简单好背的英文导游词（实用20篇）

The ancient tomb has its own name, the number of sources, or reflect on accomplishments and praise, the end of the emperors life or the meaning of with auspicious and blessing.

In the qing dynasty emperor ling name generally by heir king James. Secondly, there is also a system in the qing dynasty, if meet with ling name and place name repeated clear zhaoling, place names must be change, this is called taboo. It is clear that DiWangLing name is extremely sacred.

Zhaoling mausoleum is one of the first year of shunzhi emperor taizong died on August 9th anniversary cremated when school palace. Zhaoling mausoleum of the origin of our predecessors have two different explanation, an explanation is imitated the zhaoling taizong account, another explained related to ancient zhao jose system. Put forward clear zhaoling imitation of zhao mausoleum is the qianlong emperor. When he in east tour shengjing martyrs zhaoling expressed this opinion. In fact, it is just the qianlong lines, zhaoling when name is qing peasant rebel army had just defeated li in Beijing, at this time of the Ming dynasty and li still has a strong power, whether it is difficult to clear, and it is hard to imagine the qing emperor taizong emperor taizong phase coordinate necessary. And so the qing emperor qianlong emperor taizong emperor taizong tied for is his political needs, its height was ruled by successive one as a model for the emperor, he in the twenty-third year of the reign honour worthy men of letters, coachable and listen, prosperous, known at the time to "dynasty", as the tang period, the height of the development of economy and culture laid a foundation. Qianlong equate the today face with its aim to comfort the world, qing jiangshan also can appear like han and tang dynasties, a generation of new millennium.

Second, speaking of zhaoling from zhao jose system is inaccurate. Zhao mu is the ancient patriarchal clan system, this system used in the order of the tomb and temple of 9 to fathers in the middle of the method, the arrangement of other various degress in ZuoZhao right jose order so on. Shengjing have three wing, fu, zhao mausoleum, one never play for ZuLing, the highest status, fu ling times, zhaoling rank third. If zhao mu system arrangement, yong ling should be in the middle, fu ling in the left (east), called zhao, zhao ling in its right is called the "mu". And current for zhao three ling, ling forever in the east, fu ling in the zhaoling mausoleum in the west, three tomb no zhao jose relationship at all.

Zhaoling name may be due to the choice of meaning ", "the word itself. The ancients to zhao word "clear" and "spreads" solution. Zhaoling mausoleum of emperor taizong weld is the meaning of martial arts are clear. And after spreads the meaning, to just so so.

Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.

Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).

The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.

Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation. Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.

The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface. In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths). At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to its close. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers. In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well. The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers. Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).

The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong’s favorite lady, used to take bath. It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring. The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot Spring..

Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath. Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion. Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.

Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion. On its head three big Chinese characters Xi Jia Lou” (Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.

At this spa there are four hot springs. They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C. The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain. The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour.

Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.

The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident. After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China. This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation. Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Inspired by our Party’s policy let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese aggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance. Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth. Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.

Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending. Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool. They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one vigorous effort. The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only. What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall. He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it. Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident. Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an. Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals. On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing. The Xi’an Incident was so peacefully settled.

The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive. Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage. It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.

In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident. It was also called Vital Energy Pavilion”. After the national liberation it was renamed Catching Chiang Pavilion”. Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident. Iron chains and rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.

Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction. It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow. So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.

Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.

The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times. It was constantly under special control. Once the enemies were pressing on towards the border, the beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the daytime while set on fire at night.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile. King You tried many ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again. He called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she pulled a long face. Then the band were asked to play the bamboo flute and strings” and she remained displeased. Afterwards, maids of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all.

You don’t like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King asked.

I nearly have a liking for nothing. But I can still well remember I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk when I was a child. It was clear anf melodious,” she replied. King You said in excitement, That is very simple. How come you didn’t let me know it earlier?”

Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear it into pieces. Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.

Why didn’t you let out a single smile then?” he asked.

I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.

The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in the end he gave orders, Anyone both in and out of court who can amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”

Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and offered advice: Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave the order. In the split second the flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain. There they found nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively. The King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that Everything should have been all right. I have just been joking with you.” When they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left disappointed. Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily. Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold. Later on King You did so more often than not. In 771 B.C. Quan Rong (a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the Western Zhou Dynasty. King You ordered urgently to set the beacon tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved. Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away. The Western Zhou dynasty vanished. Herein come the Chinese idiom A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and The sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.”

yuexu park is considered to be one of the central parks in guangzhou city; recently it has been nominated as the scenic park of guangzhou. there are only eight certified scenic parks in guangzhou.

it acts as a natural defense in the northern part of the guangzhou city together with bai yun mountain. with height of more than 7000m above sea level, it is also historically known as yue (guangdong) xiu mountain, yue wang mountain. during the ming dynasty, in the reign of yong le, guan yin temple was built on this mountain hence it is also called guan yin mountain.

during the early west han dynasty, yue xu mountain was known to offer pilgrimage to many people, but then in the early 20th century, dr sun yat sen, suggested that yue xu should be turned into a grand park which was only realized after the liberation of china in 1949.

now, yuexu park is known for providing immense and comprehensive cultural recreation. it consists of one main hill, yue jin gang, 7 small hills guihua gang, muhe gang, yu gang, etc. and baixiu, nanxiu, dongxiu artificial lake. its total area is 860,000 sqm. its afforestation rate is at 92%. it is also a host to famous historical architectural site like zhen hai building, ming gu wall, square cannon site, dr, sun yat sens monument etc. historical sites and ancient trees were also built and planted respectively around wu yang temple, hall of chinese idioms, a place of relaxation with trees, and bamboos, garden of flowers, art gallery, museum, recreational area, swimming pool, playground, restaurants, kiosk, states, building and pavilion etc. for people to rest and relax, making it a pleasurable experience to visit the park. the park also provides other amenities, to complete the wonderful experience, for visitors. there are many pathways for people to use to visit the places within the park. every year it also hosts a flower market festival. about more than 10 million people comprising of foreigners and locals visit this park every year,since the yuan dynasty, yue xu mountain is considered to be a good scenic park in guangzhou. recently it also has been nominated as one of the ten best scenic parks. its zhen hai building and five ram statues are nominated for the ten best scenic sites.

Good friends! Now, here we are the famous three gorges of Yangtze river, the three gorges between chongqing and hubei province is located in the upper stream of Yangtze river, is the floorboard of the qutang gorge, wu gorge and xiling. But the scenery here, the grand risk but do not break elegant beautiful zhuang, is a good place for leisure.

The total length of two hundred km, everybody look at both sides is the continuous mountains, mountain without any gap, like a green dragon. Here the mountain towering, canopy, lock the sky became a tape. But for now is noon, even the sun was visible!

Of the three gorges project is a "scene". All the year round, the place has a vastly different beauty waiting for you to enjoy. In the summer, and the waters prevailed here, fast-flowing, is a bold and unrestrained beauty. But for safety reasons, or be a little careful. Autumn, is a kind of sad beauty, each with a frost in the morning, have an ape that has turned the noise, real tear-jerker.

If you are a like quiet beauty, really come to the right time! Spring day like today, showed the quiet beauty of the three gorges. Here is like snow jet and green deep pools, the cyclotron to west also reflected the shadow of everything in the world, visitors can explore in turn head to see, here, it has reflected the sun! On you on both sides of the mountain, with a lot of strange pine, interesting. Now, in front of us is on both sides of the waterfall. This water torrents agitation is cultured and shoot the aesthetic feeling, well, as the ship, we enjoy clear water show, the beauty of the mountain grass sheng!

Happy time always passed quickly, we are thats the end of the trip. May this trip to the three gorges can leave a good memories in your heart, goodbye!

尊敬的各位游客，你们好!我是你们的导游，大家可以叫我小康。希望我们可以一起度过一段欢乐的时光。那么接下来我们将要游览的是颐和园。颐和园是清代的皇家园林和行宫，是我国重点文物保护单位，已经列入《世界遗产名录》。请大家游览时自觉保持它的清洁。

我们首先来到的是著名的长廊。看，红漆的柱子，绿漆的栏杆，多美啊!长廊全长七百二十八米，共有二百七十三间。廊间的每根枋梁上都绘有彩画，一万四千多幅彩画没有一幅画是相同的。

现在我们来到的是万寿山。那个耸立在半山腰的八角宝塔形的三层建筑物就是佛香阁，房顶的琉璃瓦在太阳的照射下闪闪发光。佛山阁下面那一排排金碧辉煌的宫殿，就是有名的排云殿。

各位游客，现在我们正在攀登的就是万寿山了，站在山顶，这是欣赏颐和园全景的最佳位置。周围的景色一览无余，正前面就是昆明湖，游人常说它像镜子，像碧玉，不知你们是否有同感?接着就让我们去昆明湖边仔细欣赏。

看，昆明湖多大，它周围的堤岸更长。看见湖中心那个小岛了吗?走过这个小石桥就可以去小岛上玩。请仔细看这座石桥，它叫十七孔桥，桥栏杆上有上百根石柱，每个柱子上都雕刻着栩栩如生的小石狮，它们姿态各异，简直让人过目不忘。

颐和园到处都是美丽的景色，说也说不尽，请大家慢慢游赏吧。如果下次有机会，我希望还能更好的为大家服务。再见!

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇

明十三陵，世界文化遗产，全国重点文物保护单位，国家重点风景名胜区，国家AAAAA级旅游景区。明十三陵坐落于北京市昌平区天寿山麓，总面积一百二十余平方公里，距离天安门约五十公里。十三陵地处东、西、北三面环山的小盆地之中，陵区周围群山环抱，中部为平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒。自永乐七年(1409)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、两位太监。截止20xx年，已开放景点有长陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。下面是小编收集整理的简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇范文，欢迎借鉴参考。

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇(一)

各位旅客朋友们：

大家好!

北京昌平县境内，有一处明代帝王陵墓群，即中外闻名的十三陵。在周围40公里的范围内，埋葬着明代13位帝王，23位皇后和众多的嫔妃、太子、公主、从葬宫女等。

(一)概况

明永乐五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命礼部、工部及术士风鉴先生等人，在北京郊区寻找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家台、屠家营等处，朱棣均不满意。后来江西术士廖均卿说，昌平北有吉壤，可做万年寿域，名黄土山，山前有龙、虎二山，形成一个小平原。朱棣视察后很满意，决定在此建造皇陵，改黄土山为天寿山。永乐七年(1409)正式建陵，到永乐十一年竣工，即长陵。明代历朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陆续在此建陵。 明制规定，陵墓每年大祭三次(清明、中元、冬至)，小祭四次(正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日)。每次谒陵耗费巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾几度遭到破坏，最严重的一次是清兵入关。明末清太祖崛起于东北，威胁明朝安全。有人说清兵之所以强盛与他的祖坟风水有关。他们(金人)的祖坟在房山，如捣毁，清兵即灭。天启皇帝于天启二年(1622)派人毁房山金陵，并建关帝庙镇之。清兵入关后，采取同样的报复手段，破坏了明陵。清乾隆五十年，为了拢络汉人，曾下令修缮明陵。民国时期，1920xx年左右，当地豪绅争夺产权，明陵又遭破坏。

1绷昴骨范围

墓区原有一道40公里长的围墙。红色围墙自南边的大宫门起，依山而筑，设有中山口、东山口、老君堂口、贤庄口、灰岭口、锥子口、雁子口、德胜口、西山口、榨子口等十个关口，各口驻兵把守。现在红墙已无，但从地名上看还能了解到当年的墓区范围。

2绷昴怪兄嵯

(1)石牌坊

石牌坊是陵区最南端的建筑。该坊五门六柱十一楼，高14米，宽2886米，建于嘉靖十九年(1540)，是目前国内保存最大、最早的石坊。夹杆石四面有浮雕，刻有八对狮子滚绣球、十六条生龙，造型生动。

(2)大宫门

大宫门是陵墓区的正门。门分三洞，旁连40公里围墙。门前竖着"官员人等至此下马"碑。门内有数千军士守护，任何人不得闯入。当时规定"谋毁山陵者，以谋大逆论，不分首从，俱凌迟处死"。山陵内盗砍树木者斩，家属发往边疆充军。

(3)碑楼

该楼为重檐顶四出陛、楼内驮巨碑，即长陵的神功圣德碑，高三丈(该碑正式建立于宣德十年，即公元1435年)。正面为神功圣德碑文，3000余字，明成祖长子仁宗朱高炽撰。碑阴是乾隆五十年(1785)，清高宗的《哀明陵三十韵》，详细地记录了长、永、定、思几座陵墓的残破情况。碑东侧是清政府修明陵的花费记录，西侧是嘉庆九年(1804)清仁宗论述明亡的原因。

(4)石象生

神路两侧有一组石雕群，24兽，12人，共18对，36个。包括狮子、獬豸、骆驼、麒麟、马、象各4匹，二卧二立。武臣、文臣、勋臣各4人。

(5)棂星门

棂星门俗称龙凤门，在此处有"天门"之意，门三道之间有短垣相隔。6根门柱形似华表，三门额坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故当地人又称其为火焰牌坊。 棂星门北有7孔汉白玉神桥一座，通往长陵陵门。

(二)埋葬帝后简表

陵 名埋 葬年 号庙 号在位年代年 数享 年附葬皇后长 陵朱 棣永 乐成 祖1403～14242265徐 氏献 陵朱高炽洪 熙仁 宗1425148张 氏景 陵朱瞻基宣 德宣 宗1426～14351038孙 氏裕 陵朱祁镇正统天顺英 宗1436～1464(前后)2238钱、周氏茂 陵朱见深成 化宪 宗1465～14872341纪、王、邵氏泰 陵朱佑樘弘 治孝 宗1488～15051836张 氏康 陵朱厚照正 德武 宗1506～15211631夏 氏永 陵朱厚艏 靖世 宗1522～15664560杜、陈、方氏昭 陵朱载趼 庆穆 宗1567～1572636李、陈、李氏定 陵朱翊钧万 历神 宗1573～16204858王、王氏庆 陵朱常洛泰 昌光 宗16201月39郭、王、刘氏德 陵朱由校天 启熹 宗1621～1627723张 氏思 陵朱由检崇 祯思 宗1628～16441735田、周氏

(三)长陵

长陵是十三陵中第一陵，占地10公顷。墓主是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和皇后徐氏。

1绷暝捌矫娌季

陵墓有三进院落。第一进院落从陵门到潭髅拧A昝拍诙西侧原有神厨、神库各5间。东南角有碑亭一座，无碑文，建于嘉靖十五年(1536)。清顺治皇帝见过陵墓后，于顺治十六年(1659)，在石碑正面用汉、满两种文字镌刻其谒陵感受。碑阴是乾隆皇帝于1785年谒陵后镌刻的谒明陵八韵。第二进院落从潭髅胖聊诤烀拧T耗邶潭鞯羁9间，深5间，重檐庑殿顶。殿内60根楠木柱，当中4根柱直径都在1米以上。该殿是国内最好的楠木殿。殿中原有大佛龛，供成祖和徐皇后。殿两侧原有廊庑15间，现已无存。第三进院落从内红门至明楼。院内前部是二柱牌坊，依次为石五供、明楼和宝城。 明楼是每座陵墓的标帜，也是每座陵墓中轴线上的最高建筑。楼顶为重檐歇山式，建于方城之上，四出陛，额曰"长陵"。刻碑为万历三十二年重立。原碑刻"太宗"(朱棣原来的庙号)，后来世宗嘉靖皇帝于嘉靖七年改太宗为成祖，未换石碑，只用木雕成祖之碑镶之。万历三十二年(1604)雷击起火，木雕被毁。大学士沈一贯奏请改新碑。明楼两侧连宝城，城内园丘即宝顶，周一百丈，下面即地宫。

2倍西井

长陵的陵园还辖属东西井。东井在德陵馒头山之南，西井在定陵西北。"井"内葬着被"赐死"的殉葬宫妃。她们是皇帝的地下随侍，虽赐死但无资格入地宫。埋葬她们的坟(竖葬)叫"井"。

(四)定陵

定陵在昭陵东北大峪山(原名小峪山)下，埋葬着明代第十三代帝王万历帝朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖二位皇后。万历十一年(1583)朱翊钧借祭陵的机会勘察了陵区，最后决定在小峪山为己建陵，改小峪山为大峪山。因陵地有巨石，工程量级大，有人谏阻其不听，决定次年开工。朱翊钧时年才22岁。从万历十二年开工，至万历十八年竣工，历时6年之久。墓穴工程质量极佳。竣工后，28岁的万历皇帝，曾在自己的地宫中饮酒欢贺，然后将墓口封闭。朱翊钧是个残暴荒淫之君，在位48年不问朝政,纵饮欢乐,还巧立名目广纳民女,如选"九嫔"、"十俊"等。

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇(二)

各位游客：

你们好，欢迎你们来到北京旅游，我是你们的导游。

1992年，在“北京旅游世界之最”的评定中，专家学者对十三陵的判定语为“世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群”。20xx年7月，明十三陵被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》明清皇家陵寝的扩展项目。《世界遗产名录》对它的评价如下：“明清皇家陵寝依照风水理论，精心选址，将数量众多的建筑物巧妙的安置于地下。它是人类改变自然的产物，体现了传统的建筑装饰思想，阐释了封建中国持续了500余年的世界观和权力观。”

(明成祖朱棣)

