地面积31900平方米，陈列面积3000平方米。碑林博物馆是典型的中国传统庙宇式建筑群。它的前半部分是由原先拜谒孔子的孔庙改建而成，至今仍处处可见孔庙的痕迹。孔子是中国儒家的创始者，历来被封建统治者所推崇。汉武帝就曾提倡“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”。不知大家有没有注意到：按照中国历来的建筑制式，门都是朝南开的。而碑林的门却是东西向的。这是怎么回事呢?这是因为碑林为孔庙旧址，按照中国古代的制度，孔庙的门都开在东西两侧，以示对孔子的尊敬。西门称为“礼门”东门称为“义路”。南面的门则封闭起来，叫做“塞门”。

各位游客：

首先我们参观的是有壮阔气势的明城墙。我们眼前的城墙是明时的。明太祖朱元璋认为“如江山永固，非深沟高垒，内储外备，不能为安。”于是从明洪武三年(公元1370年)下诏修城开始动工，历时8年完工，是在隋唐京城的皇城基础上，向东、向北各扩建了4分之1上修筑而成的，形成了今天的城墙。现在我们看到的西安城墙是一个东西长，南北短的长方形，周长13.79公里，面积11.5平方公里。是一个功能设计周密，形制宏伟的军事防御设施。下来我给大家分别将西安城墙各部分的建筑构造既城防作用一一作以介绍：

首先我们看见的是护城河，也叫“城壕”，它是阻止敌人进攻的第一道防线。横跨护城河上唯一的通道就是我们眼前的的吊桥。吊桥在过去由守护城门士兵掌管，他们听从“晨钟暮鼓”的指挥定时升降。一旦有战事来临，吊桥就被高高生起，整个城市就成为一个封闭的战斗堡垒。刚才有朋友问在那里控制吊桥，这也就是我们下面要来参观的城门，上面是闸楼，即控制吊桥升降之处。城门是防御设施相当重要的一个环节，那么现在请大家跟随我进入城门，来了解西安城墙的另外一个组成部分。

事实上完善的城门是由闸楼、箭楼、正楼组成。我们看到的最外面的就是有闸楼，它最主要的作用就是控制吊桥的升降，并且也具有夜间打更的作用。闸楼是两层悬山式结构，虽然形式十分简洁，但有着举足轻重的作用。这是城市的二道防线。

前面能看到的那座建筑是箭楼。箭楼共有箭窗66孔，形成了一个扇型的攻击面，士兵可凭窗居高临下杀伤敌人。

在闸楼与箭楼之间，形成的半月形的空间，我们叫做瓮城。它的作用在于如果敌人攻入城门后，进入瓮城，这时会受到瓮城上4面居高临下的攻击，犹如瓮中捉鳖。

我们所能看见对面的建筑是正楼，正楼是西安城墙最里层的建筑。正楼建筑形式为重檐歇山式，是主将战时坐镇指挥守城的指挥所。

高大的城门，城门是敌我双方交战的薄弱环节，也是统治者苦心经营的防御重点。明代修筑城墙时，十分重视城门的防御功能。其中他们有一个非常大的技术突破，打破了西汉开始沿用了1520xx年之久的“过梁式”城门，这种门最大的缺点是经不起火攻，所以就有了“城门失火，殃及迟鱼”的典故。明代城门采用的是券拱式的门洞，可以有效的抵御火攻，所以大大提高了城墙的防御能力。西安城墙门从上到下横箍着9道宽15厘米的铁条，上钉1800个蘑菇钉，加强了门扇的强度，使箭矢无法射入门中，从而加强了城门对抗进攻的能力。这是城墙的第三道防线。

我们可以见到城门上有永宁门几个字。在明西安城墙的东、西、南、北面各有一座城门。南门曰永宁门，意思是南方是火神所在地，就是向火神祷告，不起火灾，永保安宁。东门名长乐门，因明都城南京位于西安东面，“长乐”二字带有祈祝大明江山万年不衰，长久欢乐之愿望。西门为安定门，暗示西部边疆安泰康定。北门名安远门，意指北部边塞长远安定，不起战乱。

