南京夫子庙秦淮河导游词(合集20篇)

Hello, everyone! Welcome to Nanjing Confucius Temple. The Confucius Templeis located on the Bank of Qinhuai River in the south of the city. It is ahistoric site and tourist attraction that Nanjing people are proud of. It is aprosperous place where culture, commerce, sightseeing center and Temple marketare integrated.

Confucius Temple, also known as Confucius Temple and Confucian temple, is aplace to offer sacrifices to Confucius, a famous educator and thinker in China.Confucius was honored as Confucius in ancient times, so his temple is commonlyknown as "Confucius Temple". Due to the orthodox status of Confucianism, itsfounder Confucius was highly respected by the rulers and scholars of feudalsociety. There were more than one Confucius temples all over the country. As aplace for feudal scholars to worship, Confucius Temple is mostly arrangedtogether with educational facilities (such as school palace, Gong Yuan, etc.),that is, the so-called temple is attached to school, usually in front or on oneside of the school palace.

Historically, there were three Confucius temples in the urban area ofNanjing, one in the compound of the current municipal government and the otherin the Chaotian Palace. Now we are going to visit the third and most famousplace. It was moved from Chaotian Palace in the first year of Jingyou of SongDynasty (1034). At first, it was Jiankang school, Jiqing road school in YuanDynasty, Guoxue in Ming Dynasty, yingtianfu school in Qing Dynasty, andJiangning school and Shangyuan school in Qing Dynasty. It was destroyed in theXianfeng Period, rebuilt in the Tongzhi period (1869), and burned by theJapanese during the Anti Japanese war. The existing Confucius Temple was rebuiltin the early 1980s. It uses the former temple and the later school, ConfuciusTemple in the front and the Academy in the back, and the later Gong Yuan isarranged on the left side of the Academy. Therefore, the relatively completepattern of Confucius Temple in Nanjing includes three parts, namely, ConfuciusTemple, Academy and Gongyuan. The North-South central axis with Dacheng hall asthe center and the main buildings on both sides and the Jiangnan Gongyuanexhibition hall with Mingyuan building as the center have become the maintourist spots in the Confucius Temple area.

Due to its long history and convenient water transportation, ConfuciusTemple area has become a famous "beautiful place" and a place where celebritieslive in ancient Nanjing before the appearance of Confucius Temple. Therefore, inaddition to the main scenic spots mentioned above, there are also scenic spotssuch as Wu Jingzis former residence, ancient taoyedu, Cuiyuan, one hundred yearold shop Street, wendeqiao, Wang Xies former residence, Wuyi lane, meixianglou,etc.

Now we are standing at the starting point of the central axis of ConfuciusTemple - Confucius Temple Square. Looking around, there are panchi, Zhaobi andmufang in the south, Juxing Pavilion, KuiGuang Pavilion and business district inthe East and West, Dacheng hall in the central axis and the East and West citieson the East and west sides of Confucius Temple in the north, which form theunique atmosphere of Confucius Temple area different from other cities, that is,the pattern of Temple market integration in history.

Look at the river in front of the square. Its called Qinhuai River. Itsthe mother river of Nanjing people. Its 110 kilometers long and gave birth tothe early Nanjing civilization. The section that flows through the square is apart of the Inner Qinhuai River. When the temple was built, it was transformedinto panchi, named after the water flowing through the Confucius Temple in Qufu.A red wall on the south bank is a large screen wall built in the Wanli period ofthe Ming Dynasty (1575). It is 110 meters long and majestic. It is the largestscreen wall in China. Zhaobi played a role of shelter and decoration, which wasthe beginning of the whole Confucius Temple complex. The stone railings on theNorth Bank of panchi were built in Zhengde (1514) of the Ming Dynasty. Aftermany vicissitudes, they became the only best preserved ancient architecturalsketch in the Confucius Temple complex, which had been repaired before the AntiJapanese war. Here, visitors take a rest on the fence and enjoy the beautifulscenery of Qinhuai.

The Wende bridge on the west side of panchi is now hanbaiyu bridge. It gotits name from the Confucian schools advocacy of article morality. Because thedirection of the bridge is the same as that of the meridian, every November 15of the lunar calendar, when the bright moon is in the sky and you look down fromthe railing, you can see the shadow of the bridge on both sides of the bridge.The bright moon in the river is divided into two and a half months, which iscalled "Wen de Fen Yue". Wu Jingzi recorded it in his book scholars. If you havea chance, you might as well come to Wende bridge on November 15 of the lunarcalendar to have a look.

A group of Hui style buildings at the entrance of South Wuyi lane ofwendeqiao is called "Wangxie ancient residence". As the settlement area of WangXie and Wang Xie in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, it has a great influence,especially the verses of Wu Yi Xiang, the famous work of Liu Yuxi in TangDynasty, which makes Wu Yi Xiang and Wang Xies former residence very famous,and now it is "the historical and cultural exhibition Hall of Six Dynasties inNanjing." You can visit it when you have time.

Now, to the north of the stone column is the newly rebuilt Tianxia Wenshusquare, which indicates that it is the cultural center of Tianxia. Three doorsand four pillars, quite spectacular. In ancient times, it corresponded to theLingxing gate at the back, which was used for the emperors to go on a pilgrimageto worship Confucius. The high gate square in the middle was the royal roadwhere the emperor was lucky to come. It was used for the princes of the countyto go in and out. The ordinary officials and subjects could not pass through, soit was usually closed with wooden fences.

The star gathering Pavilion on the west side of the square in front of thetemple has a hexagonal cornice, which is simple and elegant. It looks like atwo-layer structure with double cornices on the outside. In fact, it has onlyone floor. The name of the pavilion is the gathering of stars and talents. Inthe East, the small courtyard facing the water is KuiGuang Pavilion. The KuixingPavilion in the pavilion has three floors and six sides, and faces QinhuaiRiver. The scenery is unique. In ancient times, there was a saying of "Kui ZhuWen". Kuixing, or Kuixing, is a sign of prosperity of the literary movement anda symbol of winning the first place in the imperial examination. Therefore,Kuixing was regarded as a God by the students of the past dynasties. KuiGuangPavilion and Juxing Pavilion look at each other from the east to the west,echoing each other and integrating into one.

The stone square gate in the north of the square in front of the temple isthe first gate of the Confucius Temple - Lingxing gate, with six columns andthree gates. It is simple and beautiful, and the lintel in the middle isengraved with the seal character "Lingxing gate". Lingxing is the "Wenxing" inancient astronomy. The reason why it is named is to show that scholars in theworld gather here. The brick relief inlaid with peony pattern between the threedoors is exquisitely carved and gorgeous. The top of the stone column is made ofcloud plate, which means Huabiao, as a sign. This is the gate for the emperor toworship Confucius.

After passing the Lingxing gate, we came to the Dacheng gate of Dachenghall.

Dachengmen, also known as Jimen, is the main gate of Confucius Temple, withZhijing gate on both sides. In feudal times, only officials could get in and outof dachengmen, while ordinary scholars could only get in and out from otherdoors. Entering the gate, there are four ancient steles on the left and right:in the East, there are the stele of fengzhishengs wife in 1331, the remnantstele of Jiqing Confucius Temple in 1330, and the stele of kongyuwenli in 484,which was moved by the municipal government. This book is based on the picturestele of Confucius asking for rites.

On both sides of the courtyard and corridor are arranged eight ofConfucius twelve students, namely min sang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duan Muzi, ranYong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan and Zhong you. They are all carved from white jade of HanDynasty. They are very devout and lifelike.

Looking forward, the platform in front of the Dacheng hall is Danlong,commonly known as the terrace. It is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meters wide from eastto west, and 14.0 meters long from north to south. It is surrounded by stonerailings, 24 cloud looking pillars, and stone lanterns are set at the twocorners of the platform. This terrace is used for sacrifice, singing anddancing. The statue of Kongyu in the middle of the terrace is particularlyeye-catching. Its made of bronze, 4.18 meters long and weighs 37 tons. Itsexquisitely made, lifelike, full-bodied, with a kind and deep face. The eyebrowsreveal the wisdom of a great thinker and leave a very deep impression on people.On both sides of the terrace, there were two verandas, which were used toworship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages in Confucius gate and to storesacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now it is reduced to a small twoveranda and changed into a stele gallery. There are more than 30 steles with inkmarks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi and Wu Zhongqi,which are displayed for tourists to enjoy.

At the end of the terrace is the majestic main hall of Confucius TempleDacheng hall, which is 16.22 meters high, 27.3 meters wide and 27.9 meters deep.It is an antique building on the top of chongcaoxie mountain. Under the eaves ofthe front, there is a sea blue vertical plaque, which reads "Dacheng hall".Confucius is the most sage and forerunner of Dacheng, and Dacheng refers toConfucius. The word "Dacheng" comes from "notes. Learning notes", which is thehighest level of learning. It can also be seen in Mencius wanzhang. "Confuciusis the sage of time. Confucius called it jidacheng. " There is a beautifulstanding sculpture of "double dragons playing with pearls" in the birds kiss onthe roof, which is the first of its kind in China; The light and beautifultendency of the roof covered with green tiles is obviously different from themagnificent tendency of the yellow glazed tiles used in the roof of the northernConfucius Temple. It is more easygoing and popular. This is also one of theperformances of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to popular culture, or "do asthe Romans do". The whole building is magnificent with double eaves, crisscrossbrackets, seven couplets in the hall, 26 wooden columns in the corridor, 16lattice doors in the front and back, and purlins in the inner hall. In thecenter of the hall, there is a 6.5-meter-high and 3.5-meter-wide portrait ofConfucius, the largest in China. On the front two sides of the portrait, thereare another four of the 12 students, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen andYanhui. In front of the portrait, there are also ancient musical instrumentssuch as Gong, Qin, wokonghou, chime, Bianzhong, guzheng and drum.

38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life stories are hung on thesurrounding walls, which are called "Confucius holy trace". They are made ofinner jade from Zhejiang, Fujian, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Guangxi,Guangdong and other provinces (regions), famous crystals from jixueleng,Shoushan stone, feicuilv, zhoucunleng and precious jewelry such as gold,jewelry, Luodian, etc. by 2oo craftsmen in Yueqing, Zhejiang Province. It takesthree years The total investment is 5.8 million yuan. The picture adopts theChinese classical panoramic composition method, supplemented by the detaileddescription of textual research, with fine workmanship, natural color, richthree-dimensional sense, giving people a sense of lifelike magic. Each sheet is2.5 meters high and 1.3 meters wide. There are 408 figures in the painting. Theshape is natural and lifelike. The 38 murals are the picture of the holy trace,the preface to the title, the prayer of Nishan, the Qilin Yushu, the ErlongWulao, the Juntian Shengjiang, the zudou Xueli, the functionary commissar, thename Rongfu, the functionary Chengtian, the questioner Laofu, Wenshao in Qi, YanYingju Feng in Yan, the retreat of Shishu, Jiagu Huiqi, returning to Tianxiegouo, zhushaozhengmao; the female music Wenma, and Yingu Qulu. Help peopleout. In Song Dynasty, people felled trees, attacked the Falcon, struck the chimeby Shiwei, learned to play Qin by Xiang, drove back to Xihe, asked linggongabout Chen, Zilu about Jin, in chenjueliang, zixijufeng, songqiuling, Xingtanritual music, kneeling by Chihong, Xishou Huolin, Mengdian Liangying, Zhirenbiegui, Han Gaosi to Lu. This is just like the couplet in the temple, which saysthat "Qi Bei Si Shi Xing heaven and earth, ghosts and gods, sun and moon are inaccordance with their virtue; teach the world to follow Yao, Shun, Yu and TangWenwu as teachers". The truth is that "the Tao of heaven and earth runs throughthe ancient and modern times, and the six classics are deleted and listed in theConstitution for all ages.".

From the north gate of Dacheng hall, you can enter Xuegong district throughDongshi.

Dongshi and Xishi have been changed from the East and West passagewayswhich used to enter and leave the academy to the places where the ships can sellgoods on the Qinhuai River. Now they have become the most distinctive places forarts and crafts, cultural goods sales and cultural activities in the ConfuciusTemple area.

The school palace was a place to cultivate talents in feudal times. Therewere different levels, such as county school, government school (road school,state school, etc.) and national school. They were all adjacent to ConfuciusTemple, which showed the orthodox status of Confucianism in building the countryand cultivating self. The school palace includes Mingde hall, Zunjing Pavilion,Jingyi Pavilion, Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Entering the gate of theschool is the ancient Mingde hall. It is a place for scholars to listen to theirtutors preaching of holy teachings and instructions (ethics and governmentdecrees) after their monthly pilgrimage to the sun (i.e. Confucius), so as tocultivate their loyalty and patriotism. As for the name of mingdetang, sometourists may ask that there is only "Minglun hall" in the Confucius Templecomplex. Why Nanjing Confucius Temple is an exception, which is called"mingdetang"? Indeed, in Nanjing Confucius Temple, mingdetang was originallyalso called "Minglun hall". It was just Wen Tianxiang, the Prime Minister of theSouthern Song Dynasty, who was imprisoned when the yuan army was about toconquer Nanjing, in order to show that he would rather die than surrender Hechanged "Ming Lun Tang" into "Ming De Tang" in order to show his loyalty to thecountry and serve the people. Zunjing Pavilion, built in the middle of MingDynasty, is 18.7 meters high, with double eaves and T-shaped ridges on the topof the mountain. It is an extraordinary Hall for storing Confucian classics andteaching lectures. It is now an exhibition hall of folk customs. Standing sideby side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongsheng temple and Qingyun tower. Zunjingacademy is divided into two sides behind Zunjing Pavilion. In the Qing Dynasty,Qingyun building was changed into a library, and Zunjing Academy was used as alecture center, which is equivalent to the classroom now. The small highlandbehind the Zunjing Pavilion, called Weishan, has a Jingyi Pavilion. AllConfucian temples in the world have Jingyi Pavilion. It began in the Jiajingperiod of the Ming Dynasty. In the pavilion, the emperors motto of "JingyiZhen" was set up as the motto of the students. The so-called "respect one" isthe dedication to Confucianism.

After touring the Academy, walk tens of meters to the East past GongyuanWest Street, which is Jiangnan Gongyuan. During this period of time, I wouldlike to introduce to you some other information about the Confucius Temple. Inaddition to the buildings of Confucius Temple, there are more noticeable folkcustoms, characteristic markets and snacks in the area.

Dear friends, this is the end of the tour of Confucius Temple. Thank youfor your support and cooperation!