十三陵的第一个陵是长陵，从永乐七年(公元1409)动工兴建，到永乐十一年(公元l413)玄宫告成。长陵位于天寿山丰峰南面，它是永乐帝朱棣和皇后徐氏的合葬墓。

明成祖朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，生于元至正二十年(1360)，明洪武三年(130)封为燕王，洪武十三年(1380)就藩北平。建文元年(1399)朱棣发动“靖难之役”，建文四年(1420)继承皇位，第二年改元永乐。其较突出的历史功绩有：主持编撰《永乐大典》和派遣郑和下西洋。中国被收入《世界遗产名录》的文化古迹中，有4项是朱棣开创奠基的，他们是北京故宫，北京天坛，北京明十三陵，湖北武当山道教古建筑群。皇后徐氏，是开国功臣中山王徐达的长女。永乐五年(公元1420xx年)七月四日病逝，永乐十一年(公元1420xx年)，首先被葬入长陵，她是葬入十三陵的第一人。长陵是明十三陵中规模宏大，营建时间最长，保存的最好的一座陵。

(长陵布局：长陵祾恩殿)

长陵陵园平面布局为“前方后圆”形制。“前方”，是三进深院落：第一深进院落大门为陵门，单檐歇山顶宫门式建筑，门内明朝时东建有神厨，西建有神库，神厨前有碑亭一座，神厨，神库均毁于清朝中期，碑亭尚存;第二进深院落大门为祾恩门，单檐歇山顶。门内即祾恩殿，面阔九间进深五间，重檐庑殿顶。祾恩殿是供奉帝后神位和举行祭祀活动的场所。“祾”是“祭而受福”，“恩”是“罔极之恩”的意思。长陵祾恩殿是明代帝王陵中唯一保存完整的祾恩殿。殿内有60根金丝楠木柱，当中4根柱的直径在l米以上，是我国保存最好的楠木大殿，十分珍贵;第三进深院落大门为棂星门，门内有两柱牌楼门和石几筵。“后圆”即指永乐帝的陵墓，它由宝城，宝山，方城，明楼组成。宝城状如圆形城堡，宝城围起来的土山]宝山，宝山下为玄宫。宝城正前方建方城，方城之上为重檐歇山顶明楼。明楼是每座陵墓的标志，也是每座陵墓中轴线上的最高建筑。原碑刻着朱棣原来的庙号“太宗”，后来世宗嘉靖七年(公元1528)改太宗为成祖，但没能换石碑，只是用木雕镶在成祖的石碑上。明楼内立“圣号碑”碑首为“大明”，下刻“成祖文皇帝之陵”7个字。

长陵陵园还辖有东，西井。东井在德陵馒头山的南面，西井在定陵西北。“井”内葬有被赐死的殉葬宫妃。

明长陵位于北京市昌平区怀长路上，处在天寿山主峰南麓，是明朝第三位皇帝成祖文皇帝朱棣(年号永乐)和皇后徐氏的合葬陵寝。在十三陵中建筑规模最大，营建时间最早，地面建筑也保存得最为完好。它是十三陵中的祖陵，也是陵区内最主要的旅游景点之一。长陵于永乐七年(1420xx年)开始修建，永乐十三年(1420xx年)完工。现存建筑有宝城、明楼、石五供、两柱牌楼门、祾恩殿、祾恩门、碑亭以及三进院落的宫墙和因墙而设的陵门、角门等。地宫未发掘，同时没有被盗墓记录。长陵目前对公众开放。

明长陵位于北京市昌平县境内，距北京故宫五十公里。陵区南起石牌坊，北倚天寿山主峰。四面环山，绿树丛丛。南面又有龙虎两山左右对峙，势如门户。当中奔流不息的山水自西向东而去，好似天然的护陵河。南北贯通的高速路似一条巨龙连接着长陵至故宫。

明长陵为十三陵之首，永乐皇帝和皇后徐氏的合葬墓。是永乐皇帝建北京皇宫(故宫)的第三年(公元1420xx年)自建的“寿宫”。陵园规模宏大，用料严格考究，施工精细，工程浩繁，营建时日旷久，仅地下宫殿就历时四年。

明长陵陵恩殿是嗣皇帝祭祀永乐帝后的场所，建筑在汉白玉雕刻成的三层台基上，金砖铺地。殿面阔九间(66.56米)，进深五间(29.12米)，象征着皇帝“”之位。所有木件全用金丝楠木为之，古色古香。一米多直径，十几米高的六十根金丝楠木大柱，承托着二千三百平方米的重檐庑殿顶，雄伟壮观、举世无双。最粗的一根重檐金柱，高12.58米，底径达到1.124米，为世间罕见佳木。殿中端坐于九龙宝座之上的永乐皇帝铜像，形象逼真，做工精湛考究，此造像是巨上精美绝伦的艺术佳作。此外陈列着明陵地宫出土文物数百件，播放1956年发掘地宫的实况录像，帮助游人解开地宫之谜。

明长陵，建筑最早、面积最大、规模最宏伟、工艺用料最考究、原建筑保护最完整。历经六百年沧桑，仍完好无损，金碧辉煌。它早已被公布为全国第一秕重点文物保护单位。它不权以其宏大的古建筑和辉煌的艺术成就，丰富的历史文化内涵，吸引着每年数以百万计的中外游人和各界专家学者，而且永乐皇帝是世界上赫赫有名的一代有作为的皇帝，所以长陵又是世界最有名的旅游胜地之一。

景区

祾恩门

《太常续考》等文献记载，天寿山诸陵陵殿名为“祾恩殿”，殿门名之为“祾恩门”，始于嘉靖十七年(1538年)，是世宗朱厚熜亲易佳名。其中，“祾”字取“祭而受福”之意，“恩”字取“罔极之恩”意，长陵棱恩门，为单檐歇山顶形制，面阔五间(通阔31.44米)，进深二间(通深14.37米)，正脊顶部距地面高14.57米。檐下斗拱为单翘重昂七踩式，其平身科斗拱耍头的后尾作斜起的杆状，与宋清做法俱不相同。室内明间、次间各设板门一道，稍间封以墙体。其中明间板门之上安有华带式榜额，书“祾恩门”三金字。“稜”字系后世修葺时误写。门下承以旱白玉栏杆围绕的须弥座式台基。其栏杆形制，为龙凤雕饰的望柱，和宝瓶、三幅云式的栏板。台基四角及各栏杆望柱之下，各设有排水用的石雕螭首(龙头)。台基前后则各设有三出踏跺式台阶。其中路台阶间的御路石上雕刻的浅浮雕图案十分精美：下面是海水江牙云腾浪涌，海水中宝山矗立，两匹海马跃出水面凌波奔驰;上面是两条矫健的巨龙在云海中升降飞腾，追逐火珠，呈现出一派波澜壮阔的雄伟景象。

陵宫建筑

长陵的陵宫建筑，占地约12万平方米。其平面布局呈前方后圆形状。其前面的方形部分，由前后相连的三进院落组成。第一进院落，前设陵门一座。其制为单檐歇山顶的宫门式建筑，面阔显五间，檐下额枋、飞子、檐椽及单昂三踩式斗拱均系琉璃构件;其下辟有三个红券门。陵门之前建有月台，左右建有随墙式角门(已拆除并封塞)。院内，明朝时建有神厨(居左)、神库(居右)各五间，神厨之前建有碑亭一座。神厨、神库均毁于清代中期，碑亭则保存至今。

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇(三)

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，那即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

明朝永乐皇帝朱棣在1420xx年派了一些风水术士到北京选择“吉壤”，其实就是吉祥的土地，准备修建陵寝。当时这些人找了很多地方，但是都不成功，开始他们选在了口外的屠家营，可是皇帝姓朱，与猪同音，犯了地讳。然后又选在了昌平西南的羊山脚下，可是后面有个村子叫“狼口峪”，这样岂不是更危险!后来选过京西的“燕家台”，有与“宴驾”同音，太不吉利了。最后直到明永乐七年，才选定了现在的这片天寿山陵区，在周围有蟒山，虎峪，龙山和天寿山。这里正符合了阴阳五行中四方之神的所在位置，就是东青龙，西白虎，南朱雀，北玄武，还有温榆河经过这里，真可以说是风水宝地。从此可见当时皇帝要为自己修建一个陵寝要耗费多少精力啊。随后，就开始修建了长陵，经过四年终于竣工了。那明朝历代的皇帝，也陆续在这里修建了陵寝。而且从1409修建长陵一直到1644年明王朝灭亡，这200多年间，明十三陵的营建工程从来没有间断过。在这方圆40平方公里的范围，埋葬了明代十三位皇帝，二十三位皇后，还有许多的妃子，太子等等。可是这里也没能够完整的保留下来，在清兵入关以后，为了报复金人将清太祖的祖坟毁掉，所以就将这里烧了。后来在乾隆五十年的时候，为了笼络汉人，就下令修缮陵区。在新中国成立以后，对这里进行了大规模的开发，并且开放了的长陵、定陵和昭陵，其中定陵的地宫已经被发掘了。现在这里已经成为了全国重点风景名胜区，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。现在大家可能在想：明朝不是有十六个皇帝么?怎么在这里只有十三个皇帝的陵寝?其实原因很简单，明太祖朱元璋因为建都南京，所以他的陵墓当然就在南京啦，也就是明孝陵;而明朝第二个皇帝建文帝，因为被朱棣夺取了皇位，尸骨下落不明，所以这里就没有他的陵墓;在明朝第七代皇帝英宗的时候，他曾经被宦官王振怂恿，率军亲征，后来在河北怀来的土木堡被瓦刺军俘虏，这个事件称为“土木之变”，一国不能无君，所以他的兄弟就被册封为景泰帝，而后又上演了英宗重新夺取皇位的“夺门之变”，所以在十三陵中没有景泰帝的陵墓，他以亲王的礼节被安葬在西郊的金山口。这样一来，大家一定都明白了为什么这里叫做十三陵了。

现在大家沿途看到的这一个石牌坊，就是陵区的标志，是嘉靖年间制造的。这个牌坊是5间6柱11楼，高有14米，宽达到了28.86米，是现在国内保存下来最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。

大宫门就是陵墓区的正门儿，也叫大红门。门是南向的，分三洞，在这个门里边就是陵墓区。在门两侧都有刻着“官员人等至此下马”的下马碑，因为当时规定这些人进入陵区都是要步行，否则可是要治罪的。而且这里也是禁区，不是一般老百姓可以随便进入的地方，严重的是要被斩首的。而进了这个门儿，也就走进了贯穿陵园南北，能够直接通到长陵陵门的神道，明朝的神道，也是我国历代修建的帝王陵中神道最长的，其实他的主要作用就是让皇帝灵魂通过的地方，全长有7公里。

我们一边走着，就可以看到前边有一个碑亭。这个碑亭是重檐歇山顶的建筑，里边有赑屃驮着巨碑，这个就是长陵的神功颂德碑，正式建立于1435年，正面就是永乐皇帝的长子朱高炽写的颂德碑文，有3000多字，而背面则是在乾隆五十年撰写的《哀明陵三十韵》，里边详细记录了陵墓的破损情况。碑身的东面是清政府修缮陵墓的花费，西侧则是在嘉庆九年论述明王朝灭亡的原因。

过了碑亭，我们继续沿着神道行走，会发现在神路两侧，都有很多石雕。其实这里一共有36座石雕，叫做石像生。紧挨着碑亭后边的是两根石望柱，接下来就是狮子、獬豸、骆驼、大象、麒麟、马，各有四匹，按照先卧后立的顺序排列。然后是武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四人。修建这些，都是为了体现帝王生前的仪仗和死后的尊严。所以体积都非常大，雕刻的都非常精细。而且这些也都象征着皇帝在生前可以得到尊崇，到了死后也是同样得到尊崇。，各方神圣和文武百官还是要为我独尊。

再往前走，就可以看到一座棂星门，也叫龙凤门，取天门之意。在这个三门六柱的门中央位置上，有三个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。

我们其实一直都是沿着神道来前进的，来回顾一下，先是石牌坊，然后到了大宫门，现在我们就要已经进入了长陵了。碑亭，石象生，过了龙凤门，还有一段路程就可以到达长陵的陵门了。而我们所说的整个陵墓群的中轴线其实也就是这条贯穿陵园南北，全长共7公里的神道。

说到长陵，它是明十三陵中的第一座陵，始建于1420xx年，在1420xx年全部建成，是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和徐皇后的合葬墓。朱棣是明太祖朱元璋的第四个儿子，当朱元璋死后，朱棣就以靖难为名，从北平发兵攻下南京，并且从当时的皇帝朱允文手中夺得了皇位，改年号为永乐，这件事历史上称之为靖难之役。朱棣是一位很了不起的皇帝，当了皇帝以后仍然为了巩固明朝的统治而连年征战，并且在1420xx年做出了迁都北京的重大决定。在他所统治的明朝年间，国库充实，政局稳定，而且还命人写作了《永乐大典》这部我国历史上最大的类书，派郑和七下西洋，发展了各国之间友好关系。而他的贤内助徐皇后，也就是明朝开国元勋徐达的女儿也是一位有中国古典美的女性，她曾经编写了《内训》和《劝善》用以化育人心，在用了五年的时候病逝了。值得一提的是葬入长陵的第一个人并不是朱棣，而是徐皇后。长陵共占地10公顷，中轴线由陵恩门，陵恩殿，明楼，宝城和宝顶共同组成。陵墓共有三进院，第一进院是从陵门道陵恩门，可以看到左右两侧各有一个小碑亭，但当时上面都没有文字，现在的文字是清顺治皇帝写上的。陵恩殿坐落在陵墓的第二进院落中，在1412，明永乐十四年建成，是供奉牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。它面阔九间，进深五间，是重檐庑殿顶的建筑，殿内有60根楠木柱，中间的四根直径都达到了一米以上，是国内最好的楠木殿。原来陵恩殿中陈列有大佛龛，现在已经没有了，取而代之的是后人制作的永乐皇帝坐像，大家可以绕道坐像的后边来看一下，可以看到椅背上刻有一条龙，而龙头则正对着万历皇帝的头部，这象征着皇帝是真龙天子。而四周则是出土文物的展览。

咱们从殿后的门一出来，就到达了第三进院落，每座陵墓的标志——明楼就在这里。大家可以看到这里也有一个碑亭，石碑上刻有成祖文皇帝之陵，因为皇帝姓朱，所以碑身也都是用的朱砂红色。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘，所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急，接下来我们将要去的定陵，就可以让大家参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝第13位皇帝神宗万历朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝，他的为人和永乐皇帝朱棣可以说成为了鲜明的对比。他非常贪婪懒惰，在他九岁即位的时候，由于有大臣张居正的辅佐，国家发展的还算比较稳定，可是后来张居正病逝，他便利用这个机会为自己选择了陵地，花费了800万两白银，用了六年时间，建了工程质量最好的定陵，而他居然因为陵寝修建的非常满意，而在地宫当中举行了盛大的宴会，真实一位让人苦笑不得的皇帝。而他不仅如此，在他在位的48年当中，竟然有20xx年不理朝政，导致国家处于瘫痪状态。后人评论，其实明朝灭亡的命运，在万历皇帝朱翊钧时就已经成为定局了。他有两位皇后，其实在开始的时候孝靖皇后身份低下，可是与他有了一个男孩，就是后来的“一月天子”朱常洛，母以子贵，她就被封为贵妃。但是她比朱翊钧早死了九年，并没有葬在定陵里，直到后来追封她为太皇太后的时候，才与万历皇帝朱翊钧，孝端皇后共同葬入陵寝。朱翊钧的另一个皇后孝端与他没有孩子，在她去世后不到百日，朱翊钧也去世了，所以他们是同日葬入定陵的。

一进入定陵陵区，我们首先看到的是一个碑亭，里边就是神功圣德碑，也称为无字碑。碑顶有云龙交盘，下端雕有海水纹的图案，碑座也是龙九子之一赑屃。在十三陵中，除了长陵以外，其他的陵碑都没有字。这是因为原来在献景裕茂泰康六个陵门前没有碑亭，当然也就没有碑文一说，可是后来这六个碑亭相继建成，碑文理应有当时的嘉靖皇帝撰写，可是他忙于炼丹成仙，根本没工夫理会，所以导致六个碑空空如也。在永陵之后的陵墓，因为祖宗的墓碑上都没有写字，所以怕冒犯祖先，也都没有撰写碑文，这样就形成了今天我们所看到的景象。定陵的这个碑背面有一个满月型的痕迹，所以俗称月亮碑，传说它还有灵性，能随月亮阴晴圆缺而发光，可是后来陵园着火，就失去了灵性。

过了碑亭，我们所看到的两座高石台基就是定陵陵恩门和陵恩殿的遗址。这里原来也叫享殿，它是举行祭祀典礼的地方，当时面阔七间，清兵入关的时候曾经遭到破坏，到了乾隆年间，对这里进行了修复，但是后来又遭到了破坏。

在往前走，我们可以看到一个陈列室，这里陈列展出的都是定陵的出土文物，是在地宫挖掘之后兴建的。展室分为南北两个部分，南侧主要陈列地宫出土的万历皇帝的随葬品，北侧则是两位太后的随葬品，都非常精美，各位尽可以一饱眼福。

