西安自助旅行最新20篇

西安事务，又称双十二事务，是其时任职西北剿匪副总司令、东北军首脑张学良和其时任职百姓革命军第十七路总批示、西北军首脑杨虎城于1936年12月12日，在西安动员的直接军事羁系变乱，监禁了其时任职百姓当局军事委员会委员长和西北剿匪总司令的蒋中正，目标是“遏制剿共，改组当局，兴兵抗日”，西安事务最终以蒋中正被迫接管遏制剿共同等抗日的主张，导致了第二次国共相助而僻静办理。

西安事务眷念馆是“西安事务”重要旧址张学良第宅、杨虎城止园别墅为基本而成立的遗址性博物馆。1982年2月23日，西安事务旧址被国务院定名为第二批世界重点文物掩护单元。1983年10月，创立西安事务眷念馆筹建处。1986年12月，在眷念西安事务五十周年之际正式对外开放。西安事务眷念馆馆址设在张学良第宅。

【西安事务旧址】

西安事务旧址，包罗张学良第宅、西安事务批示部、新城黄楼、止园、高桂滋第宅、西京招待所、华清池五间厅、兵谏亭等8处。张第宅在开国路69号，建于1932年，为对象分列的三座三层砖木布局西式楼房。东楼是神秘楼，中楼有客堂、集会会议室，西楼为张学良的居室。西安事务产生后，周恩来、叶剑英率中共代表团住东楼。中共代表团与张、杨交涉及与南京当局代表会谈多在中楼。西安事务批示部位于西安新城陕西省人民当局内的杨虎城第宅，1931年建，砖木布局，宫殿式，具有典范的民族气魄威风凛凛。1936年10月8日张、杨在此密谈抉择对蒋介石举办兵谏。事务产生后，周恩来率中共代表团来此与杨虎城共商救国大计。新城黄楼与杨虎城第宅相距300米，因墙为黄色得名。止园在北大街青年路，建于1933年。主楼为传统宫殿式构筑，拱顶、飞檐、碧瓦、朱柱。西安事务前夕，张、杨在此密商动员兵谏。1936年12月17日，周恩来在止园促成了西安事务的僻静办理。高桂滋第宅位于西安市开国路陕西省作家协会院内，建于1933年，1936年12月14日蒋介石迁此，周恩来在此接见蒋介石，起源告竣六项协议。西京招待地址解放路，为随蒋介石来陕的南京当局军政要员的住所，现为省旅游局服务处。华清池五间厅背靠骊山，西安事务产生当天蒋介石由此逃至骊山一巨石误差中，其后在巨石四面建亭，先后以"正气亭"、"遁迹亭"、"捉蒋亭"、"兵谏亭"为名。1982年在张学良第宅成立西安事务眷念馆。

张学良第宅旧址在西安市开国路甲字 69号(原金家 巷五号),总面积约7703平方米，附近砌筑青砖围墙，大 门北向。第宅以东、中、西3幢砖木布局中西式楼房及20余间平房。楼的平面呈“十”字形。楼分3层，第1层为地下 室，室外有缓坡台阶通 2层大门，门向北开，小青瓦盖顶。院内东南有保镳职员栖身的平房，西南有中西餐厅。 昔时张学良住在西楼。西安事务产生后，以周恩来为首的中共中央代表团到西安调停，住在第宅东楼。12月23～24日，中共代表团、张杨 两将军、南京代表团在西楼进行三方交涉，告竣“六项协议”。今朝举行有“西安事务史实陈列”、“千古元勋——张学良将军平生陈列”和张学良旧居复兴陈列。

1984年创立西安事务旧址打点处，1986年对张学良 第宅、止园、五间厅、新城大楼、杨虎城将军新城第宅举办维修，根基恢复兴貌。此刻张学良第宅旧址成立了西安事务眷念馆。 杨虎城止园别墅位于西安市青年路117号，今止园饭馆西侧，占地面积2331m2，其主体为一座中西合璧气魄威风凛凛的砖木布局三层楼房，并有平房10余间。原为杨虎城将军的别墅，又称杨虎城第宅，情形很是寂静。这座别墅现已辟为杨虎城将军眷念馆，内铺排有杨虎城将军的遗物和西安事务的部门文件，在旧址内举行有“杨虎城将军平生陈列”和杨虎城旧居复兴陈列。

“入乡随俗”：出境旅行必须尊重的各国风俗禁忌

比利时

比利时人爱把做生意和娱乐结合在一起，喜欢招待别人，也喜欢被别人招待。注重外表，注重生意伙伴的头衔。

丹麦

丹麦人，喜欢桑拿浴和饮酒，且酒较昂贵。商务活动中倘若招待一场桑拿浴或多带几瓶苏格兰威士忌酒，便可增加谈资和作为最佳馈赠。

挪威

挪威人，讲究守时及与人谈话保持一定距离，拜访或出席家宴，要准备花或糖果等礼物送给女主人，出外郊游不要惊吓河鸟(挪威国鸟)，普遍视红色为流行色。

希腊

希腊人，爱午睡，为亚热带气候所致。说午安时可包括深更半夜，最后分别才道晚安。希腊人做生意方法比较传统，讨价还价到处可见。如招手一类友好的手势，在希腊却意味着“下地狱”，希腊人表示告别，是把手背朝向对方招手。

奥地利

奥地利人，不喜欢在新年期间食用虾类。因为虾会倒着行走，象征不吉利，若吃了虾，新的一年生意就难以进取。

爱尔兰

爱尔兰人，忌用红、白、蓝色组(英国国旗色)，这是由于政治、历史原因所致。另外爱尔兰的法律禁止爱尔兰人离婚。

意大利

意大利人，比德国人少一些刻板，比法国人多一些热情。但在处理商务时通常不动感情。做出决策较慢，并不是为了同同事商量，而是不愿仓促表态。

卢森堡

卢森堡人，日尔曼人的后裔。由于国家小，多数人中午驾车回家吃饭，午间不办公。

日本

在日本消费时一般不能还价,特别是在百货店里,以标出的价格购买东西是一种被普遍接受的规矩,如果顾客非要坚持还价,可能会遭到冷遇。不过,日本消费中是没有付小费的习惯的,因为在帐单中已经包括了所有的服务费用,所以顾客就不必再多此一举了。