南京夫子庙即孔庙，始建于宋景佑元年(公元1034年)，由东晋学宫扩建而成，位于秦淮河北岸的贡院街旁。夫子庙建筑群主要由孔庙、学宫、江南贡院荟萃而成，是秦淮风光的精华。

孔庙富有明清色彩。它以大成殿为中心，从照壁至卫山南南京《夫子庙》北成一条中轴线，左右建筑对称配列，占地广约26300平方米。四周围以高墙，配以门坊、角楼。

中心庙院：院内植有银杏八棵，古灯对称有致，中间一条笔直的石砌甬道通向大成殿前的丹墀，此丹墀是祭孔时举行乐舞的地方，正中竖立一尊青铜孔子塑像，高4.18米、重2500公斤，是全国最大的孔子青铜像。

大成殿：夫子庙的主殿，高16.22米，阔28.1米，深21.7米。殿内正中悬挂一幅全国最大的孔子画像，高6.50米、宽3.15米。殿内陈设仿制2500年前的编钟、编磬等十五种古代祭孔乐器，定期进行古曲、雅乐演奏，演出反映明人祭孔礼仪的大型明代祭孔乐舞，使观众听到春秋时代的“钟鼓之乐”、“琴瑟之声”，展现二千多年前另古乐风貌。大殿四周是孔子业绩图壁画，形神并具。

文化艺术展：中心庙院碑廊里陈列着被誉为“中华一绝”的雨花石展览。大成殿内也经常筹办其他历史文物和艺术品展，宣传中华民族的悠久文化。

从大成殿后门走出，即进入学宫参观区。学宫是科举时代本省学子读书的最高学府，为使士子接受教化，渐知遵循先圣先贤之道，所以学宫总是和孔庙建在一起。作为江苏古代文教中心的学宫位于大成殿后，以明德堂、尊经阁为主体，“东南第一学”门匾由清末状元秦大士题写。

Located in the south of Jiankang road in Nanjing City, it mainly refers tothe Confucius Temple, Xuegong and Gongyuan, but the streets around these threebuildings are traditionally called Confucius Temple. In the area of about 0.5square kilometers from pingjiangfu road in the east to Zhanyuan road in thewest, there are more than 300 shopping malls and shops, 2 cinemas and manyhotels and amusement parks, etc., and there is an underground commercial streetof about 10000 square meters underground. It can be said that Confucius Templeis a multi-functional service center integrating tourism, culture, commerce,catering and entertainment. More than 150000 people attended the festival,especially during the Jinling Lantern Festival. In 337, the Prime Minister WangDao built a school Palace on the North Bank of the Qinhuai River, which is theearliest building of Confucius Temple.

In 1032, Emperor Renzong built Confucius Temple and Confucius Temple infront of the Academy. Later, it was destroyed several times and rebuilt severaltimes due to war. The present building was rebuilt in 1984. It reproduces thestyle and landscape of Jiangnan market in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. ConfuciusTemple is a place for offering sacrifices to Confucius, covering an area of26300 square meters. Zhaobi is located on the South Bank of Qinhuai River. It is10 meters high and 110 meters long. The top of the wall is covered with smallcylinder green tiles and the four corners are slightly tilted. Its length is thelongest in China.

There is a crescent shaped panchi on the north bank and a row of carvedstone railings built in the Ming Dynasty on the bank. On the east side of thestone fence is kuiken pavilion with three floors and six flying angles; on thenorth side is Wenshu square with four pillars and three gates, with four goldcharacters "Tianxia Wenshu" engraved in the middle; on the west side is Juxingpavilion with double eaves and carved ridge flying angles, and in front ofDacheng gate is Lingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The buildingshere all have the word "Star", which means that the stars of the world aregathered here. Dachengmen is an ancient building with a beam and a bucket. Ithas a Dragon Ridge and three doors standing side by side. Each door has 45 studsand a faucet ring. On the left and right sides of the gate stand four stonetablets of the Southern Qi, yuan and Song Dynasties, and on both sides of theinner courtyard are corridors connecting the Dacheng hall. Dacheng hall is themain building of Confucius Temple. It is 16.2 meters high, 27.3 meters wide and20.9 meters deep. It has seven Ying double eaves, four slopes and five ridges.The standing carving of dragon and pearl on the main ridge is the first inChina. With 56 huge stones in the hall, it is majestic and spectacular. In frontof the hall, the bronze statue of Confucius in Danlong, 4.18 meters high, is thehighest in China. Outside the walls on both sides of the East and West are theEast and West markets carefully planned and designed according to the style ofthe Ming and Qing Dynasties, mainly dealing in antique jade, four treasures ofthe study, famous calligraphy and paintings and tourist souvenirs. Located atthe back of Dacheng hall, the academy is composed of Mingde hall, ZunjingPavilion, Chongsheng temple, Qingyun tower and other buildings. It is thehighest Academy in ancient state capital. Mingde hall is the main hall of theAcademy, which is now a playground.

From Wenshufang to the East, you can see a square three story woodenstructure building with a bucket arch and cornice Mingyuan building. It is thecentral building of the former Jiangnan Gongyuan. It is the place to monitorexaminees and issue orders during examinations. On both sides of the courtyardbehind the building are the imperial examination houses of the Ming and QingDynasties. The house is about 1.5 meters long and wide. There are only twoboards on the top and the bottom, with tables on the top and benches on thebottom. The examinees eat, drink and sleep in this narrow space for a few days.All the food they bring in should be checked, and even the steamed bread shouldbe cut to prevent cheating. In its heyday, Jiangnan Gongyuan covered an area ofmore than 70000 square meters, with 20644 houses, the largest scale of Gongyuanin China. Mingyuanlou is now known as "Jiangnan Gongyuan site", which is aprovincial cultural relic protection unit. The Confucius Temple in history usedto be an abnormal bustling city, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, whenit opened in autumn, tens of thousands of candidates (up to 20000 people)gathered here, so bookstores, teahouses and inns came into being, andrestaurants and brothels also proliferated. At that time, some streets andalleys on the South Bank of the Qinhuai River were the "gentle townships" and"gold selling caves" for the children of rich families. There were also manyfamous prostitutes, such as Li Xiangjun and Dong Xiaowan, known as "Qinhuaieight beauties". Today, Meixiang building is rebuilt at 38 chaoku street, whichis open to visitors as Li Xiangjuns former residence.

Wu Jingzi, a famous writer in Qing Dynasty, once lived on the Bank ofQinhuai River. After 19 years, he wrote a famous book "scholars history" whichcriticized the imperial examination system. On the site of his former residence,Qinhuai Water Pavilion, a building of the style of river hall and river house inMing and Qing Dynasties has been built, which is called "Qinhuai family" hotel.There are folk activities such as antique wedding and so on. At present, morethan 100 kinds of traditional snacks have been discovered. With foreign fastfood such as KFC and McDonalds, visitors can enjoy them. Jinling LanternFestival is even more famous. Its called the Lantern Festival on the 12th andthe Lantern Festival on the 18th of the first month of the lunar calendar. Infact, since the beginning of the new year, people have been buying, selling andwatching lanterns. There are dozens of colorful lanterns, which make peopledazzled and confused.

远古人类的足迹，随着时代推移而遍及今日的南京。东郊汤山出土了距今约30万～50万年的“南京猿人”完整的头骨化石;溧水县神仙洞发现了距今l万年以前的“溧水人”遗址。

距今6000多年前，南京鼓楼岗西北侧的北阴阳营和玄武湖畔、长江岸边开始出现新石器时代的原始村落，聚居着南京的初民。3000多年前，沿江河地带，已经相当密集地分布着青铜时代的居民聚落，以秦淮河中游的湖熟镇一带较为集中，称为“湖熟文化” 。

公元前472年，越王勾践灭吴后，在今中华门西南侧建城，开创了南京的城垣史。公元前333年，楚威王大败越国，于石头山筑城置金陵邑，金陵之称亦因此而得名。秦汉时

期，南京地区随经济发展而建县渐多。汉末三国鼎立之初，公元220xx年，孙权在武昌称帝，9月即迁都于此，称作建业，为南京建都之始。公元320xx年，晋琅琊王司马睿建立东晋政权，以建康(今南京)为国都，这是南京城市发展史上的第一个高峰时期。此后，南朝宋、齐、梁、陈相继定都建康，史称“六代豪华”，南京由此有“六朝古都”的美称。公元937年，南京成为南唐的首都，称为江宁府，这是南京城市发展史上的第二个高峰期。1368年，朱元璋在应天府称帝，建立明朝，以“应天”为“南京”，第一次成为一统天下的全国首都。由此，南京城市发展进入又一高峰期，南京都城为当时世界第一大城。1853年，太平天国定都于此，改名天京。1920xx年元旦，中华民-国成立，孙中山在南京就任中华民-国临时大总统。1920xx年，国民政府定南京为首都。

“金陵自古帝王州”，从中古到近现代，继孙吴之后，东晋、宋、齐、梁、陈、南唐、明朝、太平天国以及中华民-国先后定都南京，共455年，史称“十代故都”，留下了丰富的文化文化遗产。

1949年4月23日南京解放，成为中央人民政府直辖市。1952年9月，南京为江苏省省辖市。1953年1月1日，江苏省人民政府成立，南京为江苏省省会。1994年2月，经国务院同意，中央机构编制委员会明确南京的行政级别为副省级。

南京是中国重要的综合性工业生产基地。南京的电子、化工生产能力在国内城市中居第二位，车辆制造规模居第三位，机械制造业的技术、规模居国内领先地位，家用电器业、建材工业也都具有较大规模。南京是华东地区重要的交通、通讯枢纽，建立了全方位、立体化、大运量的交通运输网络，铁路、公路、水运、空运、管道五种运输方式齐全，拥有现代化的通讯体系。南京是全国四大科研教育中心城市之一，是全国重要的高教、科研基地，拥有一批国内一流的高校和科研机构。被国家9个部委列为中国投资硬环境 “四十优”城市之一。先后被评为中国城市综合实力“五十强”第五名、国家园林城市、中国优秀旅游城市、全国科技兴市先进城市、全国双拥模范城市、全国城市环境综合整治10佳城市、全国科技进步先进城市、国家环境保护和国家卫生城市等称号。

古老的秦淮河玉带般蜿蜒舒展，站立桥头，眼前宛然是历史在悠悠流过;点缀两旁的玄武湖和莫愁湖静如处子，似在幽然倾诉;钟山、栖霞山迤逦悠长，“神龙”般延续着千年的守卫;金陵古城默然而立，城内的沧桑繁华刻写着它的年轮。

南京文化古迹遍布，从中可以探寻历史的源头：中山陵依山而建，结构严整，观之而生一股浩然之气;夫子庙建筑群古色古香，漫步其间，让你体味明清时代的市井繁荣;中华门气势宏伟，设计巧妙，置身城内，壁垒森然，耳边似有战马嘶鸣;此外还有灵谷寺、石象路、三国东吴所筑石头城遗址、明代朱元璋的陵墓(明孝陵)以及革命纪念地雨花台等，引人遐思无限。

古老悠久的文化遗产，现代文明的经济都市，与蔚为壮观的自然景观构成了南京独特的园林城市风貌。

各位游客，，"江南佳丽地，金陵帝王州"，南京拥有着6000多年文明史、近2620xx年建城史和近520xx年建都史，是中国四大古都，中华文明的重要发祥地，也是中国历史上建都时间跨度最长的古都，跨度长约1820xx年。长期是中国南方的政治、文化、经济中心，拥有厚重的文化底蕴和丰富的历史遗存，其文物保护单位数量之多、门类之全、跨越时间之长，位居全国前列。

历史上南京既受益又罹祸于其得天独厚的地理位置和气度不凡的风水佳境，过去曾多次遭受兵燹之灾，但亦屡屡从瓦砾荒烟中重整繁华。南京是中国古代都城的重要代表，在中国古代都城发展史上具有重要地位，历史上曾有十二个朝代定都或迁都于南京，故有"六朝古都"、"十朝都会"之称。

在中原被异族所占领，汉民族即将遭受灭顶之灾时，通常汉民族都会选择南京休养生息，立志北伐，恢复华夏。大明、民国二次北伐成功;东晋、萧梁、刘宋三番北伐功败垂成。南宋初立，群臣皆议以建康为都以显匡复中原之图，惜宋高宗无意北伐而定行在于杭州，但迫于舆论仍定金陵为行都。即使太平天国以南京为都，亦以驱除异族统治为动员基础和合法性。故而南京被视为汉族的复兴之地，在中国历史上具有特殊地位和价值，深远的影响了中国历史的进程。

故朱偰先生在比较了长安、洛阳、金陵、燕京四大古都后，言"此四都之中，文学之昌盛，人物之俊彦，山川之灵秀，气象之宏伟，以及与民族患难相共，休戚相关之密切，尤以金陵为最。" 尝以为中国古都，历史悠久，古迹众多，文物制度，照耀千古者，长安、洛阳而外，厥推金陵。北京虽为辽、金以来帝王之都，然史迹不过千年，非若金陵建都之远在南北朝以前也。他若汴京、临安，一开都于五代，继于北宋;一肇建于吴越，偏安于南宋，其为时较短，而历史遗迹，亦不若长安、洛阳、金陵、北京之众。而此四都之中，文学之昌盛，人物之俊彦，山川之灵秀，气象之宏伟，以及与民族患难与共、休戚相关之密切，尤以金陵为最。--《金陵古迹图考·序》……论者每谓金陵形势，偏于东南，都其地者，往往为南北对峙之局，不足以控制全国，统一宇内。故三山驻师，终鼎足割据之势。五马渡江，开南朝偏安之局。

实则金陵一隅，实中国民族思想之策源地。《世说》所谓“过江诸人，暇日辄至新亭，周觊曰:风景不殊，举目有河山之异;王导曰:当共戮力王室，何至作楚囚对泣耶?”其民族意识之浓厚，可以想象。自后明祖奠都金陵，以伐胡元，终成一统之业;太平天国虽未成功，然亦以金陵相号召;近者如辛亥革命，国军北伐，皆莫不以南京为策源地。金陵之于中国，亦犹Frankfurt a.M.之于德，Orleans之于法，Moscow之于俄;虽未必尽为全国中心，然有事之秋，登高一呼，天下响应。此郑成功之所以海道千里，直薄金陵，恸哭孝陵，以图恢复也。况时移势异，古今未必尽同;昔日中原群雄角逐之场，关中沃野千里天府之国，今皆化为贫瘠，全国财赋之汇，趋于东南，经济重心，厥在江浙。

长安形势虽佳，终不过位列陪都而已。至于北京，固为千馀年来帝王之都，且与东北边防，关系尤重，然形格势禁，殊难恢复首都地位。诚能以金陵为国都，长安为西京，北平为北京，番禺为南京，励精图治，不遑宁处，据龙蟠虎踞之雄，依负山带江之胜，则中兴我民族，发扬我国光，其在兹乎!--《金陵古迹图考·金陵之形势》南京为中国古都，在北京之前，其位置乃在一美善之地区，其地有高山，有深水，有平原，此三种天工，钟毓一处，在世界中之大都市，诚难觅此佳境也。南京将来之发达，未可限量也。天下山川形势，雄伟壮丽，可为京都者，莫逾金陵，至若地势宽厚，关塞险固，总扼中原之夷旷者，又莫过燕蓟。虽云长安有崤函之固，洛邑为天下之中，要之帝王都会，为亿万年太平悠久之基，莫金陵、燕蓟者也。江南佳丽地，金陵帝王州。钟山龙盘，石头虎踞，此乃帝王之宅也。

南京城的气魄，无与伦比，深深铭刻着南北交战的宏大的悲剧性体验。--《五城记--南京》我第一次来南京，就寻寻觅觅，走过了太多古迹。我去寻找乌衣巷、朱雀桥、我走过胭脂井想起张丽华，秦淮烟波那么多的故事，紫金山下看看滚滚长江淘尽千古英雄……我们生活在南京这个地方，受到的文化濡染涤荡还少吗?这座城市可以说是中国历史上最悲情的城市，它也是真正的繁盛帝王都。中国前一千年的历史你看西安，后一千年的历史看南京。所以，真正看懂西安和南京，中国历史中的血脉沧桑变化也就都了解了。

Ladies and gentlemen. During yesterdays tour, I arranged for you to visitsuch places of interest as Zhongshan Mausoleum, Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, LingguTemple and the former site of the presidential palace. Today, I will take you toQinhuai River and Confucius Temple. Qinhuai River tourist area is located in thesouth of the old urban area of Nanjing. It takes about 20 minutes to get thereby bus from the urban area. It is a tourist destination with Confucius Temple asthe center, integrating sightseeing, shopping and tasting, displaying the styleand features of the ancient city and ethnic customs.