现在来到了明楼，它也是定陵陵墓的标志。明楼为石结构建筑，是定陵地面保存最完好的建筑，始终没有遭到破坏。在明楼黄色琉璃瓦顶上，镶有一块高大的石榜，刻有定陵二字，在明楼内的碑额上篆有大名二字，而碑身上则刻有神宗显皇帝之陵七个大字。它与宝城相连。宝城是一道用城砖垒起的圆形大墙，墙上有垛口，城墙高7.5米，上厚下薄，周长800米，在它围绕的中间有一个人工堆成的大土丘，其实就是皇陵的坟头，叫做宝顶。

咱们现在正从左侧的通道走入地宫。定陵地宫的挖掘工作是从1956年5月开始的，在1958年结束。最开始，工作人员是发现了宝城西南侧墙上露出了一处券门，于是就正对着券门开了第一条探沟，到了底部发现了用城砖砌成的隧道。在三个月以后，沿着隧道的方向在明楼西面开了第二条探沟，在这条探沟的挖掘过程中，碰到了刻有“此时至今刚墙前皮十六丈、深三丈五尺”的石碑，从而得到了关于打开地宫的正确方向。工作人员沿着这个方向，又开了第三条探沟，最终找到了石隧道，并且发现了金刚墙，打开金刚墙，里边有一个方形的石券室，在西侧正中有两扇汉白玉的石门，从里边顶着“自来石”，而工作人员只用了铁丝和木板，不到五分钟，就将沉睡了337年的定陵地宫打开了。

地宫深度是27米，总面积达到了1195平方米，整个建筑的用料都是砖石，可以说是地下的无梁殿，礼制上是仿明堂的“九重法宫制”，分为前中后左右五个殿堂由七扇汉白玉门连接，最大的一扇高3.3米，宽1.7米，重达4吨，看上去很笨重，其实设计非常的合理。石门的重心偏向门轴，所以开关自如;门扇上横着设有防止倒塌的青铜扇管，重量大约是10吨;在门正面雕刻有乳状门钉和衔环铺首，背面与之相对应的地方有一个凸起的部分，关门以后，自来石就承托在这里。

在地宫前殿和左右两个配殿中没有任何的陈设。而现在到达的中殿高7.2米，宽6米，地面是金砖铺地，据记载，这种砖会越擦越亮的。殿中陈设有汉白玉石宝座，它的样式和皇帝生前宝座是一样的，在前边也就是孝靖和孝端皇后的宝座雕有凤头，而万历皇帝的宝座靠背和扶手都雕有龙头。原来宝座的陈列是呈品字形的，后来为了方便游人参观，才改变了陈设。在三个宝座之前，设有祭祀用具黄琉璃五供，包括一个香炉，两个烛台，和两个香瓶，和嘉靖年间的青花云龙大瓷缸，这个缸中原来是盛有香油，里边放有灯芯的，叫做长明灯，但是由于关门后地宫缺氧，所以这盏灯并没有长明。

在中殿后面的就是后殿，它是地宫中最大的一个殿，高大9.5米，长31米，宽9.1米，地面上铺设的是磨光的花斑石。在后殿中设有白石镶边的棺床一座，中央有一个长型方孔，中间填的是黄土，也就是选择墓穴时的第一铲黄土，叫做金井，它是整座陵寝建筑格局的基本点。在棺椁四周和棺椁内放有玉石，或者在死者口中含有玉石，称为玉葬。之所以这样，是因为古人认为金井可以沟通阴阳，交流生气，而玉葬能够保持尸体不腐烂。金井玉葬在明清两代是最高等级的葬礼。当然这些都是古人的理想而已，没有什么科学根据。在棺床的上安放有万历皇帝和两位皇后的棺椁，还有装随葬品的26个木箱。

按照皇帝陵寝的规置，后殿只是安放皇帝棺椁用的，那为什么两个皇后的棺椁也出现在这里呢?这个现象在史料中是没有明确记载的，可是根据专家推测：在万历四十八年的时候，先是孝端皇后病逝，接着七月就是万历皇帝去世，而他的儿子朱常洛也在即位29天死于红丸案，在这短短百日之内，死了两位皇帝，一位皇后，还有孝靖皇后还要迁葬，这么巨大的任务都压在了刚刚即位的皇帝朱由校身上，所以准备工作十分的仓促。而且当时正好是雨季，安放皇后的配殿不方便打开，于是皇帝皇后的棺椁就都从正门进去了。可是到了地宫发现配殿的甬道太窄了，皇后的棺椁进不去，所以只好将它们一并放入了后殿当中。现在大家可以明白地宫中棺椁的摆设呈这样是怎样一回事儿了吧。那好，现在就请大家跟随我走出地宫。

随着参观定陵的活动结束，我们今天的明十三陵之行也将近尾声了，相信大家一定都为这座巨大的帝王陵墓群而感叹，随着我国文物保护工作的不断开展，国家投入了大量的资金修缮明十三陵，这座规模宏大的帝王陵寝也将被永久的保存下去。同时，我也希望各位游客能对这里留下美好的印象，欢迎各位下次再来参观。

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇(四)

各位游客：

你们好，欢迎你们来到北京旅游，我是你们的导游。

十三陵是明朝十三代皇帝及皇后之陵墓的简称，在北京西北约44公里的昌平县天寿山下的小盆地上，面积约40平方公里。从德胜门驱车直下，向北经沙河、昌平就可到达十三陵了。

十三座墓陵的建筑布局、规制等基本相同，只在面积大小、建筑繁简等方面略有差异。其中明成祖朱棣所葬之墓——长陵，是十三陵中规模最大的。长陵建于明永乐十一年(1420xx年)，陵内有主要建筑棱恩殿、明楼和宝顶。棱恩殿为我国现存形体最大的一座木结构建筑。定陵是明神宗朱翊均的安寝之地，是十三陵中唯一被发掘的陵墓，著名的十三陵地下宫殿就在这里。定陵修建于万历十二年(1584年)，规模宏大，仅当年役使的军卒、工匠就达三万余人。地下宫殿的发掘，出土了大量珍贵的文物，成为研究明代历史的宝贵资料。另一座明陵——永陵，是明世宗朱厚聪的陵寝，其规模虽不及长陵，但构造精美细致，其主要建筑明楼，为十三陵建筑之冠。

十三陵除以上景点供游人观览外，还有著名的石牌楼(为我国最大的古石坊)及造型细腻、栩栩如生的石象生。1958年修建的十三陵水库，更给十三陵增添了新的光彩，成为夏季旅游的好去处。十三陵第九号皇陵——昭陵，也从1985年开始修复，1989年11月1日修复完毕，对外开放。十三陵为1961年国务院公布的第一批全国重点文物保护单位之一。

明十三陵，世界文化遗产，全国重点文物保护单位，国家重点风景名胜区，国家AAAAA级旅游景区。

明十三陵坐落于北京市昌平区天寿山麓，总面积一百二十余平方公里，距离天安门约五十公里。自永乐七年(1409)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、两位太监。

明十三陵坐落于天寿山麓。总面积一百二十余平方公里。距离北京约五十公里。十三陵地处东、西、北三面环山的小盆地之中，陵区周围群山环抱，中部为平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。

这里自永乐七年(1409)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、一位太监。

十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了体系完整、规模宏大、气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群。明代术士认为，这里是"风水"胜境，绝佳"吉壤"。因此被明朝选为营建皇陵的"万年寿域"。

该陵园建于1409～1644年，距今已有300～500多年历史。陵区占地面积达40平方公里，是中国乃至世界现存规模最大、帝后陵寝最多的一处皇陵建筑群。明代时，于途中的沙河镇北，建有七孔石造"朝宗桥"。在镇东，则筑有壮丽的"巩华城"。该城原为嘉靖皇帝祭陵时中途休息的行宫，现仅存遗址。

景区简介

明十三陵坐落于天寿山麓。总面积一百二十余平方公里。距离北京约五十公里。十三陵地处东、西、北三面环山的小盆地之中，陵区周围群山环抱，中部为平原，陵前有小河曲折蜿蜒，山明水秀，景色宜人。

这里自永乐七年(1409)五月始作长陵，到明朝最后一帝崇祯葬入思陵止，其间230多年，先后修建了十三座皇帝陵墓、七座妃子墓、一座太监墓。共埋葬了十三位皇帝、二十三位皇后、二位太子、三十余名妃嫔、一位太监。

十三座皇陵均依山而筑，分别建在东、西、北三面的山麓上，形成了体系完整、规模宏大、气势磅礴的陵寝建筑群。明代术士认为，这里是"风水"胜境，绝佳"吉壤"。因此被明朝选为营建皇陵的"万年寿域"。

该陵园建于1409～1644年，距今已有300～500多年历史。陵区占地面积达40平方公里，是中国乃至世界现存规模最大、帝后陵寝最多的一处皇陵建筑群。明代时，于途中的沙河镇北，建有七孔石造"朝宗桥"。在镇东，则筑有壮丽的"巩华城"。该城原为嘉靖皇帝祭陵时中途休息的行宫，现仅存遗址。[1]

地理位置

明十三陵是中国明朝皇帝的墓葬群，坐落在北京西北郊昌平区境内的燕山山麓的天寿山。

历史沿革

发展历史

明十三陵建于1409～1645年，陵区占地面积达40平方公里。

中华人民共和国成立后，政府为了保护这一文物古迹，从解放初期就开始进行维修，并将十三陵作为全国重点文物加以保护。

1957年，北京市政府公布十三陵为北京市第一批重点古建文物保护单位。

1961年，十三陵被公布为全国重点文物保护单位。

1982年，国务院公布八达岭-十三陵风景区为全国44个重点风景名胜保护区之一。

1991年，十三陵被国家旅游局确定为“中国旅游胜地四十佳”之一。

1992年，十三陵被北京旅游世界之最评选委员会评为“是世界上保存完整埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。”

20xx年，明十三陵被列入《世界遗产目录》。

20xx年，国家旅游局批准明十三陵景区为国家5A级旅游景区。

20xx年7月1日，明十三陵优待券全面取消，所有游客均需购票参观。

名称由来

明十三陵是明朝迁都北京后13位皇帝陵墓的皇家陵寝的总称，依次建有长陵(成祖)、献陵(仁宗)、景陵(宣宗)、裕陵(英宗)、茂陵(宪宗)、泰陵(孝宗)、康陵(武宗)、永陵(世宗)、昭陵(穆宗)、定陵(神宗)、庆陵(光宗)、德陵(熹宗)、思陵(思宗)，故称十三陵。景区已开放景点有长陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。

本段景点介绍

景区已开放景点有长陵、定陵、昭陵、神路。

明长陵

明长陵位于天寿山主峰南麓，是明朝第三位皇帝成祖文皇帝朱棣(年号永乐)和皇后徐氏的合葬陵寝。在十三陵中建筑规模最大，营建时间最早，地面建筑也保存得最为完好。它是十三陵中的祖陵，也是陵区内最主要的旅游景点之一。

长陵的陵宫建筑，占地约12万平方米。其平面布局呈前方后圆形状。其前面的方形部分，由前后相连的三进院落组成。

第一进院落，前设陵门一座。其制为单檐歇山顶的宫门式建筑，面阔显五间，檐下额枋、飞子、檐椽及单昂三踩式斗拱均系琉璃构件;其下辟有三个红券门。陵门之前建有月台，左右建有随墙式角门(已拆除并封塞)。院内，明朝时建有神厨(居左)、神库(居右)各五间，神厨之前建有碑亭一座。神厨、神库均毁于清代中期，碑亭则保存至今。

第二进院落，前面设殿门一座，名为祾恩门。据《太常续考》等文献记载，天寿山诸陵陵殿名为“祾恩殿”，殿门名之为“祾恩门”，始于嘉靖十七年(1538年)，是世宗朱厚熜亲易佳名。其中，“祾”字取“祭而受福”之意，“恩”字取“罔极之恩”意，长陵棱恩门，为单檐歇山顶形制，面阔五间(通阔31.44米)，进深二间(通深14.37米)，正脊顶部距地面高14.57米。檐下斗拱为单翘重昂七踩式，其平身科斗拱耍头的后尾作斜起的杆状，与宋清做法皆不相同。室内明间、次间各设板门一道，稍间封以墙体。其中明间板门之上安有华带式榜额，书“祾恩门”三金字。“稜”字系后世修葺时误写。门下承以旱白玉栏杆围绕的须弥座式台基。其栏杆形制，为龙凤雕饰的望柱，和宝瓶、三幅云式的栏板。台基四角及各栏杆望柱之下，各设有排水用的石雕螭首(龙头)。台基前后则各设有三出踏跺式台阶。其中路台阶间的御路石上雕刻的浅浮雕图案十分精美：下面是海水江牙云腾浪涌，海水中宝山矗立，两匹海马跃出水面凌波奔驰;上面是两条矫健的巨龙在云海中升降飞腾，追逐火珠，呈现出一派波澜壮阔的雄伟景象。

祾恩门两侧还各有掖门一座，均作随墙式琉璃花门，门上的斗拱、额枋，门顶的瓦饰、椽飞均为黄绿琉璃件组装，在红墙的映衬下格外分明。院内，北面正中位置建有高大巍峨的祾恩殿。这座大殿在明清两代，是用于供奉帝后神牌(牌位)和举行上陵祭祀活动的地方。

明定陵

明定陵是明代第十三位皇帝神宗显皇帝朱翊钧(年号万历)的陵墓。这里还葬有他的两个皇后。该陵坐落在大峪山下，位于长陵西南方，建于1584～1590年(万历十二年至万历十八年)。主要建筑有祾恩门、祾恩殿、宝城、明楼和地下宫殿等。占地1820xx平方米。它是十三陵中唯一一座被发掘了的陵墓。定陵地宫可供游人参观。

定陵早在万历帝生前就开始营建，万历十二年(公元1584年)开工，历时6年方完成，耗银八百万两。陵墓建成时皇帝只有28岁，直到1620xx年才正式启用。定陵成为十三陵中最大的三座陵园之一。它的地面建筑共占18万平方米，前有宽阔院落三进，后有高大宝城一座。陵正门前方是三卒汉白玉石桥。过了桥是高大的碑亭。亭周围有祠祭署、宰牲亭、定陵监等建筑物300多间。再往后就是陵园最外面的围墙-外罗城(围墙外的围墙)。

陵宫的总体布局亦呈前方后圆之形。其外围是一道将宝城、宝城前方院一包在内的“外罗城”。城内面积约18万平方米。清梁份《帝陵图说》对这道外城成做过这样的描述：“铺地墙基，其石皆文石，滑泽如新，微尘不能染。左右长垣琢为山水、花卉、龙凤、麒麟、海马、龟蛇之壮(状)，莫不宛然逼肖，真巧夺天工也。”又谓：“覆墙黄同瓦瓦，刻砖为斗拱，檐牙玲珑嵌空，光莹如玉石。甲申之变，寸寸毁之，而不能尽毁也。”外罗城仅前部正当中轴线位置设宫门一座，即陵寝第一道门。其制，黄瓦、朱扉、设券门三道。

外罗城内，偏后部位为宝城。宝城之前，在外罗城内设有三进方形的院落。

第一进院落，前设单檐歇山顶式陵门一座，制如外罗城门，为陵寝第二道门，又称重门。其左右各设有随墙式掖门一道。院落之内无建筑设施，院落之前(外罗城之内)左侧建有神厨三间，右侧建有神库三间。

第二进院落，前墙之间设祾恩门。其制面阔五间(通阔26.47米)，进深二间(通深11.46米)，下承一层须弥座式台基。台基之上龙凤望柱头式的石栏杆及大小螭首设置齐备。前后还各设有三出踏跺式台阶。

第三进院落，前墙间建有陵园最主要的殿宇——祾恩殿。其形制为重檐顶，面阔七间(通阔50.6米)，进深五间(通深28.1米)，下承须弥座式台基一层，围栏雕饰同祾恩门。台基前部出有月台。月台前设三出踏跺式台阶，左右各设一出。殿有后门，故台基的后面亦设踏跺式台阶一出。其中，后面一出踏跺及月台前中间一出踏跺设有御路石雕。刻龙凤戏珠(左升龙，右降凤)及海水江牙图案。祾恩殿左右各设随墙式掖门一座。院内沿中轴线设有两柱牌楼门(棂星门)一座、石几筵一套。牌楼门的两柱作出头式，白石雕成、截面为方形，顶部雕坐龙，前后戗以石抱鼓。石几筵，由石供案和石供器组成。石供案作须弥座式，石供器由香炉(一座)、烛台(二座)、花瓶(二座)组成。形制如长、永等陵。

由于宝城的隧道门设于宝城墙的右前方，帝后棺椁在享殿(祾恩殿)内举行“安神礼”后，必须途经外罗城内能进入宝城的隧道门入葬玄宫，同时考虑到建筑设计的对称性，在第三进院落左右两墙又对称地设有随墙式掖门各一座。

此外，定陵外罗城之前，左侧还建有宰性亭、祠祭署，右侧建有神宫监、神马房等附属建筑。定陵卫的营房则建于昌平城内。其中，定陵祠祭署的建筑布局是，中为公座(办公用的正厅)，后为官舍，前为门。神宫监有重门厅室，房屋多至300余间。

明昭陵

明昭陵位于大峪山东麓，是明朝第十二代皇帝穆宗庄皇帝朱载垕(年号隆庆)及其三位皇后的合葬陵寝。昭陵是十三陵中第一座大规模复原修葺的陵园，也是陵区正式开放的旅游景点之一。