韩国

韩国人用双手接礼物，但不会当着客人的面打开。不宜送外国香烟给韩国友人。酒是送韩国男人最好的礼品，但不能送酒给妇女，除非你说清楚这酒是送给她丈夫的。在赠送韩国人礼品时应注意，韩国男性多喜欢名牌纺织品、领带、打火机、电动剃须刀等。女性喜欢化妆品、提包、手套、围巾类物品和厨房里用的调料。孩子则喜欢食品。如果送钱，应放在信封内。

吃饭时不要随便发出声响，更不许交谈。进入家庭住宅或韩式饭店应脱鞋。在大街上吃东西、在人面前擤鼻涕，都被认为是粗鲁的。

另外，政府规定，韩国公民对国旗、国歌、国花必须敬重。不但电台定时播出国歌，而且影剧院放映演出前也放国歌，观众须起立。外国人在上述场所如表现过分怠慢，会被认为是对韩国和韩族的不敬。

新加坡

与新加坡人打交道，以姓称其为“某先生”、“某太太”或“某小姐”，无论对何种民族都是适用的。会见时，握手、微笑、直视和一句"您好"都是必不可少的。介绍完毕后给所有的人递上名片。与新加坡人约会，最好事先约定，并准时赴约。他们的时间观念较强，认为准时赴约是对客人的尊重和礼貌。在新加坡，最好的社交话题是：当地的烹饪和餐厅，特别喜欢的旅游地以及对方业务兴隆的情况等。回避的话题是：谈论个人性格，议论当地政治或不足之处、种族摩擦、配偶情况和宗教信仰。

共3页，当前第2页123

哈喽！欢迎大家来到西安，我是你们的小导游刘琳，我和大家初次见面，请大家多多关照，下面我们就前往清华池吧！

朋友们，我们正在走廊，请大家往前看，那就是黄河母亲，她一身雪白，还抱着不到一岁的孩子，用乳汁哺育这他，这黄河母亲大概有两米多高。我们联想一下我们小时候，妈妈肯定也这么爱你吧！

黄河母亲大家已经看过了，我们就去对面那座山吧！它叫作鸟山，必须坐缆车去。请大家做好准备，缆车要出发了！请大家往下看，这就是清华池，很美丽吧！

好了！大家该下缆车了，我们已经到达鸟山了。请大家往里面走，看！那是八哥！多么可爱呀！大家自己看吧！可不要掉队哦！好了！大家应该看完了，我们下山吧！

look！那是青春泉！听说只要用哪里的泉水洗脸，脸上永远不会有皱纹哦！青春泉的左面是皇上和他的妃子洗澡地方，只要往里面头一两个硬币，就会来年有好运！

好了！今天的清华池一日游结束了！我也要和大家说再见了！请大家不要忘记今天哦！

一、旅行社诚信经营服务“七做”

1、严格遵守国家法律、法规，坚持依法经营。及时妥善处理游客投诉，维护旅游者合法权益。

2、旅行社对本社员工从事旅行社业务实施委派制度，加强对旅行社门市部和员工的`管理，并对其经营行为承担责任。

3、与旅行社员工签订劳动合同，按时发放员工工资和出团补助，不克扣员工应享受的劳动报酬。

4、在旅游接待服务过程中选择有良好信誉的地接旅行社、旅游汽车公司签定合同，规范服务流程。

5、为旅游者提供质量价值相符的旅游产品，真实介绍产品信息，不欺骗客人。

6、使用规范的旅游文本合同，明确价格、服务标准等事项，信守合同约定，履行服务承诺，自觉维护旅游市场秩序。

7、加强安全生产管理，落实安全责任制，办理旅行社责任险，确保旅游者人身、财产安全。

二、旅行社诚信经营服务“七不做”

1、不超范围经营，不非法转让和变相转让《旅行社业务经营许可证》，不搞挂靠承包。

2、不使用不具备旅游营运资质的车辆和社会上无导游证、无领队证的人员接待游客。

3、不搞“零团费”、“负团费”等低于成本价的不正当竞争。

4、不违反合同约定，不降低服务标准，不组织参加合同约定以外的自费项目和购物项目。

5、不发布虚假旅游信息和广告，不用含糊不清的语言误导游客，不欺客宰客。

6、不故意拖欠团款，不侵害客人利益。

7、不向旅游者介绍和提供损害国家利益和民族尊严，含有民族、种族、宗教、性别歧视内容，含有淫秽、迷信、和法律法规禁止的内容。

大雁塔大雁塔简介大雁塔，又名大慈恩寺塔，唐高宗永徽三年(公元652年)玄奘法师为供奉从印度带回的佛像，舍利和梵文经典，在慈恩寺的西塔院建起一座高180尺的五层砖塔，后在武则天长安年间改建为七层。

大雁塔塔通高64.5米，塔体为方形锥体，造型简洁，气势雄伟，是我国佛教建筑艺术中不可多得的杰作。

唐代诗人岑参曾在诗中赞道："塔势如涌出，孤高耸天宫。登临出世界，磴道盘虚空。突兀压神州，峥嵘如鬼工。四角碍白日，七层摩苍穹 " 大雁塔的恢宏气势由此可见。

大雁塔位于陕西省西安市南郊慈恩寺内，是全国著名的古代建筑，被视为古都西安的象征。西安市徽中央所绘制的便是这座气势恢宏、古朴雄伟的唐代著名古塔。此塔是玄奘大师从印度(古天竺)取经回来后，专门从事译经和藏经之处。因仿印度雁塔样式修建，故名雁塔。由于后来又在长安荐福寺内修建了一座较小的雁塔，以示区别，人们把慈恩寺塔叫作大雁塔，荐福寺塔叫作小雁塔，一直流传至今。大雁塔平面呈方形，建在一座方约45米，高约5米的台基上。塔七层，底层边长25米，由地面至塔顶高64米。塔身用砖砌成，磨砖对缝坚固异常。塔内有楼梯，可以盘旋而上。每层四面各有一个拱券门洞，可以凭栏远眺，将长安风貌尽收眼底。塔的底层四面皆有石门，门桅上均有精美的线刻佛像，西门楣为阿弥陀佛说法图，图中刻有富丽堂皇的殿堂。画面布局严谨，线条遒劲流畅，传为唐代大画家阎立本的手笔，是研究中国古代建筑的重要资料。塔南门两侧的砖龛内，嵌有唐初四大书法家之一的褚遂良所书《大唐三藏圣教序》和《述三藏圣教序记》两块石碑，字体清秀潇洒。唐末以后，寺院屡道兵火，殿宇焚毁，只有大雁塔巍然独存。