[origin and historical changes of Qinhuai River]

Qinhuai River is a river that once played an important role in thepolitical, economic and cultural development of the ancient city of Nanjing. Itis said that the Qinhuai River is an artificial canal ordered by the firstemperor of Qin Dynasty. When the first emperor of Qin Dynasty visited Kuaiji inthe East, in order to facilitate the navigation of ships, he ordered to digFangshan to connect the Huaihe River with the Yangtze River. However, accordingto geological investigation, Qinhuai River is a natural river with a longhistory. At that time, the ancient river did pass through Fangshan. However, dueto geographical changes, the river changed its course and gradually formed thepresent river. The Qinhuai River in history has a wide channel. Since Yangxingmi, king of Wu in the Five Dynasties, built the stone city in the area ofchangganqiao, the river began to narrow and was divided into the inner and outerQinhuai River. The Inner Qinhuai River flows from the city of dongshuiguan,through the Confucius Temple, and then from the city of xishuiguan in the southof Shuiximen to join the outer Qinhuai River. The total length of the river is10 kilometers. This is the "Ten Mile Qinhuai River" that has been praised andvisited by countless scholars and scholars since ancient times. Li Bai, Liu Yuxiand Du Mu, the great poets of Tang Dynasty, wrote poems for her. Kong ShangrensPeach Blossom Fan and Wu Jingyangs scholars also vividly described the "ten liQinhuai River".

Compared with the Yangtze River, which flows through the north of NanjingCity, the ancient Qinhuai River is very small, but it is closely related to thebirth and development of Nanjing City, as well as the political, economic andcultural development of Nanjing area. As early as five or six thousand years agoin the Neolithic age, there have been human reproduction. So far, as many as 50or 60 relics of primitive villages have been found along both sides of theriver. In the Six Dynasties and the early Ming Dynasty, the feudal court alwaysregarded it as a natural barrier for the capital and a natural passage for theimperial palace. After the establishment of the capital Jianye (Nanjing), SunQuan of the eastern Wu Dynasty used to make "gate ponds" on both sides of theQinhuai River, which could not only resist the enemy, but also prevent floods.Since the Six Dynasties, both sides of the Qinhuai River in the area ofConfucius Temple have been prosperous places with dense residents and connectedmarkets. The Qinhuai River has served as the main channel for foreign trade inNanjing, with boats and boats shuttling through the river. It is said that inthe old days, there were many song houses and restaurants on both sides of theQinhuai River, the river houses and water pavilions were full of splendor, theyacht paintings were well lighted, and the rich and noble lived a life ofpleasure and money. The working people, especially the vast number of women, hada good taste of the bitterness of the world. At that time, prostitutes inNanjing were mostly concentrated on both sides of the Qinhuai River. LiXiangjun, a famous prostitute who is not afraid of power and nobility, isdescribed in Peach Blossom Fan by Kong Shangren, a dramatist in Qing Dynasty.She lives by wendeqiao on the South Bank of Qinhuai River.

The beautiful Qinhuai River once flowed the loneliness of the wild age, theprosperity and extravagance since the Six Dynasties, the dirt of the oldsociety, the blood and tears of the working people, and even the blood of theNanjing Massacre. However, todays Qinhuai River, after the precipitation ofhistory and the transformation of the people, has exuded the fragrance of healthand civilization, showing a clear and moving style. It is the witness ofNanjings history. No wonder people used to take "Qinhuai" as the pronoun ofNanjing.

[Qinhuai boat - Banchi - Zhaobi of Confucius Temple - Square in front ofthe temple - Lingxing gate]

Ladies and gentlemen: now we come to the Bank of the Qinhuai River. Thepainted defenses in the river are all made in the style of Ming Dynastyarchitecture, with big red balls and red lanterns hanging on the bow. Wheneverthe Lantern Festival, Nanjing people used to come here to enjoy the lights. Itis said that after the establishment of the capital of Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanjinpaid a visit to the capital. When he came to the Bank of the Qinhuai River, hesaw trees on both sides of the river, clear water, pavilions and pleasantscenery. He said casually, "Im sorry for the lack of boats in the river." Whenthe emperor opened the golden gate, he sent people all night to build the boatin order to win the favor of the emperor. Since then, Qinhuai painting hasbecome a major feature here. Especially in the Mid Autumn Festival, tens ofthousands of lanterns are in full bloom on the river, and dragon lanterns aredancing on both sides of the river. Songs, drums, cheers and laughter arecontinuous all night. It can be said that "Qinhuai is the best in the world". Nowonder there is a folk saying in Nanjing that "every family walks on the bridge,everyone looks at the light".

This section of Qinhuai River in front of us has become a Confucius Temple(Confucius Temple) and panchi since the Song Dynasty, also known as crescentmoon. In ancient times, the Imperial Academy was called Biyong, and the princesAcademy was called Pangong. The Confucius Temple Academy was equivalent to theplace where the princes gave lectures, so this pool was called "panchi".Generally, there are three stone bridges built on panchi. According to thegrade, county officials and students take the middle one, and scholars take thebridges on both sides. It is said that in ancient times, a scholar mistakenlywent to Zhongqiao. He was in a dilemma and had to jump into panchi byhimself.

Please look at a section of vermilion stone brick wall on the other side ofthe river. This is the screen wall of Confucius Temple. Zhaobi was built in thethird year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (Li Ze Nian), 110 meters long, which isthe highest Zhaobi in the whole family. Ladies and gentlemen, this ConfuciusTemple was built in 337, the third year of emperor chengdi of the Eastern JinDynasty. At that time, Emperor chengdi adopted the advice of Wang Dao: "thecultivation of talents is the most important thing in governing the country",and decided to establish the University on the Bank of Qinhuai river. In thefirst year of Jingpai (1034), the Confucius Temple was built on the basis ofXuefu. Therefore, Confucius Temple is a bustling city evolved from a culturaland educational center. It includes three main buildings: Confucius Temple,Academy and Gongyuan. Its scope is adjacent to the North Bank of Qinhuai Riverin the south, the east end of Jiankang road in the north, Yaojia Lane in theEast and Sifu Lane in the West. Although the Confucius Temple was destroyed manytimes, it was built and expanded in different dynasties. By the end of the QingDynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the structure and layout ofits pavilions and temples were the best in the southeast. The present ConfuciusTemple is partly rebuilt in the late Qing Dynasty and partly rebuilt in recentyears. Please look back. This pavilion style building is called KuixingPavilion. It was first built in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. The waterfrontbuilding was destroyed twice and rebuilt in 1985.

Now we come to the square in front of the temple opened up in the QingDynasty. There are two steles standing at the East and West ends of the square,about one foot high, on which are engraved two words in Manchu and Chinese:"Minister of culture and military dismounts here", which shows respect for thesage Confucius. The pavilion with six corners and double eaves on the left iscalled "star gathering Pavilion", which means that all the stars areconcentrated and talents are gathered. It was built in the 14th year of Wanli inthe Ming Dynasty (1586), but it was not rebuilt until the 8th year of Tongzhi inthe Qing Dynasty (1869). This is the only Qing Dynasty building that survivedthe Japanese artillery fire. Unfortunately, it was demolished as "four old" in1968 and rebuilt in 1983, restoring its original style. The memorial archway inthe middle of the square is called "Tianxia Wenshu archway". Please continue tofollow me. This gate is called Lingxing gate, which is the gate of ConfuciusTemple. It is said that TA Xing is the star in charge of education in the sky.He is convenient and happy. The gate is a stone structure with six columns andthree gates. It was built in 1480, the 16th year of Chenghua in the MingDynasty. It was later destroyed and rebuilt in 1870. However, the polar gate wesee now was rebuilt in 1983. The East and west sides of the gate are the Eastand West markets.

Hello, everyone! Today we are going to visit the Confucius Temple on theBank of Qinhuai River. Speaking of Confucius Temple, we have to talk aboutQinhuai River, the mother river of Nanjing people. Qinhuai River, also known ashuaishui, Xiaojiang and longzangpu, is the ancient origin of Nanjing culture. Itenters the city from dongshuiguan and leaves the city from xishuiguan. It flowsthrough the section about ten li in front of the Confucius Temple, so it iscalled "ten li Qinhuai". From ancient times to the present, both sides of theQinhuai River are a prosperous scene. Du Mus poem in the Tang Dynasty says:"smoke cage, cold water cage, sand cage, Night Mooring Qinhuai near therestaurant. Business women do not know the hatred of national subjugation, butthey still sing "the flowers in the back court" across the river. Afterliberation, with the vigorous construction of Nanjing municipal government,todays ten mile Qinhuai River has become a national 5A scenic spot showing theunique style of Jiangnan.

The Confucius Temple consists of Confucius Temple, Academy and Gongyuan. Inthe Eastern Jin Dynasty, the imperial court built the Academy here; in the SongDynasty, the Confucius Temple was expanded on the former site of the Academy; inthe Southern Song Dynasty, the imperial examination hall Gongyuan was opened.However, the Confucius Temple was destroyed and built five times in history. Thelast one was destroyed in 1937 by the Japanese invaders. Todays ConfuciusTemple was rebuilt after 1984.

Temple Square (2 minutes)

Dear tourists, now we come to the square in front of the Confucius Temple.The integration of temple and market is one of the most remarkablecharacteristics of Confucius Temple. The square is a temple in the verticaldirection and a city in the horizontal direction. The temple and market areintegrated into a unique atmosphere. The red wall behind you is called Zhaobi,which has the functions of shielding, avoiding evil spirits and decoration. Itis 110 meters long and is the largest in China. The semicircular pool in frontof Zhaobi is called panchi. In ancient times, the place where the emperorlectured was called Biyong, the school palace where the princes lectured wascalled panchi, and the school palace of Confucius Temple was equivalent to theplace where the princes lectured. Therefore, this pool is called panchi. Thebridge on the west side of panchi is called Wende bridge, which is named for theConfucian advocating the moral of writing. Because the direction of the bridgeis consistent with the meridian, it is cultivated every year Around the 15th dayof November, the reflection of the bright moon in the sky will be divided intotwo parts by the shadow of the bridge. This spectacle is called "Wende dividingthe moon". There is a star gathering Pavilion on the west side of Wende BridgeSquare, which means "stars gather, talents gather". Facing this large archway,it is the "world Wenshu archway". The shape is four pillars and three doors,which means that it is the center of world culture. There is Kuixing Pavilion onthe south side of the archway. In ancient times, it was said that Kuixing was asign of prosperity of literature and also a symbol of winning the first place inthe imperial examination. Therefore, Kuixing was regarded as a God by studentsof all ages. In the north of the square is the Lingxing gate. It is said thatthe Lingxing gate is the cultural star in the sky and the star cluster in chargeof education. The reason for its name is that it means that the scholars of theworld gather here.

Dachengmen, terrace (1 minute)

Dacheng gate is the main gate of Dacheng hall and the main gate ofConfucius Temple. In the ancient feudal hierarchy, only officials could go inand out from Dacheng gate, while ordinary scholars could only go in and out fromthe side gate. Two big characters, Li and Ren, are engraved on the walls on bothsides behind the door, which are the core of Confucius thought and his lifelonggoal. Behind the Dacheng gate and in front of the Dacheng hall, there is acorridor. On both sides of the corridor, there are eight of the twelve studentsof Confucius. They are all carved from white jade of Han Dynasty. They are minsang, ran Geng, ran Qiu, Duanmu Ci, ran Yong, Zai Yu, Yan Yan Yan and Zhong you.At the end of the corridor is a terrace, which is 1.4 meters high, 21.8 meterslong from east to west, and 14 meters wide from north to south. It is surroundedby stone railings. In front of the terrace are two dragon play pearls and Danbistones, and on both sides are stone lamps. The terrace is a place for sacrifice,singing and dancing. In the middle of the terrace is a bronze statue ofConfucius. In front of the bronze statue is an iron censer, engraved with thetitle of "supreme saint and forerunner". With a height of 4.18 meters and aweight of 2.37 tons, the bronze statue is the largest one in the Confuciantemples in China. On both sides of the terrace, there used to be two verandahs,which were used to worship the memorial tablets of the 72 sages of Confucius andto store sacrificial, ceremonial and dancing utensils. Now they are reduced tosmall two verandahs and changed into stele corridors. There are more than 30steles with ink marks of famous calligraphers such as Zhao Puchu, Lin Sanzhi andWu Zhongqi for tourists to enjoy.

Dacheng Hall (2 minutes)

Dacheng hall is the landmark of Confucius Temple, 16.22 meters high, 27.3meters wide and 27.9 meters deep. The words "Dacheng hall" are written on thesea blue vertical plaque under the front eaves. There is a standing sculpture oftwo dragons playing with pearls on the roof of Dacheng hall, which is the firstof its kind in China. The light and beautiful style of the roof covered withgreen tiles is obviously different from that of the northern Confucius Templewith yellow glazed tiles. It is more easygoing and popular, which is one of themanifestations of Nanjing Confucius Temple closer to folk culture. In the centerof the hall, there is the largest portrait of Confucius in China. On the top ofthe portrait are three plaques, all of which are written by emperors of pastdynasties. They are "model of the world" by Kangxi, "with heaven and earth" byQianlong, and "Si Wen Zai Zi" by Guangxu. In front of the portrait stand fourstudents of Confucius, namely Mencius, Kongji, Zengshen and Yanhui. In front ofthe portrait are ancient musical instruments such as Qin, guzheng and drum. Onthe walls around, there are 38 inlaid murals reflecting Confucius life anddeeds, which are "the picture of Confucius miracles", carved by 200 craftsmenin Yueqing, Zhejiang Province, using famous jade, chicken blood jelly, Shoushanstone, gold, jewelry and other precious ornaments from Zhejiang, Fujian, InnerMongolia, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places. The total investment is 5.8million yuan, and the current value is more than 100 million yuan The 38 muralsare: the picture of the holy trace, the preface of the title, the prayer ofNishan, the book of Qilin jade, the two dragons and five elders, etc.