昭陵陵园建筑面积为35000平方米，现存有完整的祾恩门、祾恩殿及其东西配殿，和方城、明楼、宝顶等。这里埋葬有明朝第十二帝穆宗朱载垕和他的三位皇后。

明朝灭亡后，昭陵先后遭到两次破坏。公元1644年，战乱中明楼遭火焚;清朝康熙三十四年(1695年)三月五日，大雨滂沱，雷电交加，陵恩殿和两庑配殿又遭雷击起火，陵卒拼命扑救，只救下了两庑配殿，陵恩殿被彻底烧毁。随着岁月的推移，到了乾隆年间，两庑配殿和陵恩门又相继残坏。乾隆五十至五十二年(1785-1787年)，清政府为缓和民族矛盾，重新修葺明十三陵。昭陵也在修葺之中。从遗址分析，当时修葺的项目只有明楼、棱恩门、棱恩殿三项工程。这次重修，虽然使陵园制度稍趋完备，但却改变了原有建筑的规制。

明楼的斗拱，依明朝制度各陵均为上檐单翘重昂七踩斗拱，下檐重昂五踩斗拱。而修葺后的昭陵却变成了上下檐均为单翘单昂五踩斗拱。明楼内还增加了条石券顶。棱恩门、棱恩殿虽然重建时间数没有大的变动，但都缩小了尺度。棱恩殿，原制面阔五间(30.38米)，进深四间(16.77米);清代重建后，面阔间数没有改变，尺度却缩小为23.3米。进深改为三间，尺度缩小为11.92米。棱恩门，原为面阔三间(18.44米)，进深二间(8.04米);清代重建后面阔缩小为12.52米，进深缩小为6.77米。陵内的两庑配殿和陵前的神功圣德碑亭不仅没有重建，而且残垣断壁也被拆除。只在碑石周围旧亭基上修建了一周宇墙。此后，长达220xx年的时间里一直没有修缮。昔日壮丽的陵园建筑满目凄凉，只剩下残坏的明楼和陵墙了。

明永陵

明永陵位于阳翠岭南麓，是明朝第十一代皇帝世宗肃皇帝朱厚熜(年号嘉靖)及陈氏、方氏、杜氏三位皇后的合葬陵寝。

永陵大约经过7-20xx年的经营，永陵营建大体告成。建成后的永陵与前七陵相较，确有两大独特之处。

首先，是规模宏大。在古代，陵园规模的大小，取决于陵园殿庑、明楼及宝城规则。按照《大明会典》的记载，永陵宝城直径为81丈，裬恩殿为重檐七间，左右配殿各九间，其规制仅次于长陵，而超过献、景、裕、茂、泰、康六陵制度。其裬恩门面阔五间则与长陵相等，其后仅定陵与之同制。

另外，永陵的方院和宝城之外，还有一道前七陵都没有的外罗城，其制“壮大，甃石之缜密精工，长陵规画之心思不及也”。外罗城之内，左列神厨，右列神库各五间，还仿照深宫永巷之制，建有东西长街。古人设计了外罗城，以便将皇妃们埋葬于外罗城之内，其布葬的位置则拟在宝山城之外，明楼之前，亦即明楼前左右宫墙之外，左右相向，依次而袝。后来，世宗的皇妃们的墓窒虽然没有按原议定的方案，修在外罗城内，但外罗城则按原定计划修建了。

明献陵

献陵是明朝第四位皇帝仁宗昭皇帝朱高炽(洪熙)和皇后张氏的陵寝，就位于天寿山西峰之下，长陵的旁边，目前封闭没有开放。

陵寝制度确实比较俭朴。其神道从长陵神道北五空桥北分出，长约1公里。途中建有单空石桥一座。路面为中铺城砖，两侧墁碎石为散水，十分俭朴。其朝向为南偏西200，占地仅4.2万平方米左右。其陵殿、两庑配殿、神厨均各为5间，而且都是单檐建筑;门楼(祾恩门)则仅为3间;城下券门改为更简单的直通前后的形式。照壁则因之不设于券洞内而设于方城之后，墓冢之前。上登明楼的礓石察 量路则改为设于宝城之内的方城左右两侧。由于献陵陵制不追求奢华，所以，前人在述及明陵时有“献陵最朴，景陵最小”之说，它为此后的明陵建筑树立了楷模。

明献陵还有一个特点，这就是祾恩殿和方城明楼在院落上彼此不相连属。前面以祾恩殿为主，建有一进院落，殿前左右建两庑配殿和神帛炉。院的正门，是祾恩门，也即陵园的大门，门前出大月台，院后设单座门一道。后面以宝城、明楼为主，前出一进院落。院内建两柱棂星门、石供案。院门为三座单檐歇山顶的琉璃花门。二院之间，隔一座小土山(影壁山)。

明庆陵

明庆陵，位于北京昌平天寿山陵内黄山寺二岭南麓，是明朝第十四代皇帝光宗贞皇帝朱常洛(年号泰昌)和皇后郭氏、王氏、刘氏的合葬陵寝。

庆陵的地下玄宫自天启元年(公元1620xx年)三月定穴营建，七月二十九日合龙门，历时四个月，耗帑银150万两。且工程质量精细，除玄宫全部用石料外，其“后、中、前殿”，有“重门相隔”。天启六年(公元1620xx年)地面建筑完工。其陵园建筑由神道、陵宫及陵宫外附属建筑三部分组成。神道上建单空石桥一座。近陵处建神功圣德碑亭遗作，亭内竖碑，螭首龟跌，无字。

陵宫建筑总体布局呈前方后圆形状，占地约2.76万平方米。前面有两进方院，彼此不相连接，在二进院落之间有神道相连，并于第一进院落后建单空石桥三座。第一进院落，以祾恩门为陵门，单檐歇山顶，面阔三间。院内建祾恩殿及左右配殿，各五间。神帛炉两座。第二进院落，前设三座门，内建两柱牌楼门及石供案，案上摆放石质香炉一，驻泰、花瓶各二，方院之后为圆形宝城，在宝城入口处建有方形城台，城台之上建重檐歇山式明楼。楼内竖圣号碑，上刻“大明”“光宗贞皇帝之陵”。明楼后宝城内满填黄土，中央夯筑上小下大的圆柱形体为宝顶，底部直径约28米。冢前拦土墙与宝城墙等高，并与宝城城台及两侧墙体围成一个平面近于“月牙”形状的院落——哑巴院，院内有随墙式琉璃照壁。零工外还有一些附属建筑，如宰牲亭、神厨、神库、祠祭署、神宫监、朝房、果园、榛厂、神马房等。

明茂陵

明茂陵，位于裕陵右侧的聚宝山下，是明朝第八代皇帝宪宗纯皇帝朱见深(年号成化)和王氏、纪氏、邵氏三位皇后的合葬陵寝。

位于裕陵右侧的聚宝山下，是明朝第八帝宪宗纯皇帝朱见深(年号成化)和王氏、纪氏、邵氏三位皇后的合葬陵寝。

茂陵的建筑在清初时保存尚好，而且祾恩殿内的陈设也保存较多。顾炎武《昌平山水记》记载顺治、康熙年间茂陵的情况是： “十二陵惟茂陵独完，他陵或仅存御榻，茂陵则簨虡之属犹有存者。”至清朝末年，祾恩门因年久失修已经倒塌，民国年间祾恩殿本已残坏，又被拆毁。其现状情况同裕陵。

明康陵

明康陵，位于金岭(又名莲花山或八宝莲花山)东麓，是明朝第十代皇帝武宗毅皇帝朱厚照(年号正德)和皇后夏氏的合葬陵寝。

建陵用时1年，总体布局沿袭前制，呈前方后圆形状。该陵建于正德十六年(1520xx年)，占地2.7万平方米。明末，康陵曾遭到烧毁，在清朝乾隆年间，曾被整修。

明景陵

明景陵，位于天寿山东峰(又名黑山)之下，是明朝第五代皇帝宣宗章皇帝朱瞻基(年号宣德)与皇后孙氏的合葬陵寝。

其神道从长陵神道北五空桥南向东分出，长约1.5公里，途中建单空石桥一座。陵宫朝向为南偏西55o，占地约2.5万平方米。宝城因地势修成前方后圆的修长形状。前面的二进方院和后面的宝城连成一体。中轴线上依次修建祾恩门、祾恩殿、三座门、棂星门、石供案、方城、明楼等建筑。

景陵内的祾恩殿台基，仍是嘉靖年间改建后的遗物。从遗存的明代殿宇檐柱柱础石分布可以看出，该殿原制面阁五间(31.34米)，进深三间(16.9米)，后有抱厦一间(面阔8.1米，进深4.03米)，前面的御路石雕二龙戏珠图案，比献陵一色云纹，显得更为精致壮观。

祾恩门、祾恩殿的台基上还有清代改建后遗留的柱础石。神功圣德碑亭仅存石碑及台基。

明泰陵

明泰陵，位于笔架山东南麓，这里又称“施家台”，或“史家山”，是明朝第九代皇帝孝宗敬皇帝朱佑樘(年号弘治)及皇后张氏的合葬陵寝。

泰陵陵事的筹划是在明孝宗去世之后。《明武宗实录》记载，武宗即位后，即着手筹办孝宗丧事。礼部左侍郎李杰、钦天监监副倪谦和司礼监太监戴义对武宗说：“茂陵西面有个叫施家台的地方，是个建陵的吉地，大行皇帝的陵寝可以在那营建。”工科右给事中许天锡也向武宗建议，派廷臣中精通风水术的人，前去复视一次。他还提议：“如有疑，亟移文江西等处。广求术士，博访名山，务得主势之强，风气之聚，水土之深、穴法之正、力量之全，如宋儒朱熹所云着，庶可安奉神灵，为国家祈天永命之助。”礼部亦赞成这个提议。于是，武宗命太监扶安、李兴、覃观及礼部右侍郎王华等人前往施家台看视，最后确定在那里营建孝宗陵寝。

弘治十八年六月五日，陵园正式兴工，并定陵名为泰陵。太监李兴、新宁伯谭佑、工部左侍郎李鐩提督工程，五军都督府及三大营官军上万人供役，历时四月，玄宫落成，于该年十月十九日午刻将孝宗葬入陵内。正德元年(1520xx年)三月二十二日，陵园的地面建筑也全部告成。

泰陵在清康熙时有的建筑即已残坏。《帝陵图说》记泰陵祾恩门情况，“今左右两门坏，垒石以塞门”。此后，清乾隆五十至五十二年(1785-1787年)陵园建筑曾经修葺，修葺情况除三座门由琉璃花门改建成砖砌冰盘檐式门楼外，余同茂陵。其现状较茂陵残坏最为严重。

明朝弘治皇帝朱佑樘还是中国封建社会皇帝中唯一一个只有一个女人的皇帝。

折叠明德陵

明德陵位于潭峪岭西麓，是明朝第十五代皇帝熹宗折皇帝朱由校(年号天启)和皇后张氏的合葬陵寝。

熹宗朱由校，光宗长子，万历三十三年(公元1620xx年)十一月十四日生。泰昌元年(公元1620xx年)九月六日即皇帝位，次年改元天启。天启七年(公元1620xx年)八月二十二日去世，谥“达天阐道敦孝笃友章文襄武靖穆庄勤zhe皇帝”，享年23岁。崇祯元年(公元1620xx年)三月八日葬德陵。文献记载：熹宗“性至巧，多艺能，尤喜营造”。他曾操斧斤锯凿，自制小楼阁，“雕镂精绝，即巧工亦莫能及”。干得高兴时，甚至解衣裸体，随地盘坐。他“不爱成器，不惜天物”，随意拆改，以供片时之乐。

皇后张氏，熹宗原配。河南祥符人，太康伯张国纪之女。天启元年(公元1620xx年)四月被册立为皇后。崇祯十七年(公元1644年)李自成农民军入城时自缢。南明弘光朝为她上尊谥“孝哀皇后”。顺治元年(公元1644年)，清朝王朝将她葬入德陵。

明裕陵

位于天寿山西峰石门山南麓，是明朝第六位皇帝英宗朱祁镇和皇后钱氏、周氏的合葬陵寝。

明英宗朱祁镇，宣宗长子。宣德二年(1420xx年)十一月十一日生，三年(1420xx年)二月六日立为皇太子，十年(1435年)正月十日即皇帝位，次年改元正统。

天顺八年(1464年)正月十七日，英宗去世，谥“法天立道仁明诚敬昭文宪武至德广孝睿皇帝”。临终遗诏止殉，结束了宫人殉葬的残酷制度。五月，陵寝玄宫建成，八月，英宗葬裕陵。

孝庄睿皇后钱氏，英宗元配，海州人，都指挥佥事(后封安昌伯)钱贵女。正统七年(1442年)立为皇后。十四年(1449年)，英宗被瓦剌部所俘，为迎英宗回朝，她把自己宫中的全部资财输出，每天悲哀地呼天号地，祈求神灵保佑英宗。累了就就地而卧，以致伤残了一条腿。终日哭泣，又哭瞎了一只眼睛。

宪宗即位，尊为皇太后，加“慈懿”徽号。成化四年(1468年)六月二十六日，钱氏病故。谥“孝庄献穆弘惠显仁恭天钦圣睿皇后”。九月四日葬裕陵。

孝肃后周氏，宪宗生母，昌平州文宁里柳林村(今属北京市海淀区)人，锦衣卫千户追封庆云侯赠宁国公周能的女儿。正统十二年(1447年)生宪宗皇帝，天顺元年(1457年)册封为贵妃。宪宗即位，尊为皇太后。成化二十三年(1487年)加尊号“圣慈仁寿”。孝宗即位后，尊为太皇太后。弘治十七年(1520xx年)三月一日去世，谥“孝肃贞顺康懿光烈辅天承圣太皇太后”。四月十八日葬裕陵。

明思陵

思陵约建于1642年，本是思宗宠妃田贵妃之妃园寝。明朝灭亡后，李自成命人将明思宗及皇后周氏合葬于田贵妃之墓，为拢络人心并改名思陵，使思陵成为明十三陵中唯一一座帝后与妃嫔合葬之陵，而相较于明朝诸陵，思陵的规模也较小。思陵附近亦有明思宗贴身太监王承恩陪葬墓，清顺治帝、康熙帝亦曾为王承恩立碑以嘉许其贞忠殉主。

清朝灭亡后，思陵屡逢劫难，残毁十分严重。地下墓室曾先后两次被当地土匪盗发。1947年，国民党军队为修炮楼，又大规模地拆毁陵园地面建筑。思陵已是满目凄凉，只有坟冢、楼殿遗址、石雕五供、碑石作为珍贵文物保存下来。

中华人民共和国成立后，国家十分重视文物保护工作，思陵得到应有保护。明思陵，虽然没有金碧辉煌的殿宇楼台，但古陵残碑，松涛阵阵，仍别有一番意境。特别是残存下来的石雕艺术品，构思奇妙，雕工精细。

陪葬陵墓

明十三陵的陪葬墓共有8座，其中7座妃子(太子)墓，1座太监墓。

分别是：

东井、西井：一说是明成祖十六妃殉葬墓，一说是明成祖昭献贵妃王氏和昭顺贤妃喻氏的陪葬墓，期待考古发掘的考证。

万娘坟：即“万贵妃墓”，葬明宪宗皇贵妃万氏。

悼陵：即“世宗三妃墓”，俗称大宫。葬明世宗的皇贵妃沈氏、文贵妃、卢靖妃。

世宗贤妃墓：即“世宗六妃、二太子墓”或“四妃、二太子墓”。葬明世宗的郑贤妃、皇贵妃阎氏、皇贵妃王氏、周贵妃、杨荣妃、马贞妃、哀冲太子、庄敬太子。

郑贵妃墓：葬明神宗的皇贵妃郑氏。

神宗四妃墓：葬明神宗的皇贵妃李氏(即李敬妃)、李顺妃、周端妃、刘昭妃(即宣懿太妃)。

王承恩墓：葬明思宗崇祯皇帝的心腹太监王承恩。

神路

明十三陵神路神路是明十三陵的第一个景点，由石牌坊，大红门，碑楼，石象生，龙凤门等组成。

石牌坊

明十三陵 石牌坊为陵区前的第一座建筑物，建于1540年(嘉靖十九年)。牌坊结构为五楹、六柱、十一楼，全部用汉白玉雕砌，在额枋和柱石的上下，刻有龙、云图纹及麒麟、狮子等浮雕。这些图纹上原来曾饰有各色彩漆，因年代久远，现已剥蚀净尽。整个牌坊结构恢宏，雕刻精美，反映了明代石质建筑工艺的卓越水平。

过了石牌坊，即可看到在神道左、右有两座小山。东为龙山(也叫蟒山)，形如一条奔越腾挪的苍龙;西为虎山(俗称虎峪)，状似 一只伏地警觉的猛虎。中国古代道教有“左青龙，右白虎”为祥瑞之兆的传 说，“龙”、“虎”分列左右，威严地守卫着十三陵的大门。

大红门

神路景点(2)大红门坐落于陵区的正南面，门分三洞，又名大宫门，为陵园的正门。大门两旁原各竖一通石碑，上刻"官员人等至此下马"字样。凡是前来祭陵的人，都必须从此步入陵园，以显示皇陵的无上尊严。大门两侧原设有两个角门，并连接着长达80华里的红色围墙。在蜿蜒连绵的围墙中，另设有一座小红门和十个出入口，均派有重兵驻守，是百姓不可接近的禁地。现在这些围墙都早已坍塌，有些残迹尚依稀可辨。