“入乡随俗”：出境旅行必须尊重的各国风俗禁忌

馈赠礼品可以带当地的物品，一般可送季节性水果或其他食品。有时也可送新书等。

新加坡人待人接物彬彬有礼，总习惯笑脸迎送客人。在日常生活中，如果干扰别人总要陪笑致意。

新加坡忌说"恭喜发财"，他们认为“发财”两字含有“横财”之意，而“横财”就是不义之财。

新加坡人对色彩的想象力很强，一般喜欢红、绿、蓝色，把紫色、黑色视为不吉利，黑、白、黄色为禁忌色彩。在商业上反对使用如来佛的形态和侧面像。在标志上禁忌使用宗教词句。喜欢红双喜、大象、蝙蝠图案。数字禁忌4、7、8、13、37、69。不喜欢“7”，认为“7”是个消极数字。忌讳乌龟，认为它是种不祥动物，给人以污辱的印象。

在新加坡，头部视为心灵之所在，摸别人的头会使人有遭受污辱之感。尤其不要摸小孩的头。在公共场合不要拥抱或亲吻任何人。

中非

中非人认为奇数有消极的色彩，他们不喜欢。当地一些部族忌用狗作商标。当地人的孩子长大后，一般情况下不能进父母房间。当地妇女喜欢佩戴各种耳环项链，并特别讲究梳理出各式发型，常见的有钉子型，凤头型。

莫议论婴儿的眼睛

中国人夸婴儿总爱说：“看这对水灵灵的大眼睛”。到伊朗您可千万别议论婴儿的眼睛，伊朗人对婴儿眼睛最敏感，来客若出言语不慎，双亲会出钱让人挖掉婴儿的“邪眼”。

女人上街必须戴耳环

到西班牙去旅游，女同胞上街需要戴耳环，如果没有戴耳环，那就象个正常人没有穿衣服一样，会被人笑话。

千万别弄碎玻璃器皿

去匈牙利旅游，不论是住店，还是用餐，千万别弄碎裂玻璃器皿，如果有人不小心，打碎了下班器皿，就会被人认为是要交逆运的先兆，您就成了不受欢迎的人。

千万别碰黄牛

在印度，尼泊尔，缅甸等国，黄牛是神明的“神牛”，对“神牛”，不准鞭打，不准伤害，不能役使，更不能宰杀吃肉；“神牛”走近身边，应把最好的食物送上，逢年过节，要举行教牛仪式；在公路闹市遇到“神牛”，行人，车辆要回避、绕行，尼泊尔政府将黄牛定为“国兽”，谁若伤害、鞭打它，是要罚款和判刑的。

日本人忌“八筷”

日本人用筷有八忌：

1、舔筷；

2、迷筷，手拿筷子，拿不定吃什么，在餐桌上四处寻游；

3、移筷，动一个菜后又动一个菜，不吃饭光吃菜；

4、扭筷，扭转筷子，用舌头舔上面饭粒；

共3页，当前第3页123

碑林--西安碑林博物馆导游词

女士们,先生们大家好!现在我们就来到了碑林。顾名思义，它的意思就是“碑石丛立如林 ”，这座博物馆始建于公元1087年，距今已有900余年的历史了。它是收藏我国古代碑石时间最早、数量最多的一座艺术宝库。所以，人们又将其称为“石质书库”。西安碑林是在保存唐代石经的基础上发展起来的。唐代恩所称的石经包括：唐天宝四年，也就是公元的745年，由唐玄宗书写的《石台孝经》；以及唐开成二年，也就是公元的837年刻成的《开成石经》。这些石经原来都立在唐长安城务本坊的国子监太学内。唐朝末年，朱温挟持唐昭宗迁都洛阳，驻守长安的佑国军节度使韩建将长安城进行了缩小，致使石经弃于郊外。在许多人的建议下，韩建和后来的刘郇陆续将这些碑石移到了城内的文宣王庙内，也就是今天的西大街社会路一带。由于那里地势低洼，所以对保存经石不利。于是，公元1087年，在北宋漕运大使吕大忠的组织下，又将那里的碑石移到了今天的位置。这便形成了最早的西安碑林。

“碑林”一名始于清代。它收藏了从汉到清的各代碑石3000余件，分布在七个陈列室，八个碑厅和六座碑廊之中。这些碑石主要可以分为“碑林”和“石刻艺术室”两大部分。博物馆占地面积31900平方米，陈列面积3000平方米。碑林博物馆是典型的中国传统庙宇式建筑群。它的前半部分是由原先拜谒孔子的孔庙改建而成，至今仍处处可见孔庙的痕迹。孔子是中国儒家的创始者，历来被封建统治者所推崇。汉武帝就曾提倡“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”。不知大家有没有注意到：按照中国历来的建筑制式，门都是朝南开的。而碑林的门却是东西向的。这是怎么回事呢？这是因为碑林为孔庙旧址，按照中国古代的制度，孔庙的门都开在东西两侧，以示对孔子的尊敬。西门称为“礼门”东门称为“义路”。南面的门则封闭起来，叫做“塞门”。大家现在看到的这个高大的牌坊叫做“太和元气坊”。它是明代的建筑，是由华山西岳庙移过来的，采用的是四柱三檐。上面的这些彩画是和玺彩画。中国古代制度森严，彩画也是有等级的。最高的是和玺彩画，另外还有旋子彩画和苏式彩画。

大家眼前看到的这两个半圆形的水池,它是孔庙特有的建筑。按照古代制度，国家级孔庙内的水池为圆形，叫“辟雍”；地方级孔庙内的水池为半圆形，叫做“泮池”。“泮”是三滴水加个一半的半。汉字讲究象形，“泮”就是半个水池。孔子提倡学无止境，学问永远没有满的时候，就像这水池，永远也不可能成为满圆形的。在古代，只有考中秀才的人才可以走上泮池中间的小桥，当一回秀才。