Inscriptions (1 minute)

From Dacheng hall, the ancient well on the right is Yutu spring. Accordingto records, Yutu spring was discovered and excavated by Qin Hui. Beside thespring stands the stele of raising money for imperial examinations, whichrecords the history of Li Hongzhang and Zuo Zongtangs donation of examineesfees to Beijing in the period of Liangjiang governor. On the other side, thereare four steles, the most famous of which is the stele of Confucius asking forrites, which was carved in the Southern Dynasty. It records the story ofConfucius seeking for rites from Laozi in Luoyang, the city where the emperorlived from the state of Lu to the state of Zhou, when slavery was about tocollapse at the end of the spring and Autumn period. In addition, it is the onlythree steles in Nanjing, namely, the stele of Jiqing Confucius Temple and thestele of fengzhishengfu The stele of man and the stele of FengSi.

A school: school gate (30 seconds), Mingde Hall (1 minute 30 seconds),Zunjing Pavilion and its surroundings (1 minute)

The academy is located in the rear of Dacheng hall. It is inscribed on thelintel of the gate in the south by Zeng Guofan, and on the lintel of the gate inthe north by Qin Dashi, the number one scholar in the southeast. Entering thegate of the Academy, you can see a bell and a drum standing in the two pavilionson the left and right. On the forehead of the pavilions are the words "Xi Li"and "Yang Sheng", which were used by scholars to worship Confucius in ancienttimes.

Facing the gate of the school is Mingde hall, whose name is inscribed byWen Tianxiang. Mingde hall is the place where students gather. After thepilgrimage every month, students gather here to teach their tutors to preach theholy doctrine and the imperial edict, so as to cultivate their loyalty andpatriotism. Ming De Tang was originally named "Ming Lun Tang". When the yuanarmy was about to conquer Nanjing, Wen Tianxiang changed "Ming Lun Tang" to"Ming De Tang" by hand in order to show his determination to die rather thansurrender and his ambition to serve the country and the people.

The Zunjing Pavilion behind Mingde hall is three stories high, with doubleeaves and T-shaped ridges on the top of the mountain. It was a lecture hallwhere Confucian classics were stored and lectures were given. Now it is a museumof folk customs. Standing side by side with Zunjing pavilion are Chongshengtemple and Qingyun tower. Zunjing academy is divided into two sides behindZunjing Pavilion. Chongsheng temple was originally dedicated to Confuciusancestors, but now it is pear garden. Qingyun building was changed into alibrary in the Qing Dynasty. Zunjing academy is a place for lectures, which isequivalent to the present classroom. The small highland behind Zunjing Pavilionis called Weishan, with Jingyi pavilion built. The so-called "Jingyi" is thedevotion to Confucianism.

Other (1 minute)

Ladies and gentlemen, the Confucius Temple is prosperous during the day,and the Confucius Temple at night is even more colorful! As early as thenorthern and Southern Dynasties, there was a Jinling Lantern Festival on theQinhuai River, and it reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty. The Qinhuai River inthe sound of oars and lights is unique in the world. Todays Confucius Templefollows the Huizhou architectural style of "blue brick, small tile, horse headwall, cloister with falling flowers and windows". When tourists come here, theycan not only appreciate the traditional culture, but also taste the uniqueQinhuai snacks, explore the legend of Qinhuai Bayan, enjoy the scenery on bothsides of the Strait by Qinhuai boat, or explore the traces of celebrities suchas Wuyi lane, former residence of Wang Dao xiean and former residence of LiXiangjun. This is the end of my explanation. Thank you!

B Gongyuan front street, Mingyuan building (1 minute 30 seconds)

Now we come to the front street of Gongyuan. There are six statues standingin the street. They are all talented people from all dynasties. They are TangYin, Wu Chengen, Zheng Banqiao, Wu Jingzi, Lin Zexu and Zhang Jian. On the eastside of the sculpture, there are 11 stone tablets, which record the rise andfall of the Gongyuan, as well as the praise, evaluation and chanting ofemperors, ministers and celebrities. In front of the front street is theGongyuan, on which there are couplets inscribed by Li Yu. It was built in theSouthern Song Dynasty and is specially used for holding imperial examinations.At first, the number of examinees was small and the scale was not large. It wasonly used for the examination of government and county schools. When the numberof examinees increased, it even needed to borrow temples as temporaryexamination rooms. In the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, the Gongyuan wasrebuilt. Later, the scale of Nanjing Gongyuan continued to expand. When it wasofficially named "Jiangnan Gongyuan" in the Qing Dynasty, it reached anunprecedented trend, starting from yaojiaxiang in the East, In the west, thereare more than 20000 houses, bordering on the Qinhuai River in the South andJiankang road in the north. After the Republic of China, Gongyuan was neglected.Until today, only Mingyuan building has been preserved as a historical relic.Mingyuan building was used for warning and giving orders in the past imperialexaminations. In the arch on the first floor, there are stone tablets of Ming,Qing and Republic of China, which record the rise and fall of Jiangnan Gongyuanin detail and effectively preserve the scene of imperial examination hall infeudal times. In the 1980s, the relevant departments established "JiangnanGongyuan exhibition hall" here.

Dormitory (1 minute)

Now more than 40 houses have been restored in Gongyuan. In the order ofthousand characters, the houses are 6 feet high, 4 feet deep and 3 feet wide,with an area of no more than 1.5 square meters. There are only two boards ondisplay. Examinees have to stay in it for 9 days and have three exams. Eating,drinking and sleeping are all here. During the day, they answer questions on thechopping board, and at night, they close their clothes and sleep on the choppingboard. We can imagine the hardships of the examination in those years. In thewest side of Gongyuan, wax figures were used to show the examinees attitudes.In the east side was the tourist experience area. Interested friends canexperience it.

To court (1 minute 30 seconds)

The imperial examination began in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and ended inthe late Qing Dynasty, which lasted for 1300 years. In the Ming and QingDynasties, it gradually formed four levels of examination, namely, childrensexamination, rural examination, general examination and palace examination. The"Zhigong hall" you can see in front of you used to be the public land run by theexaminers. The word "Zhigong" means "fair, just and equal". Now it is theimperial examination exhibition room, which is divided into three exhibitionhalls: East, West and East. In the middle of the exhibition hall is the imperialexamination culture exhibition room, in which there is a sculpture of Kuixingsfighting and monopolizing the first place. The horizontal shape next to it showsthe situation of No Its often spectacular. The pictures and materials on thewalls around introduce the origin and development of Chinas imperialexamination system. The number one scholar hall on the east side displays a listof the number one scholar in China. On the west side is the hall of fame, whichdisplays celebrities related to Jiangnan Gongyuan, as well as some pictures andmaterials related to the imperial examination.

This concludes the explanation of Confucius Temple. Thank you!

走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，也叫戟门。门内侧有石碑四块。第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，刻于南朝齐永明二年(484年)。记载了春秋末年奴隶制衰亡之际，孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜，抱着兴国安邦、济世访贤的愿望，于鲁昭公二十四年(公元前518年)，从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度，寻求巩固鲁国奴隶主政权办法的经历。碑的上半部有"孔子问礼图，吴敬恒题"的题字。图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面，还有"永明二年，孔子在鲁人周门礼周流"的字样。这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。第二块碑是《集庆孔庙碑》，碑文是元朝至大二年(1309年)重建孔庙时由卢挚撰写的，到元至顺元年(1330年)，由纯斋王公书写刻石。第三块碑是《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参(孔子的两个弟子)、孔极(孔子的孙子)、孟轲(孔子的再传弟子)为四亚圣之事。第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》，讲的是元至顺二年(1331年)，文宗皇帝颁旨加封孔子之妻为至圣夫人之事。庙院两侧是碑廊(原来是供奉孔门七十二贤人牌位的地方)，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。现在，请大家随我从中间的石雨道走。在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露天台子，这是祭祀和歌舞的地方。古时每年二月、八月的第一个丁日和孔子诞辰这一天(农历八月二十七日)，地方官吏都要在孔庙举行盛大的祭扫活动。祭祀采用的是酉周奴隶主祭天地鬼神的礼仪，在大成殿前摆上仿青铜器做的祭器，上供牛2头、猪16头、羊16头，以及大量布帛菽粟、干鲜果品、香纸蜡烛等。主祭人要穿特制的古装祭服，宣读祭文，向孔子及"四配"(孔子高徒)、"十二哲"(孔家子弟)牌位行三拜九叩礼，还配有乐队和舞队表演，以歌颂孔子，所以大成殿前要设舞台。现在请各位游客随我进人孔庙主殿--大成殿。这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。"大成"意思是孔子集古圣先贤思想之大成。大成殿内原先正中供奉的是孔子和他的四位高徒，两旁是孔家子弟塑像十二尊。现在的大成殿已被辟为"南京乡土文化博物馆"。请大家再往前走，这里便是夫子庙的学宫。门楣上方原来有"学宫"匾额，门外柏木牌坊，牌坊上题有"东南第一学"。牌坊的北面是四周围有木栏的花圃，左右有四书斋，是学子自修读书的地方。这四斋名称分别是"志道"、"据德"、"依仁"、"游艺"。后面是明德堂，这座建筑建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。东墙有"卧碑"，就是训教的法规。左右横梁上悬挂着江宁府所属六县举贡员生题额。我们眼前的这座建筑是梨香阁，原来是祭祀孔子父母的崇圣祠，现改为游乐场了。东面那座建筑是青云楼，它建于明万历十四年(1586年)，是供把历代督学使的祠堂，初建时为三层楼，因为临近贡院，为防止有人从楼上偷看贡院，清代时改建成二层楼，上层用作藏书，下层是阅览室。清末废除科举后，改为小学，民国初年改为江宁县教育会，抗战时被用作开茶馆、歌场，战后曾先后作为民众教育馆和南京市通志馆。这也是旧学宫保留下来的为数不多的建筑之一。各位游客：参观完学宫建筑后，我们再去参观一下夫子庙的另一座古建筑群--贡院。

各位游客：现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，河中的画防都是仿照明代建筑风格制造的，船头挂有大红彩球和红灯笼。每当元宵节南京人习惯来这里游玩赏灯。这种风气在明代就已盛行，据说明朝建都后，朱元津微服巡察京城。当他来到秦淮河畔，看到两岸绿树成荫，河水清澈，亭台楼阁，风景宜人，随口说了句：“惜河中缺游船。”皇帝开了金口，左右就连夜差人赶造画舫，以博取皇帝欢心。从此，秦淮画访成了这里的一大特色。尤其到了中秋佳节时分，更是河上水灯万盏齐放，两岸龙灯飞舞，歌声、鼓声、欢声、笑声，连绵不绝，通宵达旦，真可谓“秦淮灯火甲天下”。难怪南京有“家家走桥，人人看灯”的民谚。

我们眼前的这段秦淮河，自宋以后就成了夫子庙(孔庙)成泮池，又称月牙他。古时候皇帝讲学的学宫叫辟雍，诸侯讲学成学宫叫泮宫，夫子庙的学宫相当于诸侯讲学的地方，所以这池称“泮池”。泮池上一般建有三座石桥，按等级而论，县官、学官走中间一座，秀才走两边的桥。相传古时候有位秀才误上中桥，有犯上作乱之罪，进退两难，只好自己跳进了泮池。

再请各位看河对岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。照壁建于明万历三年(历泽年)，长达110米，为全们照壁之冠。各位游客：这座夫子庙始建于东晋成帝咸康三年(337年)，当时成帝采纳了王导的建议：“治国以培育人才为重”，决定立大学于秦淮河畔。原来只建有学宫，孔庙是宋仁宗景拍元年(1034年)在学富基础上扩建而成的。所以夫子庙是一个由文教中心演变而成的繁华闹市，它包括夫子庙、学宫和贡院三大主要建筑群，其范围南临秦淮河北岸，北抵建康路东端，东起姚家巷，西止四福巷，规模庞大。夫子庙虽屡遭破坏，但各代都加以兴修扩建，到清末民初，其楼阁、殿宇的结构和布局堪称东南之冠。现在的夫子庙建筑，～部分是清代末年重建的，一部分是近几年重建的。请大家回头看，这座楼阁式建筑，叫做奎星阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。

现在我们来到了清代开辟的庙前广场，广场东西两端竖有两块碑，高有一丈许，上面刻有满汉两种文字“文武大臣至此下马”，表示对圣人孔子的崇敬。左侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫“聚星亭”，“聚星”取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废，到清同治八年(1869年)才由江宁乡贤朱芙峰等人筹资重建。这是一座在日军炮火中惟一幸存的清代建筑，可惜在1968年被当作“四旧”拆除，1983年又得以重建，恢复了原来的风貌。广场正中的这座牌坊，叫“天下文枢坊”。请大家继续随我往前走。这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。据传榻星是天上主管教化的星宿，他得人方便高兴。门是石结构的，六柱三门，建于明成化十六年(1480年)，后来被毁，又于清同治九年(1870年)重建。不过，现在所见到的极星门是1983年再次重建的。极星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

各位游客。

在昨天的游程中，我为大家安排游览了中山陵、明孝陵、灵谷寺，总统府旧址等名胜古迹。

今天，我将带大家到秦淮河、夫子庙去游览。

秦淮河旅游区，位于南京老城区城南，从市区出发，坐汽车约需20分钟才能到达。

它是一个以夫子庙为中心，集游览、购物、品尝风味于一体，展示古城风貌和民族风情的旅游地。

【秦淮河的由来和历史变迁】

秦淮河，是一条曾对古城南京的政治、经济、文化发展起过重要作用的河流。

相传秦淮河是秦始皇下令开凿的一条人工运河。

秦始皇东巡会稽，经过南京时，为方便船只行驶，曾下令开凿方山，使淮水与长江沟通，因而这段河道得名“秦淮河”。

但据地质考察证明，秦淮河是一条历史悠久的天然河流，当时这条古老的河流确是曾从方山经过，但由于地理变迁，河流改道，逐渐形成了现在的河道。

历史上的秦淮河，河道宽绰。

自五代吴王杨行密在长干桥一带筑石头城以后，河道开始变窄，并被分隔成内、外“秦淮”。

内秦淮河由东水关人城，经夫子庙，再由水西门南的西水关出城与外秦淮河汇合。

河流全长10公里，这就是古往今来令无数文人墨客为之赞美倾倒、寻迹访踪的“十里秦淮”了。

唐朝大诗人李白、刘禹锡、杜牧等都曾为她写下诗篇，孔尚任的《桃花扇》和吴敬样的《儒林外史》中，也都对“十里秦淮”有过生动的描写。

古老的秦淮河与流经南京城北的长江相比，显得十分渺小，但是它与南京城的诞生、发展，以及南京地区的政治、经济、文化发展有着极其密切的关系。

早在五六千年前的新石器时代，这里已有人类繁衍生息。

迄今为止，沿河两岸发现的原始村落遗迹多达五六十处。

六朝和明初封建朝廷一直把它作为都城的一道天然屏障和皇宫所需的天然通道。

东吴孙权定都建业(南京)后，曾在秦淮河两岸作“栅塘”，既可御敌，又可防洪。

从六朝时起，夫子庙一带的秦淮河两岸已是居民密集、市井相连的繁华之地，秦淮河充当了南京地区对外贸易的主要航道，河中舟船穿梭，一派繁荣。

据说，旧时的秦淮河两岸歌楼酒肆林立，河房水阁争奇斗艳，游艇画防灯火通明，富豪贵族在这里过着寻欢作乐、纸醉金迷的生活，劳动人民，特别是广大妇女却是以泪洗面，饱尝了人间的辛酸。