大红门后的大道，叫神道，也称陵道。起于石牌坊，穿过大红门，一直通向长陵，原为长陵而筑，但后来便成了全陵区的主陵道了。该道纵贯陵园南北，全长7公里，沿线设有一系列建筑物，错落有致，蔚为壮观。

碑亭

位于神道中央，是一座歇山重檐、四出翘角的高大方形亭楼，为长陵所建。亭内竖有龙首龟趺石碑一块，高6米多。上题"大明长陵神功圣德碑"，碑文长达3500多字，是明仁宗朱高炽撰文，明初著名书法家程南云所书。该碑碑文作于1420xx年(洪熙元年)，碑石却是1435年(宣德十年)才刻成的。在碑阴面还刻有清代乾隆皇帝写的《哀明陵十三韵》。碑文详细记录了长、永、定、思诸陵的残破情况。碑东侧是清廷修明陵的花费记录。西侧是嘉庆帝论述明代灭亡的原因。 碑亭四隅立有4根白石华表，其顶部均蹲有一只异兽，名为望天犭孔。华表和碑亭相互映衬，显得十分庄重浑厚。 在碑亭东侧，原建有行宫，为帝后前来祀陵时的更衣处，现已无存。

石雕群

是陵前放置的石雕人、兽，古称石像生(石人又称翁仲)。从碑亭北的两根六角形的石柱起，至龙凤门止的千米神道两旁，整齐地排列着24只石兽和12个石人，造型生动，雕刻精细，深为游人所喜爱。其数量之多，形体之大，雕琢之精，保存之好，是古代陵园中罕见的。 石兽共分6种，每种4只，均呈两立两跪状。将它们陈列于此，赋有一定含义。例如，雄狮威武，而且善战;獬豸为传说中的神兽，善辨忠奸，惯用头上的独角去顶触邪恶之人。狮子和獬豸均是象征守陵的卫士。麒麟，为传说中的"仁兽"，表示吉祥之意。骆驼和大象，忠实善良，并能负重远行。骏马善于奔跑，可为坐骑。 石人分勋臣、文臣和武臣，各4尊，为皇帝生前的近身侍臣，均为拱手执笏的立像，威武而虔诚。 在皇陵中设置这种石像生，早在两千多年前的秦汉时期就有了。主要起装饰点缀作用，以象征皇帝生前的仪威，表示皇帝死后在阴间也拥有文武百官及各种牲畜可供驱使，仍可主宰一切。

棂星门

棂星门又叫龙风门。由四根石柱构成三个门洞，门柱类似华表，柱上有云板、异兽。在三个门额枋上的中央部分，还分别饰有一颗石雕火珠，因而该门又称“火焰牌坊”。龙凤门西北侧，原建有行宫，是帝后祭陵时的歇息之处。

简单的北京明十三陵导游词5篇(五)

明十三陵位于北京昌平区天寿山，因明代迁都北京后有十三位皇帝埋葬于此，故称十三陵。明十三陵自永乐年间建长陵至今已有近620xx年的历史，它用一条总神道、一座石牌坊、一组石像生，把整个陵区联系在了一起，形成了一个整体，是世界上保存完整、埋葬皇帝较多的帝王陵墓群。

明永乐年间，明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命礼部尚书和一名江西术士前往北京一代卜选陵址。大概两年后，选中了今昌平区康家庄楼子营一带。这一带青山环抱，绿水长流。北面的“龙脉”奔腾而来，气势磅礴。至此三峰并峙，山前一马平川，蟒山绕其左，虎峪踞其右。外围重峦叠嶂，如“万骑簇拥，千官侍从”。正是风水理论中的“山川大聚”之势，真正只有帝王才配享用的宝地。朱棣亲临阅视后十分满意，封其山为“万寿山”，选择吉日，动工兴建。永乐十?

大家好!欢迎来到颐和园，今天由我来担任你们的导游，我叫杨依璠，大家可以叫我杨导游，废话不多说，现在就开始我们一天的旅程吧!

Everybody is good! , welcome to the Summer Palace today by me to serve as your guide, my name is Yang in Fan, you can call me Yang, tour guide, please donate said, now lets start our day trip!

首先，我们绕过大殿，来到有名的长廊，这条长廊有七百多米，分成273间，绿漆的柱子，红漆的栏杆，每一间的横槛上都有五彩的画，画着人物、花草、山水，几千幅画，没有那两幅画是相同的，长廊的两旁还栽满了花草树木，这一朵花还没谢，那一朵花又开了，让我们感觉神清气爽。好了，我们走了这么大一会儿，也累了，现在请旅客朋友们坐在长廊的凳子上，休息一会儿，吃点儿东西，喝点水，但是大家千万不要把垃圾乱扔，这样即破坏环境，又给清洁工人员带来了不便，请大家把垃圾都丢到垃圾箱里。这不是一举两得吗!

First, we bypass hall, came to the famous promenade, the gallery has more than seven hundred meters, is divided into 273, the pillars of the green paint, red paint railings, each cross sill have colorful paintings, painted figures, flowers and plants, landscape, thousands of painting, without the two picture is the same, the gallery also planted with trees and flowers on both sides, this didnt thank a flower, the flower opened again, and let us feel refreshed. Well, we walked so much in a short while, also tired, now please passengers sit on a porch friends stool, have a rest, eat something, have a drink of water, but you dont throw the trash, so that damage the environment, and brought inconvenience to cleaner, please put the rubbish into the dustbin. This is not kill two birds with one stone!

我们游览过了长廊，现在请大家跟随我到万寿山来游玩吧!现在我们已经在万寿山的脚下了，请旅客朋友们抬头向上看，我们会看到一个八角宝塔形的三层建筑耸立在半山腰上，这就是佛香阁，下面的一排排金碧辉煌的宫殿，就是排云殿。

We visited the gallery, now follow me to the longevity hill, please come and visit! We are now at the feet of the longevity hill, please passengers friends look up look up, we will see a three layer architecture of anise pyramid stand in the hillside, this is the Buddha incense, the rows of resplendent and magnificent palace, is the cloud temple.

现在我们在万寿山山上了，据说这里是看颐和园全景最好的地方，我们向前眺望，映入眼帘的是昆明湖，它静得像一面镜子，绿得像一块碧玉，不知旅客们有没有这样的感觉?

Now we in longevity hill mountain, it is said that this is the best place to see the Summer Palace view, we look forward, greeted the kunming lake, it quiet like a mirror, like a piece of green jade, I wonder if the passengers have such feeling?

我们已经在万寿山山下了，昆明湖就在我们眼前，它围绕这长长的堤岸，堤上有好几座式样不同的石桥，湖中心有个小岛，我们走过长长的石桥就可以去小岛上玩，这座石桥叫十七孔桥，桥栏杆上有上百根石柱，柱子上都雕刻着小狮子，姿态不一，没有那两只是相同的。

We are already below the longevity hill and kunming lake is in front of us, it around this long bank, there are several styles of different stone bridge, on the lake in the center there is a small island, we can go to the island to play through the stone bridge, the bridge is called the marble seventeen-arch bridge which, railing on hundreds of pillar, pillars are carved with a lion, have different attitude, without those two are just the same.

时间过得真快，到和大家说再见的时候了，真希望大家以后有机会再来观赏一下颐和园的美景。

How time flies, to say goodbye to you all, wish you have a chance to later to enjoy the beauty of the Summer Palace.

Hello, everyone. Today Ill take you to Famen Temple. Famen Temple islocated in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province, 120 kilometers west of Xian city.Famen Temple is the countrys leading Buddhist holy land. It has been widelyworshiped by tourists since its completion. It was built in the late Eastern HanDynasty and has a history of more than 1700 years. It flourished in the northernWei Dynasty and flourished in the Tang Dynasty. It is a beautiful holy land HolyScripture with the real body of Sakyamuni Buddha The phalanx relic makes FamenTemple have an irreplaceable position in the world religious circles.

Famen Temple was built on pagodas. Famen Temple Pagoda, also known as the"true body pagoda", is named after Sakyamunis finger bone. Now we can see thatthe door we just came in is called "Shanmen", also called "Sanmen", also called"sanjiemen", because the previous temples were built on the mountain, becausethey were called "Shanmen". The left and right sides are wuxiangmen and wuzumenrespectively, and the middle is the empty door. We generally call monks enteringthe empty door, which probably comes from it.

Now we are standing here is the front hall of Famen Temple. In the mainhall, the Buddha of bhiluzana, the Dharma Buddha of Sakyamuni, is provided. Onboth sides are Manjusri Bodhisattva and Puxian Bodhisattva. On both sides of themain hall, there are eighteen Arhats, so the front hall is also called thebronze Buddha Hall.

We can burn incense and worship Buddha here, and then we have to walkclockwise along the corridor. If we walk counterclockwise, it means goingagainst the sky.

Now we come to the real pagoda of Famen Temple, but what we see is that itwas rebuilt in 1987. Famen Temple is famous for its placement in the phalanxrelic of Sakyamuni Buddha since ancient times. It is also because the relicbuilt the pagoda. It is recorded in the Buddha Hall that in 485 B.C., Sakyamuniwas destroyed, and Ashoka king of the Peacock Dynasty of India converted toBuddhism It was divided into 84000 pieces, distributed all over the world, andbuilt 84000 towers. There are 19 Buddhist relic pagodas in China, among whichFamen Temple Pagoda is the fifth. Therefore, the original Famen Temple wascalled asokang temple. Later, it was renamed Famen Temple in the seventh year ofWude, Emperor Gaozu of Tang Dynasty. It is still in use today. It is also knownas the "ancestor of Guanzhong Pagoda Temple".

Famen Temple was first built in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the TangDynasty, Emperor Taizong rebuilt a four level wooden pagoda here to support theBuddha finger relic. The wooden pagoda built in the Tang Dynasty collapsed inthe Longqing period of the Ming Dynasty. In the Wanli period of the MingDynasty, a 13 story brick pagoda with eight edges was rebuilt by the monkHuayuan of Famen Temple, but half of it collapsed in 1981. In 1985, the localgovernment rebuilt the pagoda in order to rebuild it In 1987, when thefoundation of the tower was cleaned up for reconstruction, the undergroundpalace was unexpectedly discovered. Four Sakyamuni Buddha finger relics and 2499Royal treasures of the Tang Dynasty were unearthed. Famen Temple has become thefocus of attention all over the world overnight. Now lets go to the undergroundpalace to worship the Buddha finger relic.

At present, the total length of the underground palace of Famen Temple is21.2 meters, with an area of 31.84 square meters. It is the largest pagodaunderground palace discovered in China so far. The four Buddha bones found inthe underground palace are the most eye-catching. The third one is the spiritbone, which is the real finger bone of the Buddha. The other three are theshadow bones. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty ordered people to imitate themwith white marble in order to prevent the tomb robbers from stealing them. Butin the eyes of Buddhists, the shadow bone is also the holy bone, which has thesame meaning as the shadow bone.

After visiting the underground palace of Famen Temple, we came to the mainhall of Famen Temple, which is the honorific name for Sakyamuni. It was openedin 1994. It is dedicated to the five Buddhas of the tantric sect of Buddhism

It represents five directions, East, West, North and south. They are Bukongachievement, Amitabha, eight day Tathagata, Baosheng Buddha and achu Buddha.Next to them are 20 groups of heaven, representing the 24 heavenly gods in thesky. We can also burn incense and worship Buddha here.

Now we come to the display of treasures of the Tang Dynasty. There are 44national treasure level cultural relics and 99 first-class cultural relics. Itis one of the 88 museums in Shaanxi Province, which has the largest proportionof Chinas treasure level cultural relics. The first thing we see is a stonetablet, which is a material account tablet. It records in detail the name, sizeand size of the treasures in the underground palace. It is a national treasurelevel cultural relic.

In addition, the silk fabrics in Tang Dynasty are also very precious. Amongthem, the most complete one is cluster gold embroidery, which means contraction.This kind of fabric is called cluster gold embroidery, which is formed by thepattern of flowers on the gold silk plate and then fixed on the silk. Theembroidery skirt worshipped by Wu Zetian was made of this kind of fabric.

Among these things, the most precious cultural relic is the gold-plateddouble closed 12 ring stick, which is called tin. In fact, it is not made oftin, but it will make a sound when shaking the ring. It is named after thesound. There are also differences in the level of the staff. What we see nowbelongs to the king of the worlds staff. The staff is 1.96 meters long andweighs 2390 grams. It is made of two taels of gold and 58 taels of silver. Thestaff has four drums. Each drum is covered with three rings, four drums and 12rings. The four drums and 12 rings represent the highest level of magic power inBuddhism - Sidi 12 karma, So its mana is the highest. Only Sakyamuni, thefounder of Buddhism, is qualified to hold this kind of staff, so it is the kingof the worlds staff.

Besides, we can also see some utensils dedicated to the Buddhas fingerrelic. The most precious one is the gold-plated real Bodhisattva. TheBodhisattva is covered with pearls, and has a lotus leaf shaped tray in hishand. On the tray is a pure gold plaque with words. It is proved that it is a 39year old birthday gift from a monk named Chengyi to Li Cui, Yizong of TangDynasty. The reason why it is precious is that this Bodhisattva also completedan important historical mission. In order to welcome the Buddhist relics ofFamen Temple, Tang Yizong Li Cui once said, "if you can see the Buddhist relicsin life, you will die without regret.". Therefore, after welcoming Changan, therelic was placed on the lotus leaf plate held by the Bodhisattva when it waskneeling.

Finally, I hope all of us can let go of all kinds of troubles brought bythe world during this pilgrimage, live according to the fate, and practice inlife, in order to obtain a sincere, kind and righteous heart. May Buddha andBodhisattva bless you, and wish you good luck.

Welcome to Longmen Grottoes.They are located in the south of LuoyangCity.They are between Mount Xiang and Mount Longmen and face Yi River.LongmenGrottoes，Yungang Caves and Mogao Caves are regarded as the three most famoustreasure houses of stone inscriptions in China.The grottoes were started aroundthe year 494 when Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 A.D.)moved the capital to Luoyang.Work on them continued for another 400 years untilthe Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127 A.D.).The first caves of Longmen wereexcavated in 494，the 12th year of the Northern Wei Dynasty Xiaowen Emperorsreign.The grottoes extend for some 1,000 meters (about 1,094 yards) from northto south.They contain over 2,300 holes and niches，2,800 steles，40 stupas，1,300caves and 97,000 sculptured figures that have survived the test of time.Most ofthese works date from the Northern Wei Dynasty and the flourishing age of theTang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.).Lots of historical materials concerning art, music,religion, calligraphy, medicine, costume and architecture are stored in theLongmen Grottoes.

Fengxian Temple

Fengxian Temple was built in the Tang Dynasty and it is the largest grottoin Longmen Grottoes with a width of 36 meters (about 118 feet) and a length of41 meters (about 136 feet).There are nine major figures of various facialappearances and temperaments in the temple that were built in accordance withBuddhist rites by the artists.The most impressive figure is the statue ofVairocana Buddha sitting cross-legged on the eight-square lotus throne.It is17.14 metres (about 56 feet) high;the head alone is four meters (about 1 3 feet)high，and the ears are nearly 2 meters (about 6 feet) long.Vairocana meansilluminating all things in the sutra.The Buddha has a well-filled figure，asacred and kindly expression and an elegant smile.According to the record on theepigraph，the Empress Wu Zetian together with her subjects took part in theceremony of Introducing the Light (a Buddhist blessing that the Buddha opens thespiritual light of himself and shares it with others).At the sides of Vairocanathere are two statues of Vairocana Buddha’s disciples，Kasyapa and Ananda，wearingprudent and devout expressions. The figures of Bodhisattvas and Devas can alsobe found in the temple.Some have dignified and genial expressions，while othersare majestic and fiery. The various appearances and delicate designs are therepresentations of the Tang Empire’s powerful material and spiritual strengthand the wisdom of its people.

Wanfo cave

The Wanfo Cave which was completed in 680，is a typical cave of the TangDynasty of two rooms and square flat roofs.Its name is due to the 15,000 smallstatues of Buddha chiseled in the southern and northern walls of the cave.Themain Buddha Amida sits on the lotus throne，having a composed and solemn face.Thewall behind Amida is carved with 54 lotuses，upon which there are 54 Bodhisattvasin different shapes and with various expressions.In addition，very pretty andcharming lifelike singers and dancers are also chiseled on the wall.The singersare accompanied by various kinds of instruments and the dancers dance lightlyand gracefully to the music，giving the cave a lively and cheerful atmosphere.A85 centimeter high statue of Kwan-yin holding a pure bottle in his left hand anda deer’s tail―a symbol of brushing off the dust in Spirit―in right hand is oncave’s southern outsider wall.This figure is well designed and is regarded asthe Longmen Grottoes’best example of a Tang Dynasty Bodhisattva statue.

Guyang Cave

Guyang Cave is the oldest cave in Longmen Grottoes.There are three tiers ofniches on the northern and southern wall of the cave，in which are hundreds ofstatues，and most of the statues are engraved with the names of the artists，thedates and the reasons for carving them.The sculptures are of diverse shapes andpatterns that are representations of the Gandhara Art style after the grotto arttransmitted to Luoyang. A stature of Sakyamuni is situated in the middle and isnearly 8 meters (about 26 feet) high. Nineteen of the most famous TwentyCalligraphies are found in Guyang Cave. The Twenty Calligraphies represent theWei style steles, which are the Longmen Grottoes’ basic stele calligraphies.