在泮池北边的这个石牌坊也是孔庙特有的建筑，称为“棂星门”。传说“棂星”是二十八星宿中主管取土的神。当年，进出棂星门有严格规定：祭孔大典时，只有主祭的最高官员才能由中门出入；一般官员由西门出入；其他人员由东门出入。所以就有了成语“旁门左道”。现在我们已经进入了棂星门内。中国古代的建筑都是讲究中轴对称的。那么，碑林也不例外。碑林的各个陈列室以棂星门的中门为中轴线，自南向北对称排列。两边的房间为临时陈列室。大家请注意看，中央道路两旁有许多的石柱，它是我国古代民间石刻的瑰宝—渭北栓马桩。这些栓马桩高2米左右，上面刻有各种纹饰，造型丰富。马是古代重要的交通和作战工具。在一望无垠的渭北高原上，出于交通与军事的需要，在驿站旁边设立了大批的栓马桩。它除了可以栓系、震慑牲畜这个目的外，还具有震邪、吉祥和装饰的意义。在解放前，渭北地区的官宦或富豪人家的院门外两侧大都栽有成排的栓马桩。

现在请大家看远出处的这个巨大的匾额，上面书写着“碑林”二字。你仔细观察就会发现，这个“碑”字少了一撇。那么为什么会少一撇呢？难道这是一个错别字吗？显然这是不可能的。这两个字出自清代著名的爱国将领林则徐之手。鸦片战争之后，他革职戍守新疆伊犁。当时路经西安，写下了这两个字。有人说“碑”字少了一撇，正好象征他当时丢了乌纱帽。其实，并不是这样的。你待会儿就会发现，碑林中的所有“碑”字都少了一撇。这是因为古代的汉字讲究对称，“碑”字少了一撇，只是为了看起来对称美观罢了。

现在请大家看这通高大威严的石碑，这便是久负盛名的《石台孝经》。它是碑林中最大的石碑。《孝经》是儒家经典之一，是由孔子的学生曾参编纂的。全书共分18章，主要讲述封建社会基本伦理道德之一的孝道。并且把孝敬父母和忠于君王联系起来，提倡“事君如事父”，以宗法血缘关系维护封建统治，因而得到历代封建统治阶级的特殊重视。认为“孝”是一切道德的根本，把“以孝治天下”视为基本统治策略。《石台孝经》的前半部分是唐玄宗李隆基用隶书为孝经作的序，目的是为了表示自己要以孝来治理天下。后半部分是孝经的原文。那些小字是李隆基为孝经作的注释。在当时，此碑立在国子监太学内，因此被称为“御碑”。又因为此碑建在三层石台之上，所以叫做《石台孝经》。这块碑石高近6米，碑座、碑身、碑首由35块巨石组成。碑顶雕有卷云蜷龙，似乎就要凌空而去。碑身由四块巨石组成，是整个碑林中碑身最大的一块石碑。碑座底下有三层石台，形制特殊。“风流天子”唐玄宗也擅长书法，这块碑刻书法工整，字迹清晰，华美飘逸，在唐代隶书中堪称佼佼者。这块碑林中的超级巨碑因为太大，只好向下延伸，在碑亭中形成一个方坑，向上则快到亭顶，显得顶天立地，气度不凡，因此被称为“迎客第一碑”。

现在请各位随我进入碑林的第一陈列室。这里展出由艾由晦、陈等楷书的《开成石经》。 “开成”是因为它刻于唐文宗开成二年，也就是公元837年。“经”，是指中国古代儒家的经典著作。《开成石经》包括12部著作，除《孝经》外，《周易》通过八卦形式推测自然和社会变化，是先秦思想史的重要资料；《诗经》是编成于春秋时代的中国最早诗歌总集；《周礼》、《仪礼》和《礼记》是先秦典章制度与社会礼俗的汇集；《春秋左传》、《公羊传》、《谷梁传》分别从史料和儒家义理角度阐释我国最早的编年史《春秋》；《论语》是技记述孔子言行的专集；《尔雅》是我国最早解释词义的专著。这些都是封建社会文人学士的必读之书。因为当时雕版印刷还不普遍，为避免传抄错误，唐文宗下令把它们刻在石碑上，立于国家最高学府国子监太学内，供人们校对。《开成石经》由114块碑石双面组成，共计228面，650152字。清代又补刻了《孟子》一书9石，合称十三经。中国历史上曾经组织过7次经籍石刻，只有这一部保存得最完整。加上时代又早，史料价值极高，人们赞叹它是“世界上最厚最重的书籍“。

各位游客，现在我们已经来到了碑林的第二展室。这里主要陈列唐代著名书法家书写的碑石，历来都是人们学习书法的范本。其中有唐初著名书法家欧阳询书写的《皇甫诞碑》，以及他的儿子，也就是欧阳通书写的《道因法师碑》。有颜真卿书写的《多宝塔碑》、《颜氏家庙碑》，还有晚唐柳公权书写的《玄秘塔碑。和怀仁和尚的〈大唐三藏圣教序碑〉。〈大唐三藏圣教序碑〉又被称为“千金贴”。这里还有中外驰名的〈大秦景教流行中国碑〉。唐代书法是我国书法艺术史上的高峰时代。长期的政治稳定和社会发展为文化的繁荣创造了条件。自唐太宗以来历任皇帝的酷爱和提倡，造就了全社会对书法的普遍重视。一大批书法家涌现出来，如同百花齐放。

各位游客请看这块碑石。在中国古代石碑上出现外国文字的碑石在碑林中有好几块。而《大秦景教流行中国碑》大概就是碑林里国际知名度最高的碑石了。它刻于唐德宗建中二年，也就是公元的781年，由波斯人景净述事，吕秀严书写。原立于唐长安城的大秦寺内，后来埋没土中。明天启三年，也就是公元1620xx年被重新发现，清末移入碑林。“大秦”是中国古代对东罗马帝国的称呼。景教，属基督教的一个分支，称聂斯脱利派，公元431年由叙利亚人聂斯脱利派创立于费城，也就是今天土耳其的塞克城以北。据碑文记载：“由波斯人阿罗本率领的传教代表团欲公元635年到达长安,受到隆重接待,并准许其传教。从此，景教在中国大范围流传开来。“景”是光明、美好的意思。碑首刻有基督教标志十字架。这块碑石记载了基督教早期传入中国的情况以及教规、教义，还有古叙利亚和汉文对照刻了72个景教僧侣的名字。为研究中国古代和欧洲、中亚的友好往来提供了宝贵资料。《大秦景教流行中国碑》在近代引起国际上的广泛关注。此碑拓片曾经传到了国外，并译成了拉丁文稿，引起了许多国家的注意。一些外国人认为，欧洲多基督徒，那么像这样记载景教的碑石应该运到欧洲供人瞻仰。 1920xx年，丹麦人荷尔漠受英国政府指使，企图以3000两白银复制的假碑换取此碑，受到舆论反对，只得将复制的碑石运往伦敦。现在世界上好几个国家有这块碑石的复制品。