那时南京的大多集中在秦淮河两岸。

清代戏剧家孔尚任在《桃花扇》中描写的不畏权贵的名妓李香君，她就居住在秦淮河南岸的文德桥畔。

美丽的秦淮河曾流淌过蛮荒时代的寂寞，六朝以来的繁华和奢靡，旧社会的污垢和劳动人民的血泪，甚至还溶有南京大屠杀的血腥。

然而，今天的秦淮河，经过了历史的沉淀和人民的改造，已散发着健康文明的馨香，展现了清澈动人的风姿。

它是南京历史的见证，难怪人们惯于把“秦淮”当作南京的代名词。

【秦淮画舫—伴池—夫子庙照壁—庙前广场—棂星门】

各位游客：现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，河中的画防都是仿照明代建筑风格制造的，船头挂有大红彩球和红灯笼。

每当元宵节南京人习惯来这里游玩赏灯。

这种风气在明代就已盛行，据说明朝建都后，朱元津微服巡察京城。

当他来到秦淮河畔，看到两岸绿树成荫，河水清澈，亭台楼阁，风景宜人，随口说了句：“惜河中缺游船。

”皇帝开了金口，左右就连夜差人赶造画舫，以博取皇帝欢心。

从此，秦淮画访成了这里的一大特色。

尤其到了中秋佳节时分，更是河上水灯万盏齐放，两岸龙灯飞舞，歌声、鼓声、欢声、笑声，连绵不绝，通宵达旦，真可谓“秦淮灯火甲天下”。

难怪南京有“家家走桥，人人看灯”的民谚。

我们眼前的这段秦淮河，自宋以后就成了夫子庙(孔庙)成泮池，又称月牙他。

古时候皇帝讲学的学宫叫辟雍，诸侯讲学成学宫叫泮宫，夫子庙的学宫相当于诸侯讲学的地方，所以这池称“泮池”夫子庙导游词夫子庙导游词。

泮池上一般建有三座石桥，按等级而论，县官、学官走中间一座，秀才走两边的桥。

相传古时候有位秀才误上中桥，有犯上作乱之罪，进退两难，只好自己跳进了泮池。

再请各位看河对岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。

照壁建于明万历三年(历泽年)，长达110米，为全们照壁之冠。

各位游客：这座夫子庙始建于东晋成帝咸康三年(337年)，当时成帝采纳了王导的建议：“治国以培育人才为重”，决定立大学于秦淮河畔。

原来只建有学宫，孔庙是宋仁宗景拍元年(1034年)在学富基础上扩建而成的。

所以夫子庙是一个由文教中心演变而成的繁华闹市，它包括夫子庙、学宫和贡院三大主要建筑群，其范围南临秦淮河北岸，北抵建康路东端，东起姚家巷，西止四福巷，规模庞大。

夫子庙虽屡遭破坏，但各代都加以兴修扩建，到清末民初，其楼阁、殿宇的结构和布局堪称东南之冠。

现在的夫子庙建筑，～部分是清代末年重建的，一部分是近几年重建的。

请大家回头看，这座楼阁式建筑，叫做奎星阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。

这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。

现在我们来到了清代开辟的庙前广场，广场东西两端竖有两块碑，高有一丈许，上面刻有满汉两种文字“文武大臣至此下马”，表示对圣人孔子的崇敬。

左侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫“聚星亭”，“聚星”取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。

建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废，到清同治八年(1869年)才由江宁乡贤朱芙峰等人筹资重建。

这是一座在日军炮火中惟一幸存的清代建筑，可惜在1968年被当作“四旧”拆除，1983年又得以重建，恢复了原来的风貌。

广场正中的这座牌坊，叫“天下文枢坊”。

请大家继续随我往前走。

这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。

据传榻星是天上主管教化的星宿，他得人方便高兴。

门是石结构的，六柱三门，建于明成化十六年(1480年)，后来被毁，又于清同治九年(1870年)重建。

不过，现在所见到的极星门是1983年再次重建的夫子庙。

极星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

【大成门—大成殿—学宫】

各位游客：走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，也叫戟门。

门内侧有石碑四块。

第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，刻于南朝齐永明二年(484年)。

记载了春秋末年奴隶制衰亡之际，孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜，抱着兴国安邦、济世访贤的愿望，于鲁昭公二十四年(公元前518年)，从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度，寻求巩固鲁国奴隶主政权办法的经历。

碑的上半部有“孔子问礼图，吴敬恒题”的题字。

图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面，还有“永明二年，孔子在鲁人周门礼周流”的字样。

这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。

第二块碑是《集庆孔庙碑》，碑文是元朝至大二年(1309年)重建孔庙时由卢挚撰写的，到元至顺元年(1330年)，由纯斋王公书写刻石。

第三块碑是《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参(孔子的两个弟子)、孔极(孔子的孙子)、孟轲(孔子的再传弟子)为四亚圣之事。

第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》，讲的是元至顺二年(1331年)，文宗皇帝颁旨加封孔子之妻为至圣夫人之事。

庙院两侧是碑廊(原来是供奉孔门七十二贤人牌位的地方)，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。

现在，请大家随我从中间的石雨道走。

在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露天台子，这是祭祀和歌舞的地方。

古时每年二月、八月的第一个丁日和孔子诞辰这一天(农历八月二十七日)，地方官吏都要在孔庙举行盛大的祭扫活动。

祭祀采用的是酉周奴隶主祭天地鬼神的礼仪，在大成殿前摆上仿青铜器做的祭器，上供牛2头、猪16头、羊16头，以及大量布帛菽粟、干鲜果品、香纸蜡烛等。

主祭人要穿特制的古装祭服，宣读祭文，向孔子及“四配”(孔子高徒)、“十二哲”(孔家子弟)牌位行三拜九叩礼，还配有乐队和舞队表演，以歌颂孔子，所以大成殿前要设舞台。

现在请各位游客随我进人孔庙主殿——大成殿。

这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。

这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。

“大成”意思是孔子集古圣先贤思想之大成。

大成殿内原先正中供奉的是孔子和他的四位高徒，两旁是孔家子弟塑像十二尊。

现在的大成殿已被辟为“南京乡土文化博物馆”。

请大家再往前走，这里便是夫子庙的学宫。

门楣上方原来有“学宫”匾额，门外柏木牌坊，牌坊上题有“东南第一学”。

牌坊的北面是四周围有木栏的花圃，左右有四书斋，是学子自修读书的地方。

这四斋名称分别是“志道”、“据德”、“依仁”、“游艺”。

后面是明德堂，这座建筑建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。

明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。

东墙有“卧碑”，就是训教的法规。

左右横梁上悬挂着江宁府所属六县举贡员生题额。

我们眼前的这座建筑是梨香阁，原来是祭祀孔子父母的崇圣祠，现改为游乐场了。

东面那座建筑是青云楼，它建于明万历十四年(1586年)，是供把历代督学使的祠堂，初建时为三层楼，因为临近贡院，为防止有人从楼上偷看贡院，清代时改建成二层楼，上层用作藏书，下层是阅览室。

清末废除科举后，改为小学，民国初年改为江宁县教育会，抗战时被用作开茶馆、歌场，战后曾先后作为民众教育馆和南京市通志馆夫子庙导游词导游。

这也是旧学宫保留下来的为数不多的建筑之一。

各位游客：参观完学宫建筑后，我们再去参观一下夫子庙的另一座古建筑群——贡院。

【贡院街—贡院—明远楼】

现在我们所站的地方便是贡院街，那条与贡院街相交的南北向街道就是贡院西街，贡院街北面就是古代时南京规模庞大的考试场——贡院。

贡院建于南宋乾道四年(1168年)，是县府考试场所。

明太祖朱元津定都南京后，这里成了乡试、会试场所。

明永一乐十九年(1421年)迁都北京，但南京仍作为陪都，加上江南又是人文基本之地，考试仍在这里按期举行。

明成祖继续派人建造江南贡院，明清两代对贡院不断扩建，到清光绪时，贡院规模之大，已成为当时23个行省的贡院之最。

对此，我只要告诉大家一个数字，你就可想而知了——到清代同治年间，已建供考试用的“号舍”有20644间，且还不包括司考官员、职司人员的办公住宿用房。

可惜现存贡院建筑已屈指可数，明远楼就是保存下来的贡院建筑之一，而其他大部分已被辟为市场。

现在，我们所见的这座三层建筑，就是明远楼了。

楼呈四方形，四面设窗，地处贡院中心，在此可以监视考生和贡院内执役人员。

“明远”的意思就是“慎终追远、明德归原”，封建王朝教育士子以“孝梯忠义”为立身之本。

考生考完后，“金榜”就张贴在前面的贡院街

清末废除科举后，贡院也随之失去了原来的作用。

1919年除留下明远楼和一部分号舍建筑用以陈列历史文物外，其余一并拆除，辟为市场。

明远楼下的《金陵贡院遗迹碑》详细地记载了这一史实。

各位游客：关于夫子庙我就介绍到这里。

如果大家有兴趣的话，可以去逛一下夫子庙的东市、西市，同时也可选购一些喜爱的工艺品和旅游纪念品，还可以去西街一带品尝夫子庙的风味小吃，夫子庙可谓是全国闻名的小吃荟萃之地。

各位游客大家好，欢迎来到洛阳龙门海洋馆，我是海洋馆讲解员孙高阳。今天将由我陪同大家一起参观，游览。希望我的讲解能为您打开一扇探索神秘海底世界的窗口。首先在这里预祝各位游览愉快。下面请大家随我一起开始参观游览龙门海洋馆。

这是万花筒，它通过折射和反射的原理，经过科学的计算设计和安装，将中间仅仅一块屏幕显示的图案变幻出无数的图案，给人以眼花缭乱的感觉。

走进这扇门呢，就来到了万人广场，万人广场是由108块镜子组合而成，人站里面通过镜子的不断反射，展现出无数的人来，所以称为万人广场，头顶这盏灯会随着声音的大小变幻出不同颜色，大家可以试一下。

接下来就要正式进入洛阳龙门海洋馆了。

这是大鲵，又名娃娃鱼。是世界上现存最大的也是最珍贵的两栖动物。叫声像小孩子的哭声，因此得名“娃娃鱼”，属国家二类保护水生野生动物。

这是巴西龟，又叫作巴西红耳龟。虽然它叫巴西龟，却不来自巴西，而是美洲。因头部两旁有红色斑块得名，可以使用，入药。是一种杂食性龟类，上世纪80年代引入中国，由于是外来物种，所以会对当地的生态平衡有影响。

蛇鳄龟，是一种古老的龟类，非常耐饥饿，一般情况下一两个月不

吃东西也不会饿死。它呢，对温度的要求特别高，最适宜的温度是26度，低于这个温度就会冬眠，就像现在的这个样子一样。这是鹦鹉，不过这些鹦鹉是不会说话的。(笑)

这是牛蛙，就是我们平常吃的那种牛蛙，别看它这么丑，它的肉质可是非常鲜美的，这个是黄鳝。

接下来我们要进入的是热带雨林展区。由于光线不太好，请大家注意安全。这个展区呢，是模仿热带雨林的环境而建造的，为大家营造一种身在热带雨林的感觉。

现在展现在我们面前的是大榕树，这些枝条是气生根，它们吸收空气中的氧气和水分会快速生长，接触到地面会长成树根，继续生长，形成独木成林的现象，非常壮观。

在我的左手边呢是双线侧，它最大的特点是尾部有两条黑线，所以得名双线侧，不过人工喂养的尾部没有黑线的，就像这条这样。这边呢是小锦鲤池。这个池里有馆中最多最大的娃娃鱼。这是锦鲤池，经过长时间的喂养，这些锦鲤已经与人达成了共识，只要人往池边一站鼓掌，它们就会游过来，等待喂食。旁边有卖鱼食的，大家可以试一下。这是恐怖箱，大家试一下，挑战一下自己，体验一下心跳的感觉。这是一元区，把一元硬币投进这里，它会为您展现世界各地的美景。这个屋子呢是雨林怪屋，大家可以进去体验一下，不过为了安全考虑，高血压和心脏病患者是不能进入的。非常奇特吧，其实道理很简单，它通过人为制造视觉误差，造成人的错觉。

这是中华鲟，是国家一级保护动物。在中国又被叫做大腊子，是一种溯河洄游的鱼类，就是它的成鱼生活在海里，到了繁殖季节会游回到长江里产子，幼鱼会再游回到海里生活。但由于环境的破坏，这种鱼在中国日渐稀少。

这是金蟾，有兴趣的游客可以试一下。

这是河豚，河豚呢，又叫气泡鱼。它在受到外界刺激或者是遇到危险时，会快速吸气，身体会涨成一个球来保护自己，非常可爱。河豚是可以吃的，并且肉质非常鲜美，不过它的内脏是有剧毒的，每年我国因为食用河豚而中毒的大有人在，不建议大家在家庭中食用这种鱼类。

现在我们看到是史氏鲟，与前面的中华鲟同属于鲟科。喜欢生活在水的底层，至今已发现生活40年的个体，体重超过100公斤。这种鱼生长非常迅速，可以食用，有很高的经济价值。

大家请这边走，上面的是图丽鱼，更为耳熟的名字是地图鱼，因为全身的斑点很像一幅幅地图，得名地图鱼。下面的是恐龙鱼，大家看，它的鱼鳞展现出来的图案和感觉非常像恐龙的皮肤，所以称为恐龙鱼。

接下来我们上二楼，因为空气非常潮湿，楼梯比较湿滑。大家上楼时要注意安全，不要滑倒。

这个缸中呢是狗仔鲸，不过它可不是鲸鱼哦。它属于鲶科，是一种鲶鱼，大家看它的尾巴是红颜色的，所以人们又叫它红尾猫。

这种嘴巴又扁又尖，身体又像鳄鱼的就是尖嘴鳄。它有非常古老的

历史，在欧洲曾发现1.2亿年前的化石。它是有毒的，也非常名贵。野生状态下它会攻击所有的鱼类，甚至有时候会跃出水面捕食，非常凶猛，大家不要靠的太近。

这个是鸭嘴虎纹鲶，也是一种凶猛的鱼类，大家可以看到这两条鱼之间是用隔板隔开的，说到这里，我告诉大家一个区分鱼是否凶猛的小窍门，就是看它的上下颚的长短，一般下颚比上额长的鱼比较凶猛。好了，我们继续向前走。这种在水的上层体型较大，白颜色身体的是银龙，是一种名贵的观赏性鱼类。又称风水鱼，养在家里，据说可以带来财运，逢凶化吉。在水中层的这种是罗汉鱼，它最大的特点是额头高高隆起，就像寿星的额头一样，有多福多寿的含义。在水的下层的是珍珠魟，它的眼睛长在背部，嘴和腮长在腹部，就像一个笑脸，非常可爱。大家可以在接下来的海底世界里看到。