Binyang Cave

After constructing the Guyang Cave, the royalty of the Northern Wei Dynastycarved out a series of larger scale caves, which are the northern, southern, andmiddle Binyang Caves. The middle cave took the longest time to complete (from500 to 523) and is the only one of the three finished during Northern Weiperiod. There are 11 big statues in the cave. Sakyamuni is of dignified andserene appearance, while this disciple and Bodhisattva are of slender figure andelegant look, which are the typical style of the late Northern Wei Dynasty. Thefloor is engraved with lotus patterns and on the rooftop is a flourishing lotusflower relief.

Lotus Cave (Lianhua Cave)

Chiseled grottoes on the base of the natural limestone caves are also seenin Longmen, and the Lotus Cave is one of them. Unlike the sitting statues,Sakyamuni is of standing figure, showing that he has trudged a long distance todevelop Buddhism from India to China. A huge relief of a well sculpted lotusflower is engraved on the dome, with a seed bud in the center and petals ofhoneysuckle patters circling around. Around the lotus are six flying musicianswith vivid gestures, as if they are dancing along with the melodies of themusic.

Xiangshan Temple

Xiangshan Temple，which is ranked the first among Longmen Grottoes’tentemples，is situated in the middle mountainside of the East Hill.The East LongmenHill is teeming with spices and is therefore very fragrant smelling.It’sname，Xiangshan, means“Fragrant Hill”in Mandarin.The temple was also namedXiangshan Temple.The present Xianshan Temple was reconstructed during the QingDynasty in 1707 and this work was based on the old Temple’ design.In20__，Xiangshan Temple was expanded on the basis of the Qing Xiangshan Temple byLongmen Grottoes Administration, with a newly constructed Bell and DrumTower，Wing Room，as well as Halls of Mahavira and Nine Persons. In addition, thebelfry, Hall of Arhats, Emperor Qianlong’s stele and palace, Wing-room, JiangJieshi and Song Meiling’s Villa, along with the stairs, plank roads and templewalls have all been rebuilt and restored.A new gate was constructed south of thetemple.The temple takes on a new look today, and it is really a rare scenicworld cultural landmark.

Bai Garden

The Bai Garden is located on Pipa Peak north of East Longmen Hill(Xiangshan Hill) and was

reconstructed by Tang Youzeng of the Qing Dynasty in 1709.The temple issurrounded by green pine trees and cypress, looking solemn and serene. It wasdesignated a key site for protection at the state level by the State Council in1961. The tomb of Bai Juyi is a round mound of earth, 4 meters high, with acircumference of 52 meters.In front of the tomb stands 2.8-meter-hightombstone，which reads，“The Tomb of Bai Juyi”.Bai Juyi’s family was originallyfrom Taiyuan in Shanxi Province and then moved to neighboring ShaanxiProvince.He lived from 772 to 846 A.D.，and his style name was Letian. Bai Juyiwas one of the Tang Dynasty’s most outstanding poets and enjoyed great literaryfame both in and outside of China.He held a number of high government posts andinstructed a prince during his later years. After retiring，he came to Luoyangand made good friends with“Nine Persons of Xiangshan Hill”，who often composedand sang poems at the Longmen Grottoes. Meanwhile，he donated money for theconstruction of Xiangshan Temple. When Bai Juyi died, he was buried, inaccordance to his will, in the present Bai Garden.The important scenic spots inthe Bai Garden are the Tingyi, Cuiyue, Bai, and Songfeng Pavilions, Letian Hall,Bird’s Head Gate, Pipa Peak, Bai Juyi’s Tomb, Wogu Tablet, Poem Corridor, andDaoshi Reading Room.As a garden constructed according to style of the TangDynasty, it is both a tourist resort and a good place to pay homage to the greatpoet.

In addition, there is Prescription Cave that has about 140 prescriptionsengraved on the walls，showing the achievements of ancient Chinese medicine.Someof the prescriptions are still used today.Other caves and temples like XiangshanTemple, Huangfu Cave, and Qianxi Temple can also be found at the LongmenGrottoes.

Well, my friends，Longmen Grottoes’s visit nearly come to an end，and I haveto say goodbye to you a11.Anyway I am very glad to have spent such a happy andunforgettable day with you. Welcome you to come here again for sightseeing.Thankyou all! Have a happy journey! Goodbye!

Sun yat-sens mausoleum friends, came to a famous historical and cultural city, you must want to see the most famous, the most distinctive local attractions. In nanjing, if did not go to sun yat-sens mausoleum, say that you see only the half of nanjing. Although nanjing, long known as "the six dynasties ancient capital", has "jinling 40 landscape" and so on numerous scenic spots and historical sites, but sun yat-sens mausoleum is undoubtedly one of the most attractive, one of the most famous.

Speak of sun yat-sens mausoleum, of course, to mention its owner - the great democratic revolutionary forerunner sun yat-sen in China. Mr. Sun name sun yat-sen,. Foreign friends all call him "Dr. Sun yat-sen". Because he is engaged in revolutionary activities in Japan when used pseudonym "zhongshan firewood", so he is regarded as sun yat-sen in China. Sun yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866 in xiangshan county (now zhongshan city) in guangdong province tsui a peasant family. He flew high and rare successively studied in Honolulu, Hong Kong and other places, to practice medicine in places such as guangzhou, Macao after graduation. He later medical politics, and in Japan in 1905, the organization to China union, had been pushing for the prime minister, put forward the "drive out by lu, to restore the, the establishment of the republic of China, the average land ownership" famous platform, and "nation, civil rights, the peoples livelihood" theory of the three peoples principles. On October 10, 1911 years after the outbreak of the wuchang uprising, Mr. Sun was seventeen provinces representatives elected the provisional President of the republic of China, and the following year New Years day was sworn into office in nanjing. Since then, has experienced the "yuan shikai mean" "second revolution" "nation sports" such as "the movement to protect the" ups and downs, in guangzhou in 1921, he became very President of the republic of China. A Chinese nationalist party (KMT) in guangzhou in January 1924 the first national congress, he will develop the old three peoples principles for the new three peoples principles, put forward the "which was allied with Russia the peasants" of the three policy. In November the same year he came at the invitation of the feng yuxiang north discuss national plans, eventually because became ill because of overwork, died in Beijing on March 12, 1925.

Sun yat-sens mausoleum burial site is Mr. Sun was selected. This vision, meteorological ambitious, indeed is a good place to build mausoleum. You may ask; Mr. Sun was born in guangdong, died in Beijing, all his life to travel around for the revolution, why choose nanjing as a final resting place?

It is said that as early as in 1912 as temporary President Mr. Sun, soul valley temple abbot monk is has been recommended to him the "would in the former, with green ailian" feng shui treasure. That year on March 31, Mr Zhongshan for the peaceful reunification, resolutely resigned from the presidency. One day in early April, his hunting around with hu and others to the Ming tomb, came to rest now tomb is located. Mr. Sun looked around and said to the left and right sides, after the death of my future want to the land to bury the national obtained (national begging for me after I died someday, to be a pile of soil in place for body). The purple mountain, of course, the momentum of feng shui is not Mr. Sun as the root cause of this decision. Mr Sun last asked: "after my death, can be buried in nanjing zijin foothills, for nanjing interim government was established, so dont forget the xinhai revolution." So, although Mr Sun in nanjing residence time is not long, but nanjing is has special significance for Mr. Sun. He chose nanjing purple mountain as a burial site, fundamentally speaking, is to commemorate the revolution, the revolution colleagues.

To respect Mr Suns wishes, made up of people of lady soong ching ling, sun fo field at Chinese Taiwan, Dr. Sun yat-sen was buried things choose good ling addresses, delimit to repair the tomb of 20xx mu, and publicizing award, solicitation mausoleum design scheme. In many candidates, bell pattern of young architects Lv Yanzhi design was awarded the first prize, he himself has been hired to host all project. On March 12, 1926, Mr. Suns death, the first anniversary of the foundation stone laying ceremony was held. Lasted more than three years, cost 1.5 million silver dollar, sun yat-sens mausoleum was completed in the spring of 1929. Sadly, study in the United States, talented young architects Lv Yanzhi, in the process of host JianLing, exert all his efforts and unfortunately as suffering from cancer of the liver and Mr. Sun, near the end of the project, died just 35 years old. Held on June 1, 1929 manusoleum, Mr. Suns body from Beijing to nanjing. From then on, more than 60 years, Mr. Sun has been buried here.

Sun yat-sens mausoleum built can be said to be a great event in the history of nanjing. That year in order to meet Mr. Sun spirit pivot, nanjing west, built the first asphalt road -- zhongshan port, east to zhongshan gate, 24 in zhongshan road. Until today, zhongshan road is still one of the main artery of nanjing. And renovation renovation in the Ming dynasty the gates dajie, and was renamed zhongshan gate. Between zhongshan gate to sun yat-sens mausoleum was built a lingyuan road. As the house in Paris a person with wonderful avenue for pride, people are proud to fifth avenue in New York, nanjing people about their city is the most beautiful boulevard. And this article 3 kilometers of lingyuan road which is the best representative of the nanjing avenue undoubtedly. On both sides of the "green corridor", the main trees planted with nanjing - ng. People called it the French phoenix tree, but back up, it is our "special local product of China. Because French people from yunnan it transplanted into Shanghai French concession, only got such a TuYangJieGe name now.

Driving the car out of the scene, along the lingyuan road, half moon square before the ends, sun yat-sens mausoleum. Everyone please look toward the south, square south is an octagonal stone stage. On the statue of binaural baoding three feet of red copper, weighs 5000 kg, 4.25 meters high, abdominal diameter 1.23 meters, is one of the tomb memorial decoration. The tripod cast in autumn 1933, donated by zhongshan university in guangzhou and tai chi-tao wrote all the teachers and students. Ding side cast a "wisdom, kernel, brave," three words, is zhongshan university school motto. Ding ShuYou within a hexagonal bronze, engraved with calligraphy xiao ", the full text.

With the order by the square, right against the face is a four jacaranda three que door to the type of stone arch. This monument was built in the 1931 ~ 1933, 12 meters high, 17.3 meters wide. Built alleys and using all of these large fujian granite, but the Chinese traditional timber structure form. Everybody looked up and can see fang forehead midline glittering "fraternity" two words. This two word is the script of Mr. Sun, original from tang han yus "the way" "love to benevolence" a word. It is said that Mr. Suns favorite topic this two word away. Mr. Sun life dedicated to the bourgeois democratic revolution in the spirit of great love, strive for national independence and freedom, to say "love" the word is highly generalization and the best portrayal of his life.

By love fang going forward, it is a long 480 meters, the pyramid-shaped mound tens of meters wide. Sun yat-sens mausoleum of the overall design, outstanding traditional Chinese style, solemn and unique. In order to reflect the noble of Mr. Sun, sun yat-sens mausoleum used the ancient mountain for ling practice, will build the elevation 160 meters rooms full ling peak. In addition, the construction of land vegetation of axisymmetric, give a person the sense with statutes and solemn. Please look forward, toward the north slope, in turn have a mausoleum doors, pavilion, after the kiosk of trajan and the kiosk of trajans burial chamber construction, etc. The pyramid-shaped mound on both sides of the cedar, Sabina chinensis, two two relatively gingko, red maple, instead of the ancient penchant for stone golem, a symbol of the suns revolutionary spirit and noble quality. Cedar is the worlds four big freshman ornamental tree species, has now become a nanjing city were made.

In the end is the platform. According to the design of Lv Yanzhi, the mausoleum plane for "MuDuo" form. Priests, is usually we say big bell. In ancient times it was announced to make laws and war of church and state. Hear the sound of the priests, and spread very far, there are "make the world all of" inter-cultural. Tomb to choose such a scheme, let a person cant help but think of Mr. Sun. "the revolution has not yet been successful, comrades still need efforts", its purpose is to posterity. Here was the Lv Yanzhi design platform of square edge of "liberty bell". The magnificent three arches, is a land of official start. It is 16 meters high, 27 meters wide, 8.8 meters deep, is also made of granite in fujian. On banners in the door is sun yat-sen calligraphy "for" all over the world, from the "rites. LiYun" in the "road trip, for" all over the world, which mean the state power is not one of the world, but the world is in the world, the citizens of the world. This is Mr. Sun life ideal, he also advocated a great annotations to the three peoples principles.

The mausoleum doors is on display. Pavilion in the middle of the 9 meters high giant monument, engraved with the KMT elders tan yankai calligraphy of "Chinese nationalist party (KMT) was prime minister Mr. Sun in the June 1, in the eighteenth year of the republic of China" 24 distillation gold ous characters. When discussing the erection plan written by wang ching-wei, hu hanmin, respectively, inscriptions, epitaph, etc. Can be spent two years also didnt write. Everyone thinks Mr Ideological achievements are beyond the general text, so just dont write inscriptions, and in the form of use now.

Hello, Im director Lin from Fuzhou. Please give me more advice. Welcome tothe "happy time train". First of all, lets start from Beijing!

OK! Now were at the "history and culture" station. Let me tell yousomething: Prince Gongs house was first built in 1776, which is more than 230years old. It was built for Heshen, a corrupt official. Later, Emperor Jiaqingmade 24 charges, so the house was confiscated. Because the last owner is PrinceGong Yixin, it is called Prince Gongs mansion. Please remember that the twoowners of this mansion are the corrupt official Heshen and Prince GongYixin.

Ladies and gentlemen, now we are at the "Fuchi" station. Do you know whyits called "Fu Chi"? Thats right! Because the shape of the pond is like a bat,he Shen wanted to make himself happy, so he chose the homonym "bat". He alsobuilt 999 bat like buildings in the palace.

We walked past the "Fuchi" and came to the picturesque "western gate"station. The door is exquisitely made, brightly colored and unparalleled. Butthis beautiful door is also one of the 24 crimes of Heshen, because it ismodeled on the western gate of Wanshou garden, the royal garden.

After entering the western gate and passing through the Zhulan corridor,you can see the study of Heshen. You can see a very grand building, which is ournext stop - "historical legend". There is a special way to get to the majesticmain hall. There is only one ladder on this road, followed by a straight andgentle slope. It is said that in his life, Heshen suffered only when he wasyoung, and then he went all the way to the top. So we can also cross the bottomof the ladder, throw all the troubles under the ladder, and then go all the waywith a happy mood!

After visiting Prince Gongs mansion unconsciously, please remember: thishistoric building stands in China! In addition, our train has arrived at theterminal. I hope you can have a safe journey and have a pleasant journey!

The Great Wall is one of the seven wonders of the world. It is the blood of the working people in ancient China, is also a symbol of ancient Chinese culture and the pride of the Chinese nation. Visitors, we have come to the famous badaling Great Wall, on both sides of the mountain, is the pine and cypress, like hidden-away east, birds sounds, gurgling streams, is full of poetic. To the distance, you can see the Great Wall is divided into south and north two peak, winding in the mountain ridges, long teng hu yue, spectacular, the scenery is very spectacular. The Great Wall built around the mountain, ups and downs, twists and turns. The period of the Great Wall of the wall is made in the huge stone, some stone for up to 2 meters, weighing hundreds of pounds. Internal fill soil and stones, to the top of the wall where the ground covered square brick, very smooth. The wall of the lateral horse-refraining pits of building has 2 meters high, and have made a in, next shot mouth, the inside has a wall. Every city wall, built a fortress of square ChengTai type. ChengTai have high low and high called the enemy, is the watchman sergeant and accommodation; Low called Chinese Taiwan, height and the wall was similar but prominent wall, have the crenel around, is where the patrol.

Badaling at an altitude of 1000 meters, the twists and turns of the Great Wall, such as the dragon take off on the mountains. It is not only a hardworking, the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation, is also an excellent representative of ancient architecture engineering. The badaling Great Wall, the distant, rolling hills, XiongChen, stiffness of the north to the mountain. Due to the Great Wall and grand Great Wall for to the mountain, to the mountain is more dangerous.

Here are the beacon tower, also known as beacons, Wolf yantai. Independent buildings is not connected to the Great Wall. Once the enemy pounce, kindle wars on military, lit cigarette called sunshine during the day, evening called flint. When the Ming dynasty, also on the relationship between the war with the enemy made a strict rules: the enemy hundreds, burning a smoke point a gun; Five white, burning two smoke point two guns; More than one thousand people, three smoke SAN pao; More than five thousand people, four smoke four guns; More than ten thousand people, five five gun smoke. In this way, on the border of the military intelligence can rapid transfer to the imperial city ouchi. See the beacon tower, and then tell you a story, called "must play leud" : the zhou dynasty had a king named weeks you king, he has a beautiful woman, her temper is very strange, always dont smile, think of some way to you king. He lit up a distress signal (fire), as a result, drew leud come white, she laughed, you king is also very happy. But, really have an enemy to attack, you king lit the fire, but no one come, and he was killed by the enemy. Visitors, this is a story of two typical. Reader composition nets:

Visitors, now we have begun to take advantage of an opportunity down the Great Wall. The tourists! Stepping on the foot of the square brick, holding the stone on the wall, we will think of the ancient working people to build the Great Wall.