在《大秦景教流行中国碑》对面，我们看到的这几通碑石是唐代著名大书法家颜真卿书写的。分别是《多宝塔碑》、《颜氏家庙碑》以及《争座位稿贴》。颜真卿不仅书法潇洒，而且在历史上也以忠贞有节、刚正不屈著称。在发生“安史之乱”时，他作为平原太守，也就是今天的山东太守，联络他的兄弟颜篙卿起兵抵抗，被推为盟主。合兵20万，有力地牵制了叛军，成为平息叛乱的中坚人物，被封为鲁郡公。后来，李希烈叛乱，他前往劝降，被杀害。颜真卿的书法字如其人。他初学褚遂良，后来跟随张旭学习草书，在正楷中参用篆书。颜真卿的书法可用四个字来概括，那就是“圆、大、厚、方”。他的行书气势开张，挥洒自如，对后世影响很大，人称“颜体”。《多宝塔碑》为颜真卿44岁时所写，是留存下来的颜书中的最早作品，代表了他的早期风格，常被人们作为学习颜体的入门范本。《颜氏家庙碑》是他73岁时所写，笔力雄健，气韵醇厚，书法造诣达到炉火纯青的境界。《争座位稿》是他55岁时所写，是写给当时另一位官员郭英义的书信手稿，指责郭在公众场合把宦官鱼吵恩的座位安排在许多大臣之上。行笔苍劲有力，一气呵成，是颜体行草书中的精品。

现在我们来到了碑林的第三陈列室。通过这里陈列的碑石，我们可以对中国古代书体的演变做一个大致的了解。据《史记》记载，文字是由黄帝时代的一个史官仓颉造的，所以人们称仓颉为“造字圣人”。这里我们看到的是《仓颉庙碑》。其实文字的发明不应该归功于某一个人，它是人民群众在长期的生活实践中共同创造出来的。篆书是流行至今最古老的字体，在碑林的这个陈列室中，我们可以看到宋代梦英和尚刻立的《篆书目录偏旁部首碑》。他把东汉许慎《说文解字》中的540个偏旁部首分别篆出，并用楷书注释，自作序文说明。这对研究汉字的渊源、演讲以及篆体书法都大有益处。篆书在秦代时达到了高峰。但由于它字体繁难不便于书写，秦代的狱吏程邈把篆书的笔画和结构作了简化，把圆转为方折，形成了使用较为方便的隶书。由篆到隶是我国书体的一大变革。隶书到了汉代成为通用文字，逐渐趋于成熟美观。在这里我们可以看到汉隶的一个代表作《汉曹全碑》，它是东汉时为陕西合阳县令曹全所立。从这块碑石上我们可以看到隶书的特点：蚕头燕尾，外柔内刚。楷书出现于三国时期，隋唐时楷书成为通用的字体。历代统治者都把楷书规定为书写官府文书和科举文章的正式字体。楷书和行草书在这里都有代表的作品。因为时间的关系，我们就不一一概述了。

石刻艺术是中国优秀文化的重要组成部分。陕西是中国石刻艺术发展较早、遗存较丰富的地区之一，特别是汉唐盛世石刻以众多的数量和高超的技艺驰名海内外，在我国雕刻史上占有突出地位。石刻艺术室建于1963年，集中了散存在陕西各地的从汉到唐的圆雕、浮雕和线刻艺术品共70余件，分为陵墓石刻和宗教石刻两大类。陵墓石刻是用刀砸在石面上的图画，起源于西汉，盛行于东汉，20xx多年来以它独有的特色显示着不朽的艺术魅力。

西汉时期，厚葬风气极盛，在贵族阶层中 “事死如事生”的观念很强。他们生前的生活场景和宠幸爱慕的东西雕刻于墓室以尽人间之乐。汉代画像石便是在这种厚葬风气中逐渐产生的。石刻艺术室陈列的汉画像石大多出土于陕北。内容除少数神话故事外，其余的大量取材于现实生活，如牛耕、狩猎、乐舞，贵族生活等。汉画像石记载了大量的历史史实。因此，它们既是艺术创作又是历史记录，为研究东汉社会提供了珍贵的资料。《牛耕图》是汉代画像石的代表作，画面上有一人双手扶犁，前面有两头牛拉着,两头牛的牛颈上有一横杠,这就是二牛抬杠的耕作方法.汉朝时农业的耕作水平已经是很高的了.在陕北地区共出土汉代画像石500件,西安卑林博物馆收藏有133件。隋唐时期的陵墓石刻在这里陈列的有献陵石犀和昭陵六骏。我们现在所看到地这尊石雕是献陵石犀，它原来位于唐高祖李渊的献陵前，刻于公元635年，重10吨，是用整块巨石圆雕而成。这种犀牛的品种非常奇特。大家来看，它头上没有角，鼻子上方有一圆包，因此叫做“圆帽犀”。这种犀牛原产于东南亚一带，现已灭绝。据史料记载，唐初，林邑国，也就是今天越南顺化一带，以这种犀牛向唐王朝进贡，李渊非常喜欢。建造献陵时，唐太宗李世民就特意把石犀置于陵前。这一石雕注重写实，结构匀称，比例准确，显然是以活犀牛为“模特儿”，使人感到它温顺驯服，憨态可掬。

接下来各位看到的这一组石雕为“昭陵六骏”。它是原先置于唐太宗昭陵北麓祭坛两侧庑廊的六幅浮雕石刻。六骏，指唐太宗在统一中国的战争中曾经骑乘作战的六匹骏马。相传六骏图形出自于唐代著名画家阎立本之手。原先画面上角刻有唐太宗题铭的四言赞诗，是由欧阳询书写的，由于年代久远，字迹已经模糊了。唐太宗营建昭陵时，诏令立昭陵六骏的用意，除为了炫耀一生的战功外，也是对这些曾经相依为命的战马的纪念，并告戒后世子孙创业的艰难。六骏采用高浮雕手法，以简洁的线条，准确的造型，生动传神地表现出战马的体态、性格和战争中身冒箭矢、驰聘疆场的情景。每幅画面都告诉人们一段惊心动魄的历史故事。由于六骏雕刻精美，引起了外国人的注意。1920xx年，美国人毕士博勾结陕西军阀陈树藩将六骏中的两骏盗运美国，现存于美国费城宾夕尼亚大学博物馆内。这两骏便是拳毛弧与飒露紫。大家现在看到的这两幅完整的浮雕作品，便是拳毛弧与飒露紫的复制品。1920xx年，他们又再次来到中国，企图将剩余的四幅砸成数块再次装箱运走，被人们发现拦存了下来。所以大家现在看到的是四幅残损的浮雕。它们虽然是残缺的，但却是真品。