这是血鹦鹉鱼。这种鱼是由两种鱼杂交而来(红魔鬼和紫红火口)，通体血红，非常漂亮。这种鱼对水质和饲料的要求不高，所以非常适合家养。由于是杂交的原因，这种鱼是不能繁殖的，就是它不会生小鱼，另一个有趣的现象是，这种鱼有的是有尾巴的，有的是没有的，大家可以找找看。

这是吊桥，在上面行走时，请各位家长一定要照看好孩子。

这是红树林，下面的是鲳鱼和鲈鱼，都是肉质鲜美但却名贵的鱼类，一般家庭是消费不起的。这是长吻鮠，又叫红鮰，是一种淡水鱼，肉质鲜美，自明朝起都被作为贡鱼，进贡给皇家。

这是绿海龟，属于我国的二级保护动物。海龟与淡水龟的最大区别就是，海龟的头和四肢是不能缩回壳里的。大家可以摸一下它，不过注意不要摸头，不要把它提出水面。

这个奇怪的动物呢是鲎，一个非常特别的名字，它已经有4亿多年的历史了，虽然历经沧桑，却没有太大的进化，被称为活化石。此外，鲎是自然界至今发现的唯一血液是蓝色的生物，所以又叫它蓝色精灵。

这边较大的缸里有帝王三间，铅笔鱼，十间鱼 七星斑，七星刀(身体细长是铅笔鱼，斑点七星刀，三条竖纹帝王三间)。

前面这个缸比较特别，大家可以观察一下。对了，这个缸里面的水面要比外面的高，却没有流出来。这是利用了压强差的原理，缸里面是一种类真空的状态。

接下来我们要进入珊瑚礁鱼类区了，大家在下楼梯时请注意安全。这个缸里就是珊瑚了，这些都是活的珊瑚，主要以水里的浮游生物为食。这里有太阳花珊瑚等，珊瑚是珊瑚虫分泌的外壳，主要成分是碳酸钙，极具有观赏性。

在我的右手边呢就是海葵和小丑鱼。大家特别是小朋友看过海底总动员吧，里面的主人公就是小丑鱼。小丑鱼和海葵是非常好的朋友，海葵由于它的外壳像葵花而得名，上面长有触手，根据品种的不同，触手的数量从十几个到几千个不等，它的触手是有毒的，不过小丑鱼对这种毒素有免疫性。由于海葵移动缓慢，不易捕捉到食物，而小丑鱼为它吸引猎物，它为小丑鱼提供保护，它们两个是互利共生的关系。

华严庵位于公园大门正北。公园大门1959年为松木结构，1964年重建，古典式，混合结构，高7.1米，宽11米，建筑面积40平方米，小瓦大屋顶，中门檐高4.5米，宽5米，两侧门檐高3.7米，宽2.8米，4门柱由石鼓支撑，门额“莫愁湖公园”5字系郭沫若先生1964年书题。

胜棋楼位于华严庵庭院北首，明洪武年问建，复建于清I司治十年(1871)。明清风格的二层楼房，青砖小瓦，建筑面积592。07平方米。在复建后之漫长岁月中，又数度遭洪水与战争损坏，至建国时已破败不堪。建国后政府即着手保护性维修。

郁金堂清乾隆五十八年(1793)复建，咸丰六年(1856)又毁，十年(1871)曾国藩再筑。郁金堂紧邻胜棋楼西山墙下，故有称郁金堂在胜棋楼下者。原郁金堂临水面北，1959年建园时改为背水面南，后沿窗下改砖砌，郁金堂共二跨六间，砖木结构，后跨为券棚式，建筑面积162.79平方米。相传南齐时卢家女莫愁居此。

苏合厢位于郁金堂正南，并以四合院相连接，建筑面积111.10平方米，砖木结构，1959年改建。四合院内墙上多石刻碑铭。

通水院水院门额由钱松喦1981年隶书“到此莫愁”。苏合厢悬挂陈祖庥1914年木刻楹联：“贤王汤沐旷代犹存莫谈桑海兴亡且安排清簟蹄篆藉一局围棋赌胜，江表风流于今未泯依旧湖山整理更收拾王代梁画栋待双栖燕子归来”。

待渡亭居光华亭西侧，1959年建，古典建筑形式，砖木结构，建筑面积38.08平方米。设渡湖心亭游船码头。附建走廊面积54.6平方米，混合结构。至老后门沿湖畔有长500米、宽2米道板路。

此外还有水榭，抱月楼，湖心亭，兰台宫，阳春亭，竹园六角亭，粤军烈士墓等著名的景点。现在各位游客朋友们可以观览莫愁湖2个小时，希望各位游客朋友们可以玩的愉快。

各位游客：南京夫子庙是一个以夫子庙为中心，集游览、购物、品尝风味于一体，展示古城风貌和民族风情的旅游地。夫子庙又称孔庙，文庙，是祭祀我国古代著名的大思想家，教育家孔子的庙宇。

夫子庙建于宋景佑元年，是在东晋学宫的旧址上扩建的，夫子庙五建五毁，最后一次是1937年毁于日本侵略军的炮火。1984年，南京政府对夫子庙进行了大规模开发与建设，建成了以夫子庙为中心，以秦淮河为轴线的夫子庙秦淮风光带。它有三大建筑群，一座是祭祀孔子的庙宇——大成殿，另一座是大成殿后面的学宫，第三是古代科举考试遗址——江南贡院。

秦淮河，又叫龙藏浦，是南京人民的母亲河。内秦淮河流经夫子庙，全长10公里，这便是古往今来令无数文人墨客为之赞美倾倒、寻迹访踪的“十里秦淮”了。唐朝大诗人李白、刘禹锡、杜牧等都曾为她写下诗篇，孔尚任的《桃花扇》和吴敬梓的《儒林外史》中，也都对“十里秦淮”有过生动的描写。

现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，自宋以后就成了孔庙泮池。河南岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。照壁建于明万历三年(1575年)，长110米、高10米，为全国照壁之冠。泮池西侧有一座桥叫文德桥，因为儒家提倡文章道德而得名，为了和东边的武定桥相对，故建桥锁住泮池以蓄文气，因为桥的方向和子午线的方向一致，所以每年农历11月15日左右，站在桥上俯视，可见月亮被分成两半，这就是文德分月的由来。每到此时，桥上赏月的人不计其数，由于原为木桥，所以桥的栏杆经常被挤坏，所以南京有一句俗话叫“文德桥的栏杆——靠不住”。泮池北岸有一座四柱三门的大牌坊为天下文枢坊。孔子乃天下文章道德之中枢也，故得此名。东侧这座楼阁式建筑，叫做魁光阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。西侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫“聚星亭”，“聚星”取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废。请大家继续随我往前走。这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。门是石结构的，六柱三门，棂星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

走过棂星门，便是孔庙的正门，叫大成门，因为孔子对我国文献起了集大成作用，也叫戟门。庙院两侧是碑廊，廊内陈列了当代书法名家的碑刻30块。现在，请大家随我从中间的甬道走。甬道两侧立着孔子十二门生中的后八门生。在进大成殿前，我先给大家介绍一下殿前的这个露台，也叫丹墀。丹墀之上有目前我国孔子的最大的铜像高4.18米。现在请各位游客随我进入孔庙主殿——大成殿。这是一座气势巍峨，重檐庑殿顶，屋脊中央有双龙戏珠立雕的建筑。这种规格的建筑在全国也是屈指可数的。大成殿内供奉着孔子的画像;为画家王宏喜按照唐吴道子的孔子画像用一年时间画成。两旁是四亚圣的汉白玉塑像;东西两侧摆放有古代庆典时演奏的乐器。大成殿的四周墙壁上还悬挂着38幅反映孔子生平事迹的镶嵌壁画，称“孔子圣迹图”;是浙江乐清200多名匠师采用玉石、翡翠、黄金、珠宝等贵重材料，耗时三年雕成。总价值580万人民币。表现了孔子“万世师表”的光辉典范。

走出孔庙。我们可见四块石碑，第一块是《孔子问礼图碑》，记载了春秋末年孔子出于对周王朝礼乐制度的崇拜;从家乡曲阜去周王城洛阳考察典章制度的经历。图中是二人驾车，一组身穿古装人物在城门前欢迎的场面。这块碑已有1500多年的历史了，图文仍清晰可辨，是难得的珍贵文物。第二块碑石《集庆孔庙碑》，第三块碑石《封四氏碑》，讲的是元至顺二年，文宗皇帝诏示：加封颜回、曾参、孔伋、孟轲为四亚圣之事。第四块碑是《封至圣夫人碑》。

现在我们看到的建筑便是夫子庙的学宫。门楣上方题有“东南第一学”。后面是明德堂，明德堂是学宫的正堂，建于南宋绍兴九年(1139年)，堂名为文天祥所书。现在的这块匾额是后人模仿文天祥手迹写成。明德堂是学子集会的地方，每月朔望(农历初一和十五)朝圣后，学子在此集会，训导师宣讲圣教和上谕。明德堂前院中新建两个亭子，东为习礼亭，内挂“礼运钟”，西为仰圣亭，内置“圣音鼓”。

接着是尊经阁、青云楼、崇圣祠。尊经阁原为上下两层，上存儒学经典，下为课堂。现为1988年新建的三楹三层仿古建筑，为南京民俗馆。青云楼为供奉历代督学使的祠堂和学宫秀才阅览经书的地方。

现在我们所站的地方便是江南贡院了。这里原是古代时南京规模庞大的考试场——贡院。贡院建于南宋乾道四年(1168年)，是县府考试场所。明太祖朱元璋定都南京后，这里成了乡试、会试场所。眼前这座三层建筑，就是明远楼了。楼呈四方形，四面设窗，地处贡院中心，在此可以监视考生和贡院内执役人员。“明远”的意思就是“慎终追远、明德归厚”。号舍在明远楼东部和西部，是考生三场九天考试住宿之地，原有20644间。现在来到的是当初主考官办公之地——至公堂。现为“科考陈列室”，以实物图片、资料等形式介绍科举制度的情况，正中有“魁星点斗”像。

各位游客：关于夫子庙我就介绍到这里。如果大家有兴趣，可以去逛一下夫子庙的其他景点;比如：吴敬梓故居，王谢故居，乌衣巷等。谢谢!

千佛岩在凤翔峰西南麓。闻名遐迩的“东飞天”就在中102号佛龛中。南齐永明七年(489年),明僧绍之子与智度禅师合作开凿三圣像以纪念明僧绍。梁大同六年(540年)三圣像佛龛上出现佛光,惊动齐梁贵族,于是纷纷前来凿石造像,从南朝齐永明二年至梁天监十年(484-511年)逐渐开凿而成。又据传,栖霞寺创建人僧绍曾梦见西岩壁上有如来佛光,于是立志在此凿造佛像。

他病故后,其子在南齐永明二年(484年)开始与僧智度禅师在西壁上凿佛龛,镌刻了三尊佛像,这三佛合称“西方三圣”,该殿也称“三圣殿”。所有佛像或五六尊一龛,或七八尊一室。佛像始有515尊,分凿于294个佛龛中,望之如峰房鸽舍,号称千佛崖。

后来,唐、宋、元、明各代相继在纱帽峰都有开凿,连南朝在内,共有700尊。佛像大者高数丈,小者仅盈尺。其中“大佛阁”为开凿时间最早、规模最大的一座石窟,凿于南齐永明七年(公元489年),正中无量寿佛坐像高达12米。

20__年南京旅游界要说有什么大事恐怕只有栖霞山发现“东飞天”,各大媒体更是抓住这一热点进行大量报道,学术界也展开了激烈的讨论,使“东敦煌”、“东飞天”蜚声海内外,很多人慕名而来。“东飞天”位于中102号佛龛中。

这个洞龛非常小,共有5座佛像,洞顶的两组飞天为橙色,线条清晰可辨,中间佛像头顶的火焰隐约可见。虽然仅有这么两对飞天,但这是我国所发现的最东部的“敦煌遗迹”。最近又传来消息称在千佛岩旁的舍利塔上又发现了飞天浮雕,其所用技法和人物线条皆与敦煌相似,据有关报道称,这一发现进一步丰富了"东敦煌"的文化内容。

舍利塔始建于隋仁寿元年(601年),始为木塔,后毁于唐武宗会昌年间。现存之塔系南唐时高

越、林仁肇建造。从栖霞寺南侧围墙外山路向东行不远,就可看到舍利塔,该塔用白石砌成,五层八面,高约18米。塔外壁上刻有浮雕,形象姿态生动传神。

位于南京市健康路以南，主要指的是孔庙、学宫、贡院三 大建筑群，但习惯上将围绕这三大建筑群一带的街道都称做夫 子庙。在东自平江府路，西至瞻园路的约0.5平方公里的范围 内有商场商店300多家、影剧院2家及诸多宾馆及游乐场等，地 下还有一个约10000 平方米的地下商业街。可以说夫子庙是一 个集旅游、文化、商业、餐饮、娱乐等多功能的服务中心。节 假日的人流量达15万人次以上，逢金陵灯会期间更是盛况空前。 东晋咸康三年，(337年)丞相王导在秦淮河北岸建学宫， 这是夫子庙的最早建筑。

宋明道元年(1032年)宋仁宗在学宫 前建孔庙，弥夫子庙。后因战乱几次被毁，几次重建。现在的 建筑为1984年重新规划修建起来的。它重现了明清时代江南街 市的风貌景观，一派古色古香。 孔庙是祭祀孔子的地方，占地2.63 万平方米。照壁在秦 淮河南岸，高10米、长110米，壁顶覆小圆筒青瓦，四角略翘， 其长度为我国照壁之最。

河北岸有弯月形泮池，岸上还有一排 明代建成的雕镂石栏。石栏东边是三层六面飞角的奎垦阁;北 面是四柱三门的文枢坊，中间上刻“天下文枢”四个金字;西 面是重檐雕脊飞角的聚星亭，大成门前是六柱三门石砌的棂星 门。此处建筑皆带“星”字，意指天下文曲星集于此地。大成门为古代抬梁穿斗式建筑，翘角龙脊，三门并立，每 扇门上有45枚门钉及龙头衔环。门内左右两侧立南齐、元、宋 时期的石碑四块，内院两侧有廊连接大成殿。大成殿是孔庙的 主体建筑，高16.2米、宽27.3米、深20. 9 米，七楹重檐， 四坡五脊，主脊上的双龙戏珠立雕为国内首创，加上全殿的56 根巨型石往，巍峨壮观。殿前丹墀正中立孔子铜像，高 4.18 米，为全国之冠。东西两侧围墙外是按明清风格精心规划设计 的东西市场，以经营古玩玉器、文房四宝、名家字画及旅游纪 念品为主。 学宫位于大成殿后，由明德堂、尊经阁、崇圣祠、青云楼 等一组建筑组成，是古代州府的最高学府，明德堂是学宫的正 堂，现辟为游乐场。