Hello, everyone. Welcome to the famous Lushan scenic spot. Im the tourguide serving you today. My name is Ma yingyao. You can call me sister Xiaoyao.But pay attention to hygiene! Hope to bring you a wonderful day!

You see! This is the world famous Lushan Mountain! Is it beautiful? Now letme introduce Lushan Mountain!

Lushan is located in the south of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province, thecapital of China, with the Yangtze River in the north and Poyang Lake in theEast. The total area of the mountain is 302 square kilometers. There are 90peaks in the whole mountain. The highest peak is dahanyang mountain, 1473.4meters above sea level. Many valleys, caves, waterfalls and streams arescattered among the peaks.

Lushan Mountain is famous for its marvelous, beautiful, dangerous andmajestic scenery.

Lushan Mountain is not only known as the national Lu Qixiu plus the worldsreputation, but also one of Chinas pearl.

Lushan is surrounded by water and air, which makes Lushan cool and rainy insummer. In the morning, Lushan Mountain is covered with thick clouds; fine rainand dew irrigate flowers and plants again and again; gentle breeze calls for allkinds of small life. The pines stand upright in the dense clouds, the fine rainand the gentle breeze. The lush cypress is tough and straight, just like ourpersonality and will. The mountain water is so clear, just like our hearts. Thesurrounding flowers weave a simple wreath for the mountain water, and the greentrees are reflected in the water, making the mountain put on a green scarf. Itslike entering a beautiful fairyland.

Now that we have come to Lushan, do you know that there is a legend aboutthe fairy house in Lushan?

It is said that Kuang Sus story of seeking immortals in Lushan Mountainwas learned by the imperial court. As a result, the emperor of Zhou repeatedlyasked him to come out of the mountain to help, but kuangsu was not found. Somepeople say that he has become an immortal. Naturally, it is nonsense. Later,people called the place where kuangsu sought immortality "the house ofimmortals" and the name of Lushan Mountain, so Lushan Mountain appeared likethis. It is also called Kuang mountain, or Kuang Lu, because the person whobecame immortal was surnamed Kuang. In the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid thetaboo of Zhao Kuangyin, the great ancestor of the Song Dynasty, he changed hisname to Kangshan.

The diffuse clouds add a lot of charming beauty and mysterious color toLushan. This is Mount Lushan. Lets say goodbye to Lushan again!

黄山英文导游词简单3篇

黄山的山峰，莲花峰最高，高1864米，光明顶第二，高1841米，天都峰第三，高1829.5米。下面是第一范文网带来的黄山英文导游词简单，希望可以帮到大家。

篇一：黄山英文导游词简单

Everybody is good! Im liu, you can call me liu guide, welcome to visit huangshan scenic spots, now let me introduce you to huangshan! Huangshan mountain is very beautiful, spring is a beautiful season, youre really fit you literally see.

Now I will take you to look at and spectacular! You see, on the right side of that piece of peak, the peak thousand odd provide some beautiful some magic some said, also touched the peak, the legend can be dozens of years younger; If the disease, touch it, dont. Quick to touch! Well, you look left, now this is odd matsuyama, songshan have a hoard, a hoard of four director with some very sweet pine tree, the pine trees is very strong, even falling rain blows continuously, be quiet, please keep quiet! In front of a hot spring, lets take a look, listen and try that hot springs, remember dont litter!

Everybody free tour!

Article 4: huangshans commentaries 300 words

Tourists friends, everybody! Welcome to the world heritage - huangshan scenic area. Very glad to be a tour guide! My name is Tian Huicong, everybody call me field guide.

As the saying goes: "its return from mountain, mount huangshan return from yue." Huangshan pines, rocks, sea of clouds, hot spring, snow "five greats" famous Chinese and foreign. Today I will give everyone focuses on huangshan pines.

Everyone see, huangshan pine trees can survive in rock seam, strong vitality. Their shapes, the intricacies of: black tiger, African, come loose loose knot, welcoming pine and so on, a lot of pine trees because they shape the name! Huangshan welcoming pine is one of the famous scenic spot, shape is special, its central trunk out of the two lateral branch of up to 7.6 meters exhibition to the front, like a hospitable host, waved his arms, warmly welcome guests from home and abroad to visit huangshan, become the symbol of the Chinese people warm hospitality. Later we can over there to take photos, as a souvenir.

The wonders of huangshan said also said not over, see also not enough. Now, please enjoy to enjoy the beautiful scenery of huangshan! Please dont throw the peel and in play and food packaging bags, not to a dangerous place.

I wish you all have fun!

篇二：黄山英文导游词简单

The tourists, everyone! Welcome to the world heritage - huangshan scenic area. Very glad to be a tour guide! My name is Wang Shishi, everybody call me Wang Dao.

As the saying goes: "its return from mountain, mount huangshan return from yue." Huangshan pines, rocks, sea of clouds, hot spring, snow "five greats" famous Chinese and foreign. Today I will give everyone focuses on huangshan pines.

Everyone see, huangshan pine trees can survive in rock seam, strong vitality. Their shapes, the intricacies of: black tiger, African, come loose loose knot, welcoming pine and so on many pine trees because they shape the name! Guest-greeting pine is one of the famous scenic spot huangshan, appearance is special: its central trunk out of the two lateral branch of up to 7.6 meters exhibition to the front, like a hospitable host, waved his arms, warmly welcome guests from home and abroad to visit huangshan, become the symbol of the Chinese people warm hospitality. Later we can over there to take photos, as a souvenir.

The wonders of huangshan said also said not over, see also not enough. Now, please enjoy to enjoy the beautiful scenery of huangshan!

Please dont throw the peel and in play and food packaging bags, not to a dangerous place.

I wish you all have a good time!

篇三：黄山英文导游词简单

Hello, I am your little guide. Today I will take you to visit huangshan.

Speak of the "four unique" huangshan ranked first, of course, is loose. Huangshan pine has a very strong force. They are not afraid of cold, evergreen, shape differences, dazzle you.

The second is the stone. The stones are various of huangshan. There are more than 120 have been named after the peak. Some wings like a big cock crows, so named "golden call tianmen", some like five old man dressed in robes, the so called "five old heaven all".

The third is the hot spring. We often make peace visit hot springs is a former mountain huangshan hot spring hotel, in ancient times called essence, Wells from purple stone mountain. Keep the spring all the year round in 42 degrees, water quality is very good, but not to drink.

Finally, we come to huangshan sea of clouds. The cloud of huangshan is different from the usual, like the flood water.

Well, today is here, welcome to visit huangshan next time.

Ladies and gentlemen, Hello! I was 009 among the tour guide, we will visitthe worlds largest hydropower station of the Three Gorges Hydropowerstation.

The Three Gorges is the Qutang gorge, Wu Gorge, Xiling gorge, in general,is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, between Chongqing andHubei in Yichang. The total length is about 1200 li.

On both sides of the Three Gorges high mountains and lofty hills jijuescenery; meanwhile, sheer precipice and overhanging rocks, the river rushingtide, beauty life insurance is pushing forward despite repeated frustrations,and fascinating. On the trip, youll be amazed at the wonderful scenery of thethree gorges.

Rippling waves in, swim in the mountains, you will also learn the longhistory of the Three Gorges, the great Qu Yuan poet in China, and the beauty ofthe messenger of peace Wang Zhaojuns hometown is here, it seems not only createa generation of three talent, but also to cultivate the peerless beauty, reallyis outstanding, Li Bai and many other poets have words in three gorges. It seemsthat the Three Gorges not only have a good view, but also have a longhistory.

The Three Gorges hydropower station, which we are about to visit, has thelargest hydroelectric generating unit in the world. It is expected to become thelargest hydropower station in the world

The Three Gorges is really one of the great treasures in the world!

Well, let us follow the footsteps of the saints, together to explore themystery of the three gorges! I believe we will definitely not!

Members tourists: speaking of classical garden, everyone will think of Suzhou. However, 200 years ago, the ancient city of Yangzhou garden is better than Suzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty have been on the spot made this assessment: " Hangzhou Hushan wins, Suzhou to shop wins, Yangzhou to China Pavilion wins. " It can be seen that the Jiangnan area, Yangzhou is known to the beauty of the garden. As early as in the Han Dynasty, Yangzhou has a larger landscape architecture, then there is innovation, to the Qing Dynasty, the handicraft industry, commerce, transportation industry, salt industry is very developed, and the Qianlong of the southern six, Yangzhou garden fast development. But many times in history by the first war, gardens are now destroyed, surviving only park, where, after China Xiaopangu and rule of spring garden is one of the few gardens." [ the founding history and the name origin ]Visitors: today we visited is the ten largest park of garden. Park is located in Yangzhou City East 318 street house, Jiaqing twenty-three years ( 1818), two Huai salt Huang Yuhe in Ming Dynasty garden on the site of the reconstruction. Huang Yuyun thinks Takemoto solid, guilty, body straight, section FOK, gentleman style; and by three leaves the shape of " a " word, take Qing Yuan Mei " Moonlight bamboo thousands of words " sentences " naming " ". Su Dongpo once said: " no prefer fresh meat, can not live without bamboo, no meat is thin, vulgar people without bamboo. " The park hosts with bamboo naming.[ ] - garden landscape in spring" Yangzhou garden garden with stones wins, wins ". This is the bamboo as the main body, with the peak stone for the characteristics of the forest city. Garden rockery take peak rock approach, using different stones, performed four seasons scenery, known as the four seasons rockery, for domestic Kunibayashi Chi isolated cases. Garden plant with bamboo, and bamboo suit most landscaping materials are various qifengyidan, like Ling politics through skillful Taihu Shifeng, thin jagged stalagmite. Bamboo and stone together, forming a distinctive bamboo in landscape garden. Visitors, we now can be seen in the park entrance, gardening will show ingenuity to set up a group of stone garden, at the outset of a place of this garden with bamboo, stone as the central theme." In the house behind the house, from residential middle small clip get into a turn, to the left, you can see a left and right two flower. Table between bamboo bamboo Tingting, stacked uneven loose cloth stalagmites, look far, just like the bamboo shoots in spring break ground, whereas the sparse by mapping in the garden wall, formed " a " shaped pattern, hold the country " garden" a median. The swaying gently in the breeze, is also the symbol of new spring mountain, this is really a fake bamboo scenery, being in front of the residential part of white wall of a lining, an garden doors on each side, it is " Spring Hill is the opening " means. Dont know whether to enjoy the spring returns to the good earth. Tourists, majestic and grand. This is a famous mountain in the off spring.[ scene: Garden summer - Summer Hill ] should be isAfter enjoying the spring, we go to enjoy summer style. So summer rockery in where? From two flower spring into the garden gate, the face is a four hall. In front of the hall there are two flat stones with flowers. Two sets of planting bamboo, Dongtai laurel, the hall was originally called the laurel hall, now on board has been renamed " Yi Yu xuan ". From the hall at the south, everywhere is green, near laurel, clump bamboo. Through the fence four terrazzo stone tracery and a moon gate, also can see we just pass by the bamboo garden. Close-range vision both inside and outside have not separated, but not closed. The internal and external interaction on mutual borrowed increased admission first scene depth of gardening, or a country is unique, can create new styles. From fragrans hall along the Xuan Gallery walk west, through a thick forest, they came to the pool, the water to the north, see blue sky, a towering stand with a pale old rich, Ling Zheng clear Taihu stone rockery, against the mountain cave, mount Shitai, changeable shape

posture, shape like the clouds in the sky, its summer hill. Piedmont is a limpid pool, water has a curved bridge, leading to the entrance, cleverly hide the water tail, give a person with " how deep is the courtyard ". Pool planted lotus, look, " bright red lotus ", highlighting the " summer " theme of artistic conception.Walking in the curved bridge, we can enjoy the summer hill beauty, and on both sides of some such as Wang He stone as independent, form; some may see segment of a whole, charmingly naive. Look up, Taniguchi on flying outside the pick, as the magpie plum, meet the guests; the long jump, the group already had, be overwhelmed with joy. It was king Qiao stone, so dizzying. Enter the cavern, just beginning to feel a little eerie, then used inclined top stone gap falling trace of light, feel spacious cavern. But in a little pond water and divides an inflow hole, plus stone color is green ash, summer in the hole and enjoy the scenery, but feel cool. Cavern can go through, level up, turn on the number to make to the top of the mountain. There is a small pavilion was isolated from the rockery. Before leaving is a means of projecting, cliff, add to the summer mountain lush atmosphere. Standing in the booth, look back in the cave stone, rockery, Yulan complicated and difficult to deal with, the stone steps flanked, rain stand gracefully erect. Walking in the meantime, he sprinkled green shade phi, groves, really lets the human feel heart is refreshing.[ scene: Mount Huangshan garden stone - Akiyama ]Members tourists: if the summer is to have fresh gentle curves of Taihu stone show fair quiet mood, then fall to Mount Huangshan stone rough Haofang expansion linear performance of broad magnificent magnificent. Because of the Mount Huangshan stone has both north and South Mountain, male, landscape of the show, it is the most picturesque Akiyama garden rockery. The rockery, with cliffs on Anhui beach of Huangshi, its color is yellow stone some reservoir, some red as dye. Rockery main faces west, whenever the sundowners, Hongxia mapping, color is very eye-catching. On the cliff stone gap, and the pine stand, its green leaves brown with yellow rocks in contrast, like a piece of a picture. Mountain has a Square Pavilion, in which, overlooking the surrounding landscape to the north, overlooking the green Yang City Guo, Slender West Lake, Pingshan hall and a Buddism godness Guanyin Mountain from King and a garden, this is also the Chinese traditional gardening practices -- by the king. In ancient China, to the autumn high-sighted tradition. Mount Huangshan Stone Park is the commanding elevation, with the climb to render the autumn theme.Akiyama shape tall towering, complicated internal structure. Cave, Shitai, they may, with mountain Chalet Shilianghe staggered together, forming a whirling in the three-dimensional access visit, it not only has a planar roundabout, a more three-dimensional zigzag. Visitors, if you are interested, can from mountain and floor by floor, two hill, slowly to enjoy this ingenious design, stacking technique high mountains of Yangzhou -- a style.[ landscape winter landscape: ventilation leakage Yue Xuan - drain business ]From Huangshi south to the rockery, three surplus building in the west, there is a quiet area, the region s main building is a North and south open up, things wall enclosed small hall, the building has given people the feeling seems to take some " jingwei ". Please look at the house, the smaller roof warping, more gentle, modelling is relatively heavy, why? Originally in the Qing Dynasty emperor prosperity, South, to play in Yangzhou. Yangzhou city economic strength, for the so-called " Ying Luang " tax ones ingenuity, to try to figure out the emperor s preferences, so there are a lot of landscape architecture is modeled after the Beijing architectural style, gradually, gardens of Yangzhou some building with some " jingwei ". This building is called the " ventilation leakage month " small hall is no exception. In the south of the hall there is a sun stone flat flowers, table on garden south wall, and declared the heap up small leaning against the wall rock, this is the winter hill. Sun stone produced in Anhui, Xuancheng, its color is white as snow,

people also call it snow stone. This scenic area, is the winter snow tea stove, side edge. In order to make rockery in snow when there is still snow, will announce on wall rock of South North wall, from the hall looked, Station Hill color is white, like the snow did not disappear. Because the sun stone contains quartz, its color is white, but in the sun shine, as will their at Sunningdale, with some snow theme behind shady, winter hill, visible also mountain home to observe carefully.Sun hill on the east side of the wall, is the park entrance. In order to make the winter means more foot, the gardeners in the wall have regularly arranged 24 round holes, a component of the leaking window picture have a style of ones own. Whenever the wind blow, the entrance is a flute sound hole on, will send out different sounds, like winter northwest wind call, to sound to assist the theme conception. More subtle is, through the rows of air leakage on round, see is the spring bamboo, stalagmite. If friends have no " winter to spring " of the association.[ summary ] garden landscape gardening artVisitors: in the park area planning, Garden owners in accordance with the main tour routes in clockwise direction, layout of the spring, summer, autumn, winter around the rockery stone, novel, fine material, background harmony, tight structure. In these hills theme landscape sequence, seasonal characteristic is the creation, Haruyama is enlightenment, Summerhill is unfolded, Akiyama is the climax, winter hill is the end, like music or write that, with strict rules.Members tourists: garden rockery summed up the so-called " Spring Hill on the metallurgical and such as laughter, summer hill green, such as drop, such as cosmetics Akiyama is clear and winter hill, bleak, such as sleep " and " Spring Hill should travel, summer Shanyi, Akiyama Norito, winter Hill livable " painting theory. There are " appropriate is ", "hold the hill house ", " cloud brush Pavilion ", " live " Autumn Pavilion ", air leakage through Yue Xuan " and other ancient buildings. Four seasons rockery Pavilion in the set, and the ancient and famous trees embellished the meantime, more simple and elegant, deep, magnificent. Some people say: " King Stone four standard wrinkle, thin, transparent, leakage ", it seems a foregone conclusion, but it is generally rock skills, such as " peak of man-made stone, constitute a four-season rockery, garden week tours, like a year, which shows the different special custom constitution; more valuable the spring summer and autumn, winter is not an isolated individual apart, but like nature itself -- highest quality. Although the snow winter scene to still the feeling. But by the spring on the west wall has opened two circular window, Tadami Edaeda bamboo over, and give people a " winter live split spring " the far-reaching artistic conception, the landscape is like a huge picture of the dynamics of structure, harmony.The tourists: " the main landscape has been touring ended. In the tour. ", maybe you and I also issued a heartfelt sigh: Yangzhou Park, it is the garden of the essence of the garden.