大家现在看到的这尊庄严的石像是老君像，是道教的石刻。老子像是道教的教主李耳的雕像。因为它是唯一反映道教的石刻，所以就非常珍贵。不知大家有没有发现，这个老子像的眉目不像我们中原人。据说这是因为这个作品的雕塑者是西域的一个著名雕塑家，名叫元伽儿。他从小就生活在少数民族的圈子当中，作画、写生都是以本民族的人为摹本，久而久之就形成了他这种独特的风格。老子的形象庄严肃穆，耐人寻味。台座的变形牡丹花图案疏密有致，匀称饱满。它原先位于骊山的华清宫朝元阁内，当年接受过唐玄宗的膜拜。后来在一个风雨交加的晚上，朝元阁倒塌了，使老子像的外面裹了一层泥塑，所以至今保存完整。于1963年移存到这里，是唐代石雕中的珍品。

好了各位，今天我们的碑林博物馆之行到这里就全部结束了。感谢各位的参观，谢谢！

自助洗车项目申请报告范文

一、项目概述：

1、自助洗车的现状及前景

随着我国经济社会的发展及年轻人口数量的快速减少，普通劳动力价格在近几年日益快速攀升，一些主要依靠普通劳动力的服务型产品价格随之水涨船高，洗车就是受此影响最典型，最明显的行业，目前，在郑州，已经很难找到洗车费低于20元的洗车店了，十年前那种花费区区几元钱就有一群年轻工人围住洗车的场景已经彻底的，不可逆转的成为历史，不仅如此，由于工人难找，洗车店无论是数量还是服务质量都呈萎缩下降趋势，因此，对广大车主而言，洗车越来越成为一件花销不菲，且服务质量（洗车质量及排队等候时间等）令人很不满意的一件事情。

纵观全球，特别在欧美发达国家及地区，车主自己洗车就像他自己吃饭穿衣一样自然，即使在纽约芝加哥这样的大都市，也很难找到专门的人工洗车服务，即使有其费用也不是普通人能够承受的，原因很简单，劳动力是有价的，而且价格很高昂。当然，这一切都是社会进步的表现，是普通劳动者的福音。

我国目前正在刻意的快速奔向发达国家这一目标设定（至少是一部分人，比如有车一族），因此像自己洗车这样的在今天的欧美只是寻常风景的场景必将很快在我国出现并蔚然成风。

本项目由郑州瑞泉企业管理咨询有限公司与河南物业网联合烟台丰瑞科技公司共同推出，正是在这一中国时代特征和全球化视野的背景下酝酿和设计出来的，带有鲜明的中国特色和时代特征，比如中国人特别是城市居民大都集中居住在围合式的居住小区，不可能像大多数美国人那样有自己的前后小院，因此中国城市居民不可能靠个体的力量解决洗车场所的问题，那么，由居住小区的物业管理机构在科学合理规划的前提下为整个小区提供车主自己洗车的场所，实施相应管理，并收取适当的低廉的费用（只是现有人工洗车场的三分之一甚至四分之一的费用）应该是合乎逻辑的，也是能够得到小区居民接受的实现自己洗车的最佳路径。

另外，随着中国经济的发展和人们生活水平的提高，随着越来越多的中国人加入了有车一族，洗车市场正在不断地扩大。20xx年，全国汽车产销数字分别为1927.18万辆和1930.64万辆，同比分别增长4.6%

和4.3%。产销双破1900万辆，也再次刷新全球记录。以北京为例：截至20xx年2月，北京的机动车保有量突破了500万大关，总数达到561.7万辆。其中，私人机动车的占比也越来越高，截至20xx年底，私人车辆已占到机动车总量的七成半以上。

截至20xx年8月，郑州市汽车保有量超过200万辆，其中市区机动车保有量突破100万辆。统计数据显示，郑州机动车保有量位列全国省会城市第四位，仅次于成都、广州和杭州，其中私人汽车保有量约为超过60万辆（郑州市总户数约为200万户），由此得出，郑州市每百户家庭的汽车拥有量约为30%。根据汽车社会的20%百户家庭汽车拥有量的标准，郑州市区目前已经进入汽车社会。

汽车业的快速发展，推动着汽车服务业的发展，而且其市场的发展潜力非常巨大，如：自助洗车服务、自助加油服务等。

中原地区风沙较大，灰尘较多，有时甚至隔一夜，车身便落满灰尘。据数据显示：业主平均5天洗一次车，1年需洗车70次车，郑州市区全年仅私家车就要洗4200万次车！而且随着时间观念的加强，省时、便捷的服务成为车主的首选。越来越多的自助洗车机将开始出现在日常生活中，自助洗车服务将成为未来发展新趋势。

2、自助洗车机的优势：

自助洗车机一个与现代洗车业完全不同的新产物。究竟有些什么优势？这些优势能否让它满足巨大的市场需求？

①：方便、省钱、省时（效率高）

方便：洗车设备放在家门口， 24小时营业。

省钱：洗车成本在3—5元/次。

省时（效率高）：这是自动洗车机最明显的优势。一次洗车时间不超过10分钟。而且，不必再开车到洗车店排上20~30分钟队，拿起水枪轻松搞定。

②：方式灵活、客户选择余地大

如何洗，洗哪里，洗到什么程度，车主自己掌握；

亲自操作还能增加与爱车的感情，更重要的是在洗的过程中也是对车进行相关的检查。

③：投资小，成本低

无需现代洗车店的大门面，无需高昂的设备购置费用，无需工人。

④：故障率小，后续服务好

自助洗车机安装方便，操作简单，没有繁琐的设定，很少发生故障，其自身配置的故障报警系统可随时向服务部门发送信息，报告故障类型，让你不再为维修不及时而烦恼。

⑤、物业公司精细化服务，彰显物业服务品质

想业主所想，为业主提供增殖服务，以细节彰显物业公司的服务品质。目标消费群体集中住宅小区是车辆的聚集区，易宣传和营销。另外，目标消费群体为拥有车辆，但并不奢侈的工薪阶层，因此，5万平米以上成熟的中高档住宅小区是首选。