由文枢坊向东左拐即可见到一座斗拱飞檐的正方型三层木 结构建筑——明远楼。它是原江南贡院的中心建筑，是考试期 间监视考生和发布命令的地方。楼后院落两侧是仿明清时科举 考试的号舍，号舍长宽约1.5米，仅有上、下两块木板，上为 桌、下为凳。考试几天考生吃喝睡全在这狭小的空间内，带进 去的食物全要检查，连馒头也要切开看，以防夹带作弊。最盛 时期，江南贡院占地7万多平方米，号舍20644间，规模为全国 贡院之首。明远楼现称“江南贡院遗址”，为省级文物保护单 位。 历史上的夫子庙曾经是一个畸型的繁华闹市，特别是明清 时期，每逢开科秋闱，上万名(最多达 2万多人)考生云集于 此，于是书肆、茶馆、客栈应运而生，酒楼妓院也就滋生蔓延。 当年秦淮河南岸的一些街巷即为富家子弟的“温柔乡”、“销 金窟”。还出过不少名妓，如李香君、董小宛等被称为“秦淮 八艳”。今在钞库街38号重建了媚香楼，做为李香君故居对游 人开放。

清代著名作家吴敬梓曾居住于秦淮河畔，历经20xx年，在此 写出了抨击科举制度的名著《儒林外史》。在他的故居——秦 淮水亭的遗址上如今建起了明清河厅河房式样的建筑，为“秦 淮人家”宾馆。内设拾风堂，举行仿古婚礼等民俗活动。 游览夫子庙还可以顺便品尝秦淮风味小吃，目前已挖掘出 传统小吃品种100 多个，加上洋快餐肯德基、麦当劳，足可让 游人大快朵颐。 金陵灯会更是远近闻名，名为农历正月十二上灯，十八落 灯，其实从年初一开始，买灯、卖灯和观灯者即人如潮涌，各 色彩灯达数十种，使人眼花缀乱，目不暇接。

胜棋楼—郁金堂—莫愁女雕像—粤军殉难烈士墓

胜棋楼是莫愁湖公园的主要建筑，相传当年的明太祖朱元璋和中山王徐达经常来这里下棋。每次都以徐达失败而告终，朱元璋非常明白徐达的用意，是怕胜君有罪。有一天，朱元璋事先要求徐达拿出真水平来下一盘棋。结果，徐达不但胜棋，且棋局摆得十分巧妙，用棋子摆成了“万岁”两字，朱元璋由惊转喜，暗暗地佩服徐达棋艺之高超，非但认输，还将这座楼连同莫愁湖一起送给了徐达以资表彰，胜棋楼由此得名。现今的“胜棋楼”匾，书法苍劲有力，是清代状元梅启照亲笔。旁有对联写道;“粉黛江山留得半湖烟雨;王侯事业都如一局棋杯。”楼上陈设古朴，中堂的南北壁分别挂有朱元璋和徐达画像及现代著名书法家书写的“钟阜开基，石城对弈”对联。堂前摆放一张专供下棋的棋桌。

位于胜棋楼左侧的是一座古色古香的四合院，相传这里就是莫愁女居所，因莫愁女喜欢郁金花，所以称之为郁金堂。不过，原有建筑已毁于兵火，现在的郁金堂是1795年重建的。院内有梁武帝萧衍为莫愁女所作的《河中之水歌》诗碑，清代绘刻的莫愁女石刻像和郭沫若题写的《莫愁歌》。室内陈设古朴，庄重典雅。墙上挂有许多文人墨客有关莫愁女的诗画。

在郁金堂两侧，红栏曲廊环抱着的一方水池中立有一尊根据历史资料精心雕塑的汉白玉莫愁女雕像，发会高绾，素裙垂地，手挎桑篮，亭亭玉立，神态自若，栩栩如生，是根据《河中之水歌》中的“十四采桑南陌头”的诗意雕刻而成的。方池四周，曲廊、赏荷亭、四方亭、光华亭等建筑，相衔相生、巧妙连接，显得格外雅致、洁净。

莫愁湖南岸，有一座占地约370多平方米的粤军殉难烈士墓。墓建于1912年3月，毁于抗战期间，1947年重修，1979年再次重修。这座墓是为纪念在与封建余孽张勋企图复辟帝制的战斗中英勇牺牲的粤军烈士而建立的。墓前有孙中山先生手书的“建国成仁”墓碑，碑阴刻有黄兴所撰墓志。

园以水胜，路因园名。与莫愁湖邻近的还有一条名叫莫愁路的街道。过去人们常说，不到夫子店与莫愁路，就等于没有来过南京。夫子庙是因曾是一个灯红酒绿的风月场所而出名，而莫愁路则因“黑市”而闻名。据说，莫愁路上的“黑市”在明代已出现，当时一些破落官家变卖财产，怕人耻笑，就在黑夜之间拿来这里交易脱手。这里所交易的物品，既有小商贩从民间收购来的废旧物品，也有小偷、扒手的赃物和贪官污吏所侵吞的物资。直到新中国成立后，才取缔了这一带的“黑市”。

在莫愁路中段，能见到一座高大的石坊，里面保存有明初大典前的习仪场所——朝天宫遗址。

好了，各位游客朋友，我的讲解到此结束。祝愿大家游玩愉快.谢谢大家!

一路游来，江南的美景游了不少，美食也品了不少，美女呢，也见过不少。大家开心我也开心。不过肯定还有不少的遗憾，江南的美景太多了，不可能在这短短的几天就全部看到，我所能做的就是带大家欣赏更多的美景，多了解这里的风土人情文物特产。也许有的人还有机会再来，也许有的人可能再没有机会来了，一路上大家对我的工作都很支持，我很感谢，让我们一起抛开遗憾，收藏美丽!

快到南京了，说起南京带给我的感受，可谓爱恨交加。为什么呢?

听我慢慢道来。在南京呆过一年半载的人，都知道，夏天像个大火炉，那个热呀，恨不得苍蝇蚊子都能中暑;冬天像个大冰窖，那个冷呀，好像睡觉也会冻翘翘。三言两语难以表达我的讨厌。

为什么会这样呢?就要说到它的地势了。听听诸葛孔明怎么说的。

在赤壁之战前，诸葛亮应孙权之约，下江南共商抗曹大计，骑着小毛驴，摇着鹅毛扇，考察建邺后(今南京)，说“钟山龙蟠，石城虎踞，此乃帝王之宅也。”也就是说，在南京，东有绵延起伏的钟山，像一条盘龙;西有巍然的石头城屹立于大江之滨，像一只猛虎蹲踞着，这一切暗合古时传统的好风水：左青龙，右白虎，后人简称为“虎踞龙蟠”。大山小山整把南京围了个圈儿，只有北边缺了个口儿。造物主偏爱南京，又送给她什么?长江，对了。古人没翅膀，没大桥，没飞机，没大炮，敌人只能望江兴叹。所以嘛，封建帝王想：“南京好，美景多，美人娇，躺在里面睡大觉”。

更关键的是，南京有个凝聚了金陵王气的宝物，就是貔貅，南京的市徽。它是上古的神兽，英勇善战而且招财进宝、驱邪消灾。大家要记得带个回去哟，是个好东西。

于是乎，12个朝代在南京这个大摇篮中，上演了你方唱罢我方登场的历史剧。想当年，蒋家王朝也曾妄想据长江天险二分天下。

南京深得帝王宠爱，可总是“红颜薄命”。因为兵家必争之地，自然会血雨腥风。改朝换代就像小孩子搭积木一样，不满意，推翻再重来;牺牲的将士就像朱元璋手中捏的鸡，死了还有鸭子替代;从天子到臣子到小卒子最后到凡夫俗子的坟墓就像路上的红绿灯一样，没两步就亮起来。不好，不能讲了，要不然大家夜里睡不着找我唠磕，怎办?不好意思，少说点，就打对折，就说近几百年的吧。

明朝。葬朱元璋马皇后的明孝陵，已被列入联合国教科文组织的世界遗产名录。提到朱元璋，不能不提长35.267公里的明城墙，这个数据是最新的，用美国佬的军用卫星测量出来的。当年朱元璋采纳谋士的“高筑墙，广积粮，缓称王”的建议，借沈万三的聚宝盆修筑了固若金汤的城墙。如今以中华门城堡最雄伟，也是保存得最好。如果有机会，登临中华门，我们既可领略明城墙的雄伟坚固，又可以回味书上报上口头上的种种历史传说，还可以幻想种种可能的结果。当年，为了不按约定在五更鸡叫时还聚宝盆，朱元璋下令杀光全城的鸡。从此，南京没有鸡子，就吃鸭子了。南京的板盐、盐水鸭，皮白肉粉骨头绿，极具地方特色。至于其中详细故事过会一一道来。

为了江山社稷安稳，朱元璋建城墙;为了集中政权，树立朱氏子孙的威信，朱元璋比“杯酒释兵权”的赵匡胤更狠毒，造了一座功臣楼。皇上的心计只有刘伯温一人知晓，就装病告老还乡，临行前到中山王徐达府上——瞻园。忘了，这园子是朱元璋亲自在泱泱金陵挑选的宝地，建成豪华的王府作为自己当初的吴王府，后来登基作了皇帝，送给徐达的。军师悄悄说：“楼成摆庆功宴时，你要紧追皇上，寸步不离。切记切记。兄弟过此别过”。结果，除徐达外，其它功臣元老都随一声炮响而无影无踪。

清朝。南京遭到的罪孽与扬州相比较少，康熙赞朱元璋“治隆唐宋”，就是夸他功劳高过唐太宗和宋太祖。为什么?得民心者得天下。南京是明都遗都，反清复明的首领都集聚于此，清朝要国泰民安，想让鱼米之乡的江南搞好农业生产，就得收拢人心。康熙甚至拜明孝陵，乾隆六下江南也有这原因。

太平天国。清军镇压，无数军兵死于战乱。天王洪秀全本葬在荣光大殿下，后曾国荃令士兵掘墓、鞭尸、焚烧，最终真可谓灰飞烟灭。想想生前贵为万人之上的天子，死后连安身之地都没有。人生在此，在好好享受每一天的同时，再想想还有什么地方没去的，什么景点没玩的，什么好吃的没尝的，什么漂亮的没买的。短短人生几十年，少太了，我还要向苍天再借五百年，唉呀，那不成了老不死的了吗。扯远了。在当年烧成废墟的天王宫殿上建两江总督府，后又扩建为总统府。人们常说，北有故宫，南有总统府。故宫是封建文化的最高代表，体现了帝王之风;总统府是中外文化碰撞的火花，中西合璧。二者有相似之处，但也有截然不同的地方，帝王由故宫走向金銮殿，却从总统府走向坟墓。如今总统府是中国最大的近代史遗址博物馆。到南京不去总统府就等于去北京不去故宫一样，白来一趟。

南京的历史说个几天几夜也未必能够说完，先到此为止。接下来，我们即将到达行程的第一站——中山陵，这是伟大的国民革命先行者孙中山先生的长眠之地。

好，我们已到了始建于1168年的江南贡院遗址。江南贡院是专门用来考试的场所，起初规模并不大，只供府、县学考试之用。明初乡试、会试集中在此举行。后贡院规模扩大，待到清朝，正式定名为江南贡院，已经是规模空前，形成东起姚家巷，西至学宫、孔庙，南临秦淮河，北抵建康路的方形整体，其号舍达两万多个，在当时全国贡院中首屈一指。民国之后，贡院冷落，只有明远楼等，作为历史文物被保留下来。

我们现在看到的明远楼，上下三层，四四方方，飞檐出甍，面面皆窗，它本是贡院举行考试期间用来警戒和发号施令之所。如今楼下拱门内保留的明、清和民国年间的石碑，详尽记载了江南贡院的盛衰历史。为有效地保存封建时代科举考场的情景，80年代中期，有关部门在此建立了“江南贡院陈列馆”，复建了以“千字文”命名的部分号舍，陈列了神态各异的应试学子的塑像，供人们参观。同时，游人们还可以亲自体会一下“金榜题名”的古趣。各位朋友，您不想试一试?

游罢夫子庙的主要观光点，我们大概可以把夫子庙的特点归纳为以下两点。

第一，夫子庙是一个庙市合一的活动场所，这是其最大特色，而其他城市的孔庙建筑及其文化氛围通常与商业文明、市井文化相隔离。在夫子庙，一方面是围墙内严谨的文化氛围;另一方面是围墙外、秦淮河两岸充满活力的商业文明，如工艺美术品、小商品、花鸟及现代商场、批销中心，以及业经去其糟粕、取其精华的俗文化，如传统的民风民俗—秦淮灯彩、秦淮风味小吃、云锦工艺、南京白局等，一应俱全，充分体现了夫子庙的繁华和与众不同。学宫、孔庙与市场(东西市等)、俗文化(秦淮民风民俗等)和谐相处，高雅的儒学文化与通俗的市井文化、商业文化相互兼容、共同发展，形成了富有地方特色的秦淮文化。

第二，夫子庙建筑布局中有许多中国之最。如象征南京母亲河—秦淮河的长达110米的高大照壁，是全国最大的;泮池是以天然河道秦淮河的一段改作的，是所有孔庙中独一无二的。由此可知，秦淮河在夫子庙的历史演变过程中的影响是非常重要的。南京夫子庙学宫明德堂的名称在全国也是少有的;大成殿“三宝”—孔子画像、雕像和孔子生平事迹壁画，堪称全国之最。值得一提的是，由于南京夫子庙的与众不同，地方政府和国家旅游局自80年代以来，开发并形成了以夫子庙为中心的秦淮风光带。在东起东水关、西迄西水关的十里秦淮，发掘出那些被历史湮没的秦淮胜迹，如瞻园、白鹭州、中华门城堡以及桃叶渡至镇淮桥一带的秦淮水上游和沿河景观，即所谓的“四点一线”，形成了集山水、园林、市街、河房河厅和民风民俗于一体的综合旅游区。现已布局井然，初具规模，景致独特，美不胜收，成为全国旅游景区四十佳之一。基于此，有关部门还开辟了“夜泊秦淮”水上游旅游线路和陆上游一条线，成为继“湖南路灯光夜市”后又一颗照亮南京一片天空的“夜明珠”，使得夜晚的南京城更显魅力。

各位朋友，夫子庙的游览就到此结束了，感谢大家的支持和合作!