王府正殿，俗称“银安殿”是王府内举行重要礼节性活动的场所，在殿内中心位臵摆放一组屏风和亲王的宝座。与故宫的金銮殿相对应的。金銮殿是皇帝

召见、举行重大典礼仪式的地方。

你现在看到的这座高大的建筑是本次大修中按同治光绪年间的原样新建的。最初的银安殿连同东西配殿在内的整个院落于一九二一年正月十五元宵节夜因烧香失火被毁。

银安殿的新建历程：

银安殿是按照当时严格的清廷建筑规制、王府建筑中的最高规格屋顶——歇山顶修复而成的。

游客们请观察正殿屋顶筒瓦的颜色，屋脊上吻兽个数，正门门钉的个数等，与你们所见的故宫有何不同?

皇宫屋顶覆盖金黄色琉璃，是皇权的象征;王府正殿的屋顶覆盖绿色琉璃筒瓦、屋脊上绿色琉璃吻兽，配殿屋顶为灰筒瓦，那是明示亲王的地位。

门钉。在古建筑里，门钉只在板门上使用。当初用来提防敌人用火攻城，所以在涿弋上涂满了泥，起防火作用。门钉一般是铜制的。清朝则对门钉的使用有一定的规制。皇家建筑，每扇门的门钉是横竖各九路，一共是九九八十一个钉。九是阳数之极，象征帝王最高的地位。因为帝王庙是供奉历代帝王的，所以也是横竖九路门钉;王府七路乘七路，但是亲王府七路乘九路;再往下就是五路乘五路。

2、多福轩

此院俗称“藤萝院”。正殿在和珅时期称之谓“延禧堂”，是和珅之子与公主的居所。恭亲王时期称之谓“多福轩”，是王府的穿堂客厅，主要用于主人日常接待来客、亲友或前来回禀公事的下属，兼用作存放皇帝送来的礼物。“多福轩”此匾为咸丰皇帝所题。意为幸福很多的殿堂。殿内正中悬挂“同德延禧”匾额，意在告诫主人：你与皇帝同德才能延禧(禧：吉祥如意、福寿绵长)。请大家仔细观察殿内四壁靠近天花板的地方皆悬挂福寿字匾，这些福寿字均写于红色方纸之上(即“斗方”)呈梭形摆放，一福一寿成对制成匾额。清代自康熙以后，每年入冬，皇帝都要亲自书写“福”“寿”字，颁赐给王、公、大臣、后妃。逢重大生日庆典，还会加赐“寿”字。按惯例，旧年的福寿字斗方不能揭去，而是将新赐的福寿字斗方直接贴在旧的上面，取“增福添寿”之意。现在你看到的就是原样复制的。

请大家仔细观察屋梁上保留下来的乾隆时期的凤和玺彩画，虽然仅残留局部的凤尾图案，却有特殊的价值，它的存在证实了府邸东路曾为公主府 。

和玺彩画又称宫殿建筑彩画，这种建筑彩画在清代是一种最高等级的彩画，大多画在宫殿建筑上或与皇家有关的建筑之上。

3、乐道堂

这里是东路建筑中最大的一处，也是最后一进院落，正房名“乐道堂”。室内梁上至今保存了200多年前清中期包袱锦地彩画和凤凰主题彩画，表明和珅时期这里曾是公主的居所。到了恭亲王时期这里是王爷的居室。现在室内按恭亲王居住时的原样陈列。“乐道堂”的匾额是道光帝亲笔所书赐给奕忻的，“安身乐道”表达了一位父亲希望儿子顺心如意、幸福吉祥的美好心愿。

和珅既非亲王，在封建等级制度甚严的清朝，他为何臵逾制犯上而不顾大兴土木建造如此豪华的私宅呢?从下面的记载中你可知其中的原委。

和珅之子丰绅殷德本名殷德，生于乾隆四十年(1775年)正月十九日，比和孝公主小半个月。和珅与乾隆结成儿女亲家，成为令人高不可攀的皇亲国戚，由此更加受到皇上的器重，继而平步青云。和珅建和宅实际上建成的是公主府，因此和珅建此宅是按照公主府邸和朝廷一品大员的双重规格建造的。

4、嘉乐堂

嘉乐堂是和珅时期的堂号，“嘉乐堂”此匾相传是乾隆赐给和珅的。恭亲王时期为“神殿”，即王府举行萨满教祭祀活动的地方。

萨满教祭祀活动：古代的蒙古人最早信仰萨满教。萨满教崇拜神灵，把世界分为三种：天堂在上;地为之中;地狱在下。

萨满祭祀以祭祖祭天最为重要。满族人崇敬乌鸦，据传说满族祖先在一次战斗中陷入陷井，情急之下不得不到大树上作躲藏，树上的乌鸦一动不动，因而没有把满族的祖先暴露给敌人，让他逃过一劫，东山再起，因此满族人把乌鸦敬之为神。篇二：恭王府导游词

各位游客大家好,恭亲王府原是“千古第一贪”的和王申的家，后被嘉庆帝立下二十四条罪状，抄了他的家充公。因最后一任主人是恭亲王爱新觉罗·奕讠斤，所以称为恭亲王府。

北京城两龙脉，一是京城中轴线，二是护城河。故宫就坐落在中轴线的头上。而恭亲王府就坐落在两龙脉相交之处。和王申曾大言不惭说：“皇上坐龙头，我坐龙尾。龙头虽掌大局，却还要龙尾行大事。”听听，和王申野心之勃勃，真不愧“千古第一贪”!恭亲王府内，有九千九百九十九只“蝙蝠”。这“蝙蝠”并不是真实的蝙蝠，而形似蝙蝠的建筑。和王申想让自己很幸福，便取“福”的谐音字“蝠”，建了九千九百九十九只“蝙蝠”。

进门后，首先映入眼帘的，便是一只硕大的“蝙蝠”。这是一只形似蝙蝠的池塘，名曰“福池”。池岸边随意错落着假山碎石。福池周围栽满了榆树，榆树的果、叶形似铜钱，每当铜钱般的果、叶掉入福池时，和王申就会笑哈哈：“天上掉下的钱，进入我的?聚宝盆?，地上的钱也是流入我和王申的囊袋中。”这话可真不假!

Appropriate county village of Venus, if there are mountain shape lie lion,said fu lion mountain. Five mountains rise steeply, rock mountains toweringmountain. Rock under clear spring flowing day and night, good water quality, andlarge flow. Water xiushan jung, bamboo forest, beautiful YaJing. Because of thelandscape, also known as yanquan mountain. "The monk of the ancient mountains".Yuan to early is (about 1341) monk panlong father to name, "MAO as the temples,carry forward the catch. Edge, full followers build patriarch temple consecrateand handed down. After the monks found here is "land", among them. Yanquanancient concurrently in a way together in the release, and temples.

The XFX years (1450 ~ 1450), mu fu man Zhu Fuhai beginning, monks and widebetween wanli rebuilt. It is advisable to have said "yanquan wash jade", one ofthe eight sights "good". Kangxi 26 years (1687 years), city Gao Shilang,teachings to work is glad to invite scholars city investment management, build apavilion pavilion, built half moon pool. Yanquan has since become somethingnatural and cultural landscape are all places of interest. Salty, with BingXianDianGe damaged. In 1915, the magistrate of a county Qian Liangjun rebuiltpavilions, "half ShanTing". In 1929, city yun-xiang ma, raised mother fightspavilion, jade emperor Chinese style pavilion the cool new pavilion, wide plantflowers and trees, and mass of cliff stone carvings. Temples look brand-new,into the most prosperous period. In 1940, the Japanese bombing of kunming, thedisabled in hospital, scenery to avoid damage.

Published in July 1987, moya carved stone county, it is advisable to goodkey cultural relics protection units. In February 1993, the county governmentapproval, yanquan office allot the ownership of the temple of Venus. In recentyears, the office on a large scale comprehensive reconstruction. New Ursa major,the great hall, temple, jade emperor Chinese style pavilion, the gate, swimmingpool, etc., and wide planting flowers and trees, lawns, and roads, adding stonetable bench, making yanquan changes today than yesterday. In April 1999, kunmingexpo garden gave nameboards headquarters and tourism bureau of yunnan provincetourism fixed-point units, for the expo.

20_, yanquan temple management committee carved stone steles commemorativetee: "professor mu book place", "Yuan Jiagu tea place", "hidden pavilion site".Modern three historical facts recorded yanquan temple, very creative, greatlyimproving the yanquan temple culture grade.

Word garden door and door on both sides of bamboo jin ting, bamboo, insert plant with green stone stalagmites, mottled with "emotion" rock "state, form a" spring ". Also subtly conveys the traditional culture of "cherish spring" concept, to remind people, spring scenery is good, but short, need to appreciate each double cherish attentively, to natures wonderful really boring. Hills proper swimming, the original length is not in the process, and gains in the swim, swim a joy.

Xia Jing lying in the northwest of the park, east and mountain building. Xia Jing stacked stone is given priority to with cinereous taihu, stacked stone cloud mist entrainment of tai, landscape of taihu uneven and the characteristics of thin, transparent, leakage, knit, fold stone and not random. Yin mountain, mountain pond, north a trickling water trickle plummeting to the pond fish shuttle between the water lily pool. Pond on the right side of a winding there is a direct summerhill cave, hole deep, very cold, even if the hot summer, people into the hole, feel relaxed. Summerhill should look, and high and low are scene, let a person look around, too many things to see.

Mountain building through the "one" word long corridor, east of the garden is the magnificence is ablaze, created by qing dynasty painter Shi Taozhi. Autumn scenery in huangshan mountain, stone stack, higher the area is larger. The whole mountain, west, south three points, "most of the jiangnan garden" of reputation. The entire mountain piton lingyun, appear magnificent majestic. Along the ventral way climbing up to the top of the mountain breeze YunTing, view panoramic view. The appropriate akiyama, access to connection between CheFu, such as calendar qianshanmohe, all have to climb risks.

Landscape will be winter scene arrangement under the south wall, back against the wall almost not see the sun, from a distance like snow did not disappear, the ground was paved with white stone. Winter mountain with XuanShi (quartz) stack, stone crystal white, each stone was almost cant see the edges and corners, give a person likes and has the feeling of ups and downs. Winter mountain habitable, but, of course, the best is both of three bosom friend, together in the face and mountain building leak leakage month hall, surround furnace snow, night.

The tour will take 4-6 hours. The route is as follows:

Out side the East Gate-side the East Gate –in front of the Hall ofbenevolence and Longevity- in front of Garden of Virtuous Harmony-in front ofthe Grand Theater Building- a lakeside walk from the Garden of Virtuous Harmonyto the Hall o Jade Ripples- in front of the o Jade Ripples- in front of theYiyunguan (Chamber of Mortal Being)-Hall of happiness and longevity- in front ofthe Yaoyue (Chamber of Mortal Beings)-Hall of Happiness and Longevity-in frontof the Yaoyue(Inviting the Moon ) Gate of the Long Corridor- strolling along theLong Corridor- visiting an exhibition of cultural relics- in front of the Hallof Dispelling Clouds- inside the Hall of Dispelling Clouds- atop the Tower ofBuddhist Incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the Tower ofBuddhist Incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the Tower ofBuddhist Incense- inside the Garden of Harmonious Interest –outside the southgate to Suzhou Shopping Street- atop the stone bridge inside the Suzhou shoppingstreet –on the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street- on the roadform the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat- in front ofthe ruins of the Garden of complete spring –along the lakeside by the marbleboat-boating on the Kunming Lake-leaving out through the East Gate.

(Out side the east gate)

Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome to the Summer Palace. (After theself-introduction of the guide -interpreter) I hope this will be an interestingand enjoyable day for you .

During our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical andcultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.

The construction of the Summer Palace first started in 1750. At that time,the Qing Dynasty was in its heyday and China was a powerful Asian country withvast territories. The monarch in power then was Emperor Qianlong. With supremepower and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans fromall over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother`s birthday. After 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenuespent, the Garden of Clear Ripples was completed and served as a testimony toChina` s scientific and technological achievements. In 1860, this vast royalgarden was burnt down along with the Yuanming Yuan (Garden of Perfection andBrightness) by Angol-French allied forces. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixireconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the Garden of NurturedHarmony (Summer Palace). Characterized by its vast scope and rich culturalembodiments, the Summer Palace has become one of the most famous tourist sitesin the world.

This is the main entrance to the Summer Palace-the East Gate On top of theeaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a Chinese inscription which means“Garden of Nurtured Harmony” , whose calligrapher was Emperor Guangxu. The gatethat you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress andthe queer mother. All others used the side doors.

(Inside the East Gate)

the Summer Palace can be divided into two parts: Longevity Hill and KunmingLake .The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three- fourthsconsists of a lake and rivers .This imperial garden features 3,000 room-unitsand covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesquespots of interest. The layout of the Summer Palace includes three groups ofarchitectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, restingpalaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas. Entering the EastGate we will come the the office quarters. Entering the East gate we will cometo the office quarters. The annex halls on both sides were used for officials onduty.

This is the Gate of Benevolence and Longevity. Above the door there is aplaque bearing the same name in both Chinese and Manchurian characters. Thegigantic rock in the foreground is known as Taihu rock, or eroded limestone,quarried in Jiangsu Province and placed here to decorated the garden.

Everybody is good! I am the "dunhuang tour guide, my name is xiao, people call me xiao guide. Today, I will take you to visit all of dunhuang mogao grottoes. Chinas three major grottoes, the mogao grottoes is digging at the earliest, continuation of the longest, largest and most abundant content of the group. In the cultural history of the world also has precious value. "Human culture treasure", "image history museum", "the world gallery," said.

Now I enter the caves to visit, first we went to visit a famous "published". This cave is located in the system engineering, caves, on the north side of the aisle number 17 wat, caves were during the late tang dynasty monk hong "shadow wat" of hexi is, the fact that there are inscriptions carry. One day in May 1900, management of the mogao grottoes of Taoist Wang Yuanlu in an accidental opportunity, opened the secret "published" over the years, these valuable cultural relics finally rediscovered, but the foolishness of corruption of the qing dynasty and Wang Yuanlu make these precious cultural relics by imperialists unscrupulous plundering and taken. Tsarist Russia in 1905, Mr Lu, came to the mogao grottoes, in six packages daily necessities for bait, defraud a batch of cultural relics. In 1907, the British stein, only use dozens of pieces of silver water chestnuts, rob took about more than ten thousand volumes, as well as Buddhism embroidery and painting more than five hundred, courtesy of the British museum; In 1908 the French pelliot stole more than six thousand cultural relics, now hidden in Paris, the French national library and the museum. In October 1911, the Japanese otani light ray of the expedition yoshikawa small ichiro stole more than nine hundred volumes and orange red. Until 1910, the qing government will be more than looted relics to Beijing, in Beijing library. During transit and transported to Beijing after many relics stolen, damage, loss, is one of the most difficult to measure in Chinese rubbings. "Published" find these documents written content including religious classics and a variety of the instrument, it involves many disciplines, is the study of ancient religious, political, economic, military and culture of the important information, after decades of research, scholars both at home and abroad to creat a new popular subject, dunhuang studies.

So why when is published, sealed? A say: at the beginning of the 11th century, when xixia invasion, dunhuang hidden in order to protect the classic; A say: no, but cant discarded sacred scripture stored; Say again: in order to prevent damage and hidden muslims. Later to collect these classic monk, fled, the secularization of secularization, dead dead. Until we found the cave at the turn of the century, no one knows anything about it.

Below 328 wat, I take you to visit the caves of the exciting part of statue, before enter the caves, is painted sculpture to introduce general situation for everyone. The mogao grottoes colorful plastic round plastic, plastic, plastic film, etc. The shortage of the small surplus ", the biggest 34.5 meters high, is the worlds fourth Buddha. General statue is made from wood step-stone, tangle on straw, straw, reed, linen, silk, etc., and then use a special glue plastic coated, plastic sculpture, color painting on the final. Statues are mainly four categories: (1) the figure of Buddha, Buddha, maitreya, the medicine guru Buddha, amitabha, and iii, vii Buddha; (2) the bodhisattva as, including guanyin, manjusri, samantabhadra and make offerings to the bodhisattva, etc.; (3) the disciple like, including kasyapa, difficult; (4) god like, including pop, guinness, lohan, etc., there are some ghosts and gods and god beast, animal figures. Because of the different production s style is completely different, especially the wei jin southern and northern dynasties period of the "show bone like", "tsao water" and "wu zone when the wind" of the tang dynasty style, fully embodies the masters of the art extraordinary imagination and thinking.

Sculpture is the main part of the cave, a combination of 2 to 1 Buddha bodhisattva, the thin thick and gradually evolved and post. Since the sui, tang there was a shop portraits of seven or nine of the body, also appeared a large statues, such as 148 wat, wat, and 158 of more than two at 16 meters of nirvana

The interpretation of how time flies, I finished. The following please free activities. Before the activity, I am still an old saying goes: please protect the environment, cherish every inch of the land of the mogao grottoes. She is not only a showplace, still the pride of our China! Ok, come to here to 12 o clock. We are going to have lunch at the hotel.