二、解决方案

本方案的总体原则是，大幅度降低管理成本，严格控制消耗费用（主要是用水量）具体实现方式是：

1、设计一套有一定技术含量的IC卡智能管理系统，实现全程无人值守。

2、设计一套自动控水系统，确保消耗费用在预算之中。

3、在洗车场地确定后3-5天内可安装调试完毕并投入运行。

三、投入产出分析

本项目全套的软硬件设备投入在6000—10000元。

假设每车次收费5元（具体收费可与物业管理机构商谈），在市场培育期（预计1-2个月）过后能达到每天30辆车，每月洗900辆车，则每月收入4500元，高估每车次2元的耗费，则月耗费1800元，毛利2700元，本项目最大的财务优势在于省掉了高昂的人工费用，无需人工职守，只需不定期的派员巡查一下和添加耗费用品如洗车清洁液等。

根据本项目书第一条的论述，相信在运行3-5个月后，洗车车次应会逐渐增加。根据测算，一个门店的理想发卡量为200张左右（超过此数可能会出现排队等候现象），假设每张卡每月洗4次，则一月的理想收入将达到6000元左右，每月净收入将超过4000元，考虑到一个门店的投入仅为万元以内，其投资回报率是十分可观的。

四、公司与物业公司合作模式

本项目目前可由小区物管处（甲方）与郑州瑞泉企业管理咨询有限公司（乙方，今后可能会另组专门的公司运作本项目）合作经营，具体合作模式可有以下两种：

1、由甲方负责提供洗车场地及水电，给排水，场地整治等工程，乙方负责提供全套运营管理系统及设备，如IC卡智能管理系统，控水设备，初期全套洗车设备等，洗车收费方案及策略等由双方协商确定，市场宣传及推广在双方充分协商的基础上主要由乙方实施，宣传推广费用由乙方承担，客户信息资源由双方共享，项目耗费由甲方承担。

2、由甲方负责提供洗车场地及水电，给排水，场地整治等工程，乙方负责提供全套运营管理系统及设备，如IC卡智能管理系统，控水设备，初期全套洗车设备等，洗车收费方案及策略等由双方协商确定，市场宣传及推广在双方充分协商的基础上主要由乙方实施，宣传推广费用由乙方承担，客户信息资源由双方共享，项目耗费由甲乙双方各半承担。

大雁塔建于唐高宗永徽三年，因坐落在慈恩寺，故又名大慈恩寺塔，位于陕西省西安市南郊慈恩寺内，是全国著名的古代建筑，被视为古都西安的象征大雁塔塔通高64.5米，塔体为方形锥体，造型简洁，气势雄伟，是我国佛教建筑艺术中不可多得的杰作。 此塔是玄奘大师从印度(古天竺)取经回来后，专门从事译经和藏经之处。因仿印度雁塔样式修建，故名雁塔。由于后来又在长安荐福寺内修建了一座较小的雁塔，以示区别，人们把慈恩寺塔叫作大雁塔，荐福寺塔叫作小雁塔，一直流传至今。

大雁塔平面呈方形，建在一座方约45米，高约5米的台基上。塔七层，底层边长25米，由地面至塔顶高64米。塔身用砖砌成，磨砖对缝坚固异常。塔内有楼梯，可以盘旋而上。每层四面各有一个拱券门洞，可以凭栏远眺，将长安风貌尽收眼底。塔的底层四面皆有石门，门桅上均有精美的线刻佛像，西门楣为阿弥陀佛说法图，图中刻有富丽堂皇的殿堂。画面布局严谨，线条遒劲流畅，传为唐代大画家阎立本的手笔，是研究中国古代建筑的重要资料。塔南门两侧的砖龛内，嵌有唐初四大书法家之一的褚遂良所书《大唐三藏圣教序》和《述三藏圣教序记》两块石碑，字体清秀潇洒。唐末以后，寺院屡道兵火，殿宇焚毁，只有大雁塔巍然独存。

大雁塔底层南门两侧，镶嵌着唐代著名书法家褚遂良书写的两块石碑。一块是《大唐三藏圣教序》;另一块是唐高宗撰《述三藏圣教序记》。碑侧蔓草花纹，图案优美，造型生动。这些都是研究唐代书法、绘画、雕刻艺术的重要文物。是我国重要的历史遗产。

唐代许多著名诗人登临大雁塔都留下传诵至今的佳句，如杜甫的 “高标跨苍穹，烈风无时休”;章八元的“却怪鸟飞平地上，自惊人语半空中”等。尤其是岑参的《与高适、薛据同登慈恩寺浮图》;“塔势如涌出，孤高耸天宫;登临出世界，磴道盘虚空。突兀压神州，峥嵘如鬼工;四角碍白日，七层摩苍穹。下窥指高鸟，俯听闻惊风;连山若波涛，奔凑似朝东。青槐夹驰道，宫馆何玲珑;秋色从西来，苍然满关中。五陵北原上，万古青蒙蒙。净理了可悟，胜因夙所宗;誓将挂冠去，觉道资无穷”。诗人气势磅礴的描写与富于哲理的感叹，常常在人们登塔时引起共鸣。

我随旅行团到西安去游玩。这次旅行很快乐，让我见识了许多 名胜古迹，如兵马俑、亚洲最大的音乐喷泉广场、大雁塔等等，下面就谈一谈这 些名胜古迹。

提起西安，知名度最高的景点非兵马俑莫属。兵马俑是世界七大奇迹之 一，已经被列入世界文化遗产，所以我才慕名前来参观的。一到展厅里面，只见 人很多，我们几个互相叮嘱：要紧抓住手，以防走丢。于是我们便手牵着手观看 起一号坑来了。一号坑里面兵俑很多，一排一排的，栩栩如生，像真人一样。从它们 的姿势就可以看出他们的手里原来是拿着兵器的，导游的讲解与我们的猜测一致。

据说，它们刚出土的时候是红绿色的，后来与空气一接触，两三天颜色就褪去了。我想：伟大的秦始皇一定想不到千百年以后，来自世界各地的游客不远万里来到古城西安参观他的陪葬坑。

古老的大雁塔坐落于慈恩寺内，是西安标志性的建筑。据说，它是唐三藏当年亲自设计督造的，初建时只有五层，后来，武则天在位时又修建了两层，至今便是七层。

大雁塔的北广场是亚洲最大的音乐喷泉广场。我们到的时候喷泉表演尚未开始，于是，我们就在边上等待。过了一段时间，一个个喷泉拔地而起，随着音乐声忽上忽下，犹如一个个美丽的少女在跳舞;有的时候，好多小的喷泉围着一个大喷泉，正如众星捧月一般。

经过这次西安之行，我觉得我们的祖先是多么的了不起啊，他们为子孙后代留下了多么宝贵的精神财富!