现在我们来到了秦淮河畔，河中的画防都是仿照明代建筑风格制造的，船头挂有大红彩球和红灯笼。每当元宵节南京人习惯来这里游玩赏灯。这种风气在明代就已盛行，据说明朝建都后，朱元津微服巡察京城。当他来到秦淮河畔，看到两岸绿树成荫，河水清澈，亭台楼阁，风景宜人，随口说了句："惜河中缺游船。"皇帝开了金口，左右就连夜差人赶造画舫，以博取皇帝欢心。从此，秦淮画访成了这里的一大特色。尤其到了中秋佳节时分，更是河上水灯万盏齐放，两岸龙灯飞舞，歌声、鼓声、欢声、笑声，连绵不绝，通宵达旦，真可谓"秦淮灯火甲天下"。难怪南京有"家家走桥，人人看灯"的民谚。我们眼前的这段秦淮河，自宋以后就成了夫子庙(孔庙)成泮池，又称月牙他。古时候皇帝讲学的学宫叫辟雍，诸侯讲学成学宫叫泮宫，夫子庙的学宫相当于诸侯讲学的地方，所以这池称"泮池"。泮池上一般建有三座石桥，按等级而论，县官、学官走中间一座，秀才走两边的桥。相传古时候有位秀才误上中桥，有犯上作乱之罪，进退两难，只好自己跳进了泮池。再请各位看河对岸的一段朱红色石砖墙，这就是夫子庙的照壁。照壁建于明万历三年(历泽年)，长达110米，为全们照壁之冠。各位游客：这座夫子庙始建于东晋成帝咸康三年(337年)，当时成帝采纳了王导的建议："治国以培育人才为重"，决定立大学于秦淮河畔。原来只建有学宫，孔庙是宋仁宗景拍元年(1034年)在学富基础上扩建而成的。所以夫子庙是一个由文教中心演变而成的繁华闹市，它包括夫子庙、学宫和贡院三大主要建筑群，其范围南临秦淮河北岸，北抵建康路东端，东起姚家巷，西止四福巷，规模庞大。夫子庙虽屡遭破坏，但各代都加以兴修扩建，到清末民初，其楼阁、殿宇的结构和布局堪称东南之冠。现在的夫子庙建筑，～部分是清代末年重建的，一部分是近几年重建的。请大家回头看，这座楼阁式建筑，叫做奎星阁，它初建于清乾隆年间。这座临街傍水的建筑曾两次被毁，1985年重建。现在我们来到了清代开辟的庙前广场，广场东西两端竖有两块碑，高有一丈许，上面刻有满汉两种文字"文武大臣至此下马"，表示对圣人孔子的崇敬。左侧的这座六角重檐亭子叫"聚星亭"，"聚星"取群星集中，人才荟萃之意。建于明万历十四年(1586年)，也曾几经兴废，到清同治八年(1869年)才由江宁乡贤朱芙峰等人筹资重建。这是一座在日军炮火中惟一幸存的清代建筑，可惜在1968年被当作"四旧"拆除，1983年又得以重建，恢复了原来的风貌。广场正中的这座牌坊，叫"天下文枢坊"。请大家继续随我往前走。这座门叫棂星门，这是孔庙的庙门。据传榻星是天上主管教化的星宿，他得人方便高兴。门是石结构的，六柱三门，建于明成化十六年(1480年)，后来被毁，又于清同治九年(1870年)重建。不过，现在所见到的极星门是1983年再次重建的。极星门东西两侧便是东市、西市。

Dear tourists, the scenic spot we are going to visit is the Ming XiaolingMausoleum, which is located in Dulong, Mt. Zijin. Xiaoling Tomb of the MingDynasty is the joint Tomb of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, andhis Empress Ma Shi. Zhu Yuanzhang was born in 1328 to a poor peasant family inFengyang, Anhui Province. He joined Huangjue temple at the age of 17, joined thered scarf army of Guo Zixing at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in 1352, led thearmy to conquer Nanjing in 1356, and ascended the throne in 1368.

Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty was built in 1381. In 1382, it wasburied in empress Ma Shi. In 1398, it was buried here after Zhu Yuanzhang diedof illness. The project was not completed until 1413. It was named Xiaolingbecause Zhu Yuanzhang advocated "governing the world with filial piety" on theone hand, and because empress Ma was posthumously named "Xiaoci" on the other.Therefore, the tomb was called "Xiaoling" in the Ming Dynasty and "Xiaoling" inthe Qing Dynasty to show the difference between dynasties.

Relying on Zijin Mountain, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum has a windingShinto. The mausoleum abides by the tradition of Chinese architecture, and itscentral axis is symmetrical. It is the first Mausoleum of Baocheng Baoding. Themausoleum shape of the former dynasty and the later Dynasty is the firstMausoleum of the Ming and Qing Dynasties for more than 600 years. As a nationalkey cultural relic protection unit, it was listed in the world cultural heritagelist in 20__.

What we see now is the first gate of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, dajinmen.In those days, a 45 Li external wall extended from both sides of dajinmen,including the whole Zijinshan.

The roof and gate of the old golden gate, which was covered with yellowglazed tiles, have disappeared. Only the castle and the three arches.

Over the golden gate, we came to Sifang city. It turned out to be a stelePavilion. Because the top of the pavilion was destroyed by the war in XianfengPeriod of Qing Dynasty, only four walls and four door tickets were left. Eachside is 26.86 meters long, just like an ancient castle. So Nanjing peoplecommonly call it Sifang city. There is a tablet of "the miraculous work of theXiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty" in the city, which is 6.7 meters highIts 2.08 meters high and called Mian. Its said that its one of the nine sonsof the dragon. Its very heavy. This tablet is the largest Ming tablet inNanjing. The inscription is written by Zhu Di, the founder of the Ming Dynasty.It has 2746 words and is divided into seven parts. First, it describes his lifeexperience and was born in Jurong family. Second, it asks for the peoplesorders and makes a great fortune. Third, it calms down the world, ascends thethrone and becomes emperor, cezhonggong and the crown prince, and is granted thesame surname. Fourth, it abolishes Zhongshu and sets up six departments to takecharge of military power. Fifth, it attaches importance to talents and the studyof founding a nation; 6、 He lived a simple life, and asked him to be buried withMa after his death in Xiaoling; 7. The name of 57 royal children and 144 fourcharacter eulogies, the inscription is a high praise of Zhu Yuanzhangs life.The completion of the monument of the great Ming Xiaoling was in 1413, whichmarks the end of the Ming Xiaoling project. Behind Zhu Dis great contributionto Zhu Yuanzhang, in fact, he built up his own prestige in Dashu, so as to showthe legitimacy of inheriting the throne. He originally sent tens of thousands ofmigrant workers to chisel a huge stele in the eastern suburb of Nanjing. If thecap, body and base of the stele were 72 meters high, they were too huge tocarry, so they were abandoned.

After passing the Yuhe bridge, we come to the Shinto of the XiaolingMausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. The Shinto is divided into two sections. Thefirst section is Shixiang road. On both sides of the road, there are six kindsof Stone Beasts, four in each group, standing on both sides and squatting onboth sides. Kirin is the king of animals, symbolizing the majesty of kings, andChina _ s legendary law beast, symbolizing the integrity of kings; camels arethe boats of the desert, showing the vast territory of Ming Dynasty and thetranquility of the western regions of the country; the elephant is a symbol ofthe country and the people, and the people are obedient; the unicorn is a kindof monster of Chinese mythology and legend, symbolizing the benevolence of theemperor. The last animal to see is a horse, which symbolizes loyalty to theemperor. The main purpose of placing these stone beasts on both sides of theShinto is to record Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements, to show the prosperity of theMing Dynasty, and to pray for the suppression of demons and evil spirits.

Walking along the stone statue Road, the second section of Shinto,wengzhong Road, lies ahead. There is a pair of pillar at the intersection, whichis also called Huabiao. The Shinto standing in front of the mausoleum is alsocalled lingbiao. There is the function of indicating the road here. From here,Shinto begins to turn due north. On wengzhong Road, there were two pairs ofmilitary generals, who were wearing armor and holding a wat board in theirhands. They were burly, and two pairs of civil ministers, who were wearing courtclothes and holding wat boards in their hands, were solemn. They are a pair ofyoung people and a pair of middle-aged people respectively, which indicates thatthere are successors in Daming. At the end of the Shinto Road, there is aLingxing gate with six pillars and three gates. The original gate was destroyedin the war in Xianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now the Lingxing gate isrestored in 20__ according to historical data. This is the ceremonial gate forvisiting the mausoleum.

On the east side of Shixiang Road, there is a hill called Meihua Mountain.Shinto turns a bend around Meihua Mountain. It turns out that this mountain wasthe mausoleum of Sun Quan in the eastern Wu Dynasty. During the construction ofthe Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty, someone suggested that thismausoleum should be removed. However, Zhu Yuanzhang said, "Sun Quan is also ahero. Let me see the gate." so the Shinto curved and became the natural barrierof the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty. Now it has become a famous plumappreciation base in Nanjing.

Now we see the Jinshui bridge. Behind the Jinshui bridge is the mausoleumbuilding of Xiaoling Mausoleum of Ming Dynasty. There were five Jinshui bridgesfacing the five gates of the mausoleum palace, which were destroyed by the warin Xianfeng Period of Qing Dynasty. Only three of them were restored in QingDynasty. We can see that the stone carvings on the bridge deck and bridgefoundation are still relics of Ming Dynasty, and the bridge railings wererebuilt in Qing Dynasty. Starting from here, the building is in accordance withChinese tradition, with the north facing south and the central axissymmetrical.

Up the slope, the first thing we see is the square gate of Wenwu, which isthe gate of the mausoleum palace. Its yellow tile, red door and red wall set offeach other, showing the royal style. This gate was rebuilt in 1988 according tohistorical materials. In front of the gate, on the east side of the wall, thereis a special notice tablet, which was erected in the first year of Xuantong. Itis written in the characters of Japan, Germany, Italy, France, Britain andRussia. The content is to warn visitors to protect Xiaoling.

Entering the Wenwu square gate, we come to the Beidian. The Beidian wasoriginally the gate in front of the Xiaoling hall. Because the gate wasdestroyed in the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the destroyed gate wasrebuilt into a Beidian in the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. There are fiveinscriptions in the hall. In the middle of the five inscriptions, "Zhilong Tangand Song Dynasty" is inscribed in the handwriting of Emperor Kangxi, which meansthat Zhu Yuanzhangs achievements in governing the country surpass those ofEmperor Taizong Li Shimin and Emperor Songtai in the Tang Dynasty Zhao Kuangyin.Kangxi, as the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, showed his respect and admirationfor Zhu Yuanzhang on the one hand, and on the other hand, he had his own goodintentions. At the beginning of the reign of Kangxi, the Han people did notaccept the Manchu rule. Kangxi knew that it was not enough to rely on theManchus high pressure policy alone, but also on the Han people. He visitedXiaoling of Ming Dynasty six times and five times in his life. He knelt downthree times and kowtowed nine times. In 1699, when he visited Xiaoling of MingDynasty for the third time, he wrote "Zhilong Tang and Song Dynasty" to win thehearts of the people. Next to them are two steles inscribed by Emperor Qianlongwhen he visited the mausoleum. There are also two lying steles on the back,which respectively record the first and third visits to Taizu mausoleum duringEmperor Kangxis southern tour. There are records written by Tao Dai, governorof Liangjiang and Cao Yin, weaving doctor in Jiangnan.

This building is the former site of Xiaoling hall, which is the mainbuilding of Xiaoling. You can see the three-story xumizuo platform base of theoriginal white marble. The platform base is three meters high. The four cornersof the three-story platform base are still left with stone carved head. Thereare three steps around the platform base. Its the middle of the road. On thethird floor of xumizuo is the hall of enjoyment, which is dedicated to ZhuYuanzhang and empress ma. The original palace was destroyed by the war inXianfeng Period of the Qing Dynasty. Now we can see 56 huge stone pillars on theplatform foundation, each with a diameter of 0.91 meters. Its easy to imaginehow spectacular the hall was at that time. At that time, the hall of Xiaolingwas nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, with double eaves, covered with yellowglazed tiles and a bucket arch overhanging eaves. The scale of Xiaoling was muchlarger than that of Changling Hall of Ming Chengzu in Beijing. What we see nowis the three Bay small hall restored during the reign of Tongzhi in the QingDynasty, which is not as large as before.

Passing through the inner red gate and the Shengxian bridge, the buildingin front of you is Fangcheng. Fangcheng is a huge building in front of Baoding.The outside is made of big stones and huge bricks. There are eight characterwalls on the East and west sides of Fangcheng. The four corners of the wall aredecorated with brick carvings. These brick carvings are representative works ofthe early Ming Dynasty. Passing through the 54th level corridor in the center ofFangcheng, you can see the south wall of Baocheng. On the front of the wall, youcan see that it is built with 13 layers of stones. It is said that the sevencharacters were engraved in the early years of the Republic of China to answervisitors questions.

From the East-West corridor between Baocheng and Fangcheng, you can climbto the minglou. It was originally a beautiful building with double eaves andyellow glazed tiles. It was destroyed by the war of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdomin the Qing Dynasty. Only four walls are left. In 20__, the minglou protectionproject was completed, and it has been restored. In July 20__, the minglou wasofficially opened to tourists, showing the distribution of Ming Dynasty in ChinaThere are 19 mausoleums of emperors in China.

Behind the Fangcheng is Baoding, which is a large round mound with adiameter of 325-400m. On the top of the mound are towering trees, and below itis the palace where empress Ma of Zhu Yuanzhang was buried. Baocheng is a brickcity with a circumference of 1100 meters around Baoding. The imperial mausoleumin Baoding of Baocheng city is the first mausoleum in Ming and Qing Dynastiesfor more than 500 years. Its just that the Ming Dynastys top is roughly round,while the Qing Dynastys Mausoleums top is oval.

Today, the east side of the Xiaoling Mausoleum of the Ming Dynasty haspreserved the site of the Dongling Mausoleum of Zhu Biao, Prince of the MingDynasty.

In ancient China, the imperial mausoleum was originally built in Fangshangof Qin and Han Dynasties. The representative mausoleum was Qinshihuang Mausoleumin Shaanxi Province. In Tang Dynasty, it was changed to the mausoleum near themountain. The representative mausoleum included Tang Qianling Mausoleum of LiZhi, Emperor Gaozong of Tang Dynasty and Empress Wu Zetian of Shaanxi Province.In Song Dynasty, the imperial mausoleum was built in Fangshang of relativelysmall scale. In Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang initiated the mausoleum form ofBaocheng Baoding mausoleum and former dynasty and later Dynasty mausoleum.

The Ming Dynasty established its capital in 1368 and perished in 1644.There were 16 emperors before and after it. Except for the Ming XiaolingMausoleum in Nanjing, the rest of the mausoleums were in Beijing. Only JianwenEmperor Zhu Yunwen had no mausoleum. Many tombs of the Ming Dynasty have left uscountless places to watch.

As the remains of Chinese culture, ancient Chinese mausoleums have leftimportant material materials for later generations to study and understandancient Chinese economy and culture. Dear tourist friends, todays visit iscoming to an end. Thank you for your cooperation in my tour guide work. Welcometo visit Ming Xiaoling again!