现在我们就登上城墙，来感受他壮阔的气势。城墙的最底层是用石灰、黄土、糯米汁搅拌夯打而成，干燥之后，坚硬如石。历史上对城墙曾多次维修，有两次最有名。第一次是在明隆庆二年(公元1568年)，当时的陕西巡抚张祉在城墙底顶面和外壁都包砌了青砖，使整个城墙显得壮阔和雄伟。清乾隆年间，当时的陕西巡抚毕沅又对城墙进行了大规模的维修、加固，将包砖增厚，铺设海墁，并增修排水系统。城墙顶上的这个平面就是海墁，它是城上调兵谴将的通道，用三合土垫底，上面铺有两层城砖而成，即可便利于城上交通，又可防止雨水下渗。海墁从外向内有5度的倾斜面，可将雨水迅速导入城内侧的排水槽，有效的保护了墙体不被水浸泡，起到了保护墙体的作用。城墙每相隔40—60米一个有排水槽，它们为砖石结构，附贴在城墙内侧，从墙顶直达墙下，与沟渠相通。西安城墙之所以保存至今，这套完整的排水系统起到了很大的作用。

为了保证士兵及车马在城上行走安全，在墙顶内沿建有宇墙。为了了望方便，在外沿上又筑有垛墙。在垛墙的底部的方孔，又叫悬眼是士兵可向外窥察、射击的地方。

沿城墙外侧有向外突出的实心墩台叫做敌台，俗称马面。在城墙上共有98座。各敌台相距120米，这个距离和过去的武器是有关系的，120米的中点是60米，恰是弓箭、飞钩、滚木等武器的有效射程，它的出现使士兵作战视野开阔，战术运用灵活。一旦敌人攻城，会受到来自城墙和左右敌台、敌楼三方面的射击。构成了一个立体交叉火力网，大大的提高了城墙的战斗力和防御功能。

在城墙的四个转角处有角楼。值得一提的是，除西南角为圆形角台外，其它三个角台均为方形，为何只有这一角台为圆形的呢?明城墙是在唐长安城基础上向东北扩建三分之一而成的，它的西南角，正好是唐皇城的一个城角，因唐皇城城角为圆形，所以就维持了原状。

以上就是我带大家参观的明代城墙，下面我们去了解一下另外的明代建筑，钟楼和鼓楼。钟和鼓是中国最早出现的打击乐器，两三千年前，钟和鼓是用来祭祀和宴享的礼器和乐器，到了汉代，尤其是五胡十六国和魏晋南北朝时期，钟和鼓被用做军旅指挥的信号和军乐。到了唐代的就有了报时的功能，正如文人墨客在诗中描述的“将则鸡人报晓时，尚疑方近翠云秋。“还有“六街鼓绝行人歇，九曲茫茫空有月。”描绘的就是人们闻钟声而起，闻鼓声而息的情况，这就是大家常说的“晨钟暮鼓”。钟楼和鼓楼上的钟和鼓都是明代，所以它们自然也都有报时的功能。钟楼和鼓楼建于明代，西安是明代的军事重镇，钟鼓楼无论从建筑特色、还是艺术价值，都居于同类建筑之冠。

朋友们，我们首先来钟楼。钟楼位于市中心东、西、南、北四条大街的交汇处，有“天下第一钟楼”之誉。要了解钟楼，就要从钟说起。真正钟楼上的钟是唐景云年间的“景云钟”，它是一口六吨重的铜钟。它是以钟乳来调节音律，声音洪亮悠扬，中央人民广播电台的新年钟声便是原来悬挂在钟楼上“景云钟”钟声的录音。当时钟楼的位置并不在现在的地方，那么它在哪儿呢?钟楼最初的位置在鼓楼以西的“迎祥观”内，安史之乱时，“迎祥观”和钟楼毁于一旦。公元1384年，明朝政府重新修建了一座钟楼，就是我们现在看到的这座钟楼。随着经济的发展，西安城不断的扩建，钟楼就偏于城西，不在居于城市中心了。在这种情况下，公元1582年明政府就将钟楼迁移至今天的位置。据碑文记载，“楼唯柱基外，一无改创”。也就是说，除了新筑楼基外，其他都是原件原样。大家可以想象一下，6万立方米的巨型建筑，要进行整体的拆迁复原，没有高超的组织安装，没有严密的工程组织是很难实现的。所以这也是我们16世纪建筑史上一次划时代的创举。钟楼也因此更加提升了它的艺术价值。大家回头看立柱上有一幅楹联，“钟号景云鸣彩凤，楼雄川口锁金鳌。”说的就是钟楼拆迁的一个神话传说，更给钟楼增添了神秘色彩。

不过钟楼拆迁后，钟就敲不响了，很多人说是神物有灵，其实是钟房有问题。它中间高，四周下倾，重檐覆盖，好象给钟戴了个帽子，戴翁以呼，声音当然不能传的很久远。后把钟就放到了屋外。最后以明成化年间所铸的一口铁钟取代，大家现在看到的这口钟是近年复修的，原钟现在收藏在西安碑林博物馆。当然我们今天敲钟已不在是为了报时，而是为了祈福，企求我们的生活平安如意，美满幸福。大家若有兴趣，不妨也敲几下。

好了朋友们，让我们回过头来欣赏钟楼的建筑吧。钟楼高36米，分别由基座、楼身、楼顶三部分组成，四面正对四个方向，开东西南北四个券洞。钟楼上下两层每一层都以“斗拱”作为装饰，它是中国古代木结构建筑上的一种特有的构件，一方面起到了装饰作用，一方面它可以根据力学原理，形成力的均匀负荷，“斗拱”用在屋檐下可以使屋顶的出檐加大，用在梁枋两端下面，则可以减小梁枋的跨度，加大梁枋的承受力。同时“斗拱”的数量还可以显示出这种建筑的规格和等级来。钟楼采用的四角攒尖式，对角线构筑，覆以琉璃瓦，屋角微微上翘，这种形制按文人的描述“如鸟思阁，如喙思飞”，就好比展翅飞翔的鸟。象钟楼这种出檐3层的，我们把它叫重檐三滴水，这种形制不但可以增加建筑的美观，还能减少雨水顺而下落时对建筑的冲击力。

钟楼不但整体气势恢弘，细部也十分精美。大家现在看到的格子门，门扉上都有木刻浮雕，内容有声动感人的民间传说、回味无穷的历史故事，楼上楼下加起来共有64幅，如我们熟悉的“八仙过海、踏雪寻梅、长生殿盟誓”等。

了解完了钟楼 ，下面我们将要参观的是与钟楼遥相呼应的鼓楼。

鼓楼距离钟楼只有250 米，它建于公元1380年，鼓楼要比钟楼大的多。鼓楼高34米，基座呈长方形，。现在它的南北两面还各开高为6米的十字型券洞，一直到今天还是交通要道。它的北面还有著名的小吃街。

鼓楼上曾用来报时的大鼓已不知去向，1996年西安市文物局投巨资制作了一面大鼓，就是我们大家现在看到的着面“闻天鼓”。这面大鼓的鼓面是用整张牛皮蒙制的，声音深厚洪亮，重棰之下，十里可闻，这面大鼓已经申报进入了世界基尼斯大全，所以今天来的朋友们都非常的幸运，因为大家看到了世界上最大的鼓。

鼓楼的南北两侧檐下，过去曾悬挂着两幅巨匾额，南面为“文武盛地”。文王、武王时期，天下和平安泰、国富民强，说明了西安古往今来的发达昌盛。北面匾文“声闻于天”，典故是《诗经》中“鹤鸣九皋、声闻于天”。两幅巨匾犹如画龙点睛，使鼓楼生气盎然，为这座古建筑增添了不少光彩，遗憾的是这两块巨匾，在十年浩劫中已被毁坏，现在的匾额按照原有历史资料恢复的。

以上就是我们今天参观的明城墙、钟鼓楼。这些建筑记录了西安沧海桑田的历史，也铭刻了西安人心中的悲怆与骄傲。他们作为历史古迹，就象陈年的老酒，使人心醉，让人回味。