大家好!我是梦幻旅行社的一名优秀导游.很荣幸,今天能带领大家一起去已被列入>的秦始皇陵及兵马俑坑游玩.那么现在我们就出发吧!

秦兵马俑，在古今中外的雕塑是上是绝无仅有的，它惟妙惟肖地模拟军阵的排列，生动的再现了秦军雄兵百万、战车千乘的宏伟气势。

现在已发掘出三个俑坑，每个俑坑中都有兵马俑，共八千多个。一号坑最多，兵马俑近六千多个。

现在一号坑上已盖起了一座巨大的拱形大厅。请大家向前看，这就是我所说的拱形大厅。大家请随我来到大厅上。请往下看，这些兵马俑一行行，一列列十分整齐，排成了一个巨大的长方形军阵。

大家现在看到的兵马俑似乎“一摸一样”，但是，如果仔细端详，就会发现它们神态各异。下面我就来介绍几种兵马俑：

这是将军俑，他身材魁梧，身披铠甲，手握宝剑，昂首挺胸，一看就是久经沙场;这是武士俑，他们身高有1.8米，体格健壮，手持兵器，整装待发;武士俑一旁就是骑兵俑，骑兵佣上身穿短甲，下身穿着紧口裤，右手持缰绳，左手持弓箭，好像随时准备上马冲杀。

下面，大家自己游玩，我提几点要求：1.大家不要在兵马俑上乱写乱画。2.果皮纸屑不要乱丢。3.小朋友不要骑在陶马上。

每个兵马俑都是极为精美的艺术精品，请你们仔细观看，它们是千姿百态的：看，有的神态庄重，好像已经做好了思想准备;有的面带挂意，好像在想什么;有的向远处遥望，好像在想胜利后的情景;有的昂首挺胸，神态自若，好像已经知道谁胜谁负了。

现在，我的解说完毕，祝大家游玩愉快。

人们都说：大雁塔是座美丽的塔，是座伟大的塔，是座神秘的塔。今年，我去了西安，看到了大雁塔，看她那美丽、伟大、神秘的样子，真是感慨万千。

说大雁塔美丽，因为在大雁塔的跟前，有亚洲最大的音乐喷泉广场。当高雅、优美的音乐响起时，水面上就会突然冒出高大的泉水。随着音乐节奏高低的变化，喷泉也十分有规律地跟随着欢快起伏，活像一群孩子在欢乐地舞蹈。当夜色降临时，广场四周华灯彩照，喷泉水池中央碧波荡漾，繁星点点，迷人的风景把大雁塔装饰得无比美丽。

说大雁塔伟大，她不仅巍然屹立，高耸入云，虽经千年沧桑，仍然完好无损，而且还有唐朝高僧玄奘三藏法师西天取经的历史。要说唐三藏西天取经，由于唐僧取经的想法没有得到朝廷准许，所以完全是另辟蹊径，一路上也没有《西游记》中所说的高徒们相伴，全靠自己一人一马，历经千辛万苦才从印度取得真经和几颗舍利子回到了唐朝，唐太宗李世民为了保护经书，便修建了大雁塔来藏经，就像人们所说的藏经阁，唐僧在那里翻译佛经经典十余年，创立了中国佛教的一大宗派――唯识宗。像这样一座有着佛教精髓的古塔，是不是很伟大?

说大雁塔神秘，因为传说中，唐僧从印度带回来的几颗舍利子突然被盗走，可数千年后，人们居然在大雁塔的地底下发现了一座地宫，据历史学家分析，舍利子很有可能就在里面，只是国家暂时没有进行文物发掘。像这样一座美丽、伟大的大雁塔下居然还有地宫，而且被盗的舍利子可能就在下面，你说大雁塔神秘不神秘?

美丽、伟大、神秘，这就是我看到的大雁塔。

各位女士们先生们，大家好!

我是x旅游团的导游，大家能够叫我小赵。我将带领大家去一个美丽，壮观的华山。

华山是我国著名的五岳之首之一，海拔2154·9米，位于陕西省西安以东120公里历史文化故地渭南市的华阳市境内，北临坦荡的渭河平原和咆哮的黄河，南依秦岭，是秦岭支脉分水脊的北侧的一座花岗岩。凭藉大自然风云变化的装扮，华山的千姿万态被有神有色的勾画出来，是国家级风景名胜区。

“大家赶上队伍。华山向以险要而闻名于天下，其之陡险位居五岳之首。常言道：“自古华山一条路”。一路行过，必经千尺幢、百尺峡、老君犁沟、上天梯、苍龙岭等绝险要道。

游了中峰爬上云梯就到了东峰，东峰又名朝阳峰、海拔2090米，是登山游客欣赏华山日出的最佳场所，东峰主要景点有博台、鹞子翻身、下棋亭等景观。鹞子翻身被称为华山第二险、崖高十余丈游客到了这里需手攀铁索脚踩石窝、附壁而下、到了近处又须侧足转身故称鹞子翻身。

走过南天门，跨过华山第一天险“长空栈道”现在我们来到了华山的最高峰南峰，海拔2154.9米，因传说北归大雁飞过华山的时候都要在此休息，故又名落雁峰，峰顶有水。名曰仰天池，池中的水久旱不干、久涝不溢、形成了一大奇观。这里也是书法石刻最集中之处，“顶天立地”、“沐浴日月”、“峻极于天”等等，均从不同的角度突出了南峰之高。

游完南峰穿过炼丹炉就来到了华山西峰，因峰顶有一天然形成的石叶如荷花瓣覆盖峰巅故又名莲花峰，海拔2082米。西峰大殿翠云宫是峰上保存最完好的道教宫观。里边供奉的是众星之母斗姥。这里也是我们大家所熟悉的沉香劈山救母故事发生地。朋友们，此刻华山主要的景色已经被我们游览的差不多了，整个旅程中，我们经过了北峰的云雾缭绕，体会到了中峰的极幽景色，看到了东峰的绝美日出，又感受到了南峰的高大险峻，欣赏到了西峰的精华所在，领略了整个华山主要景色奇观，亿万年来鬼斧神工，造就了华山惊险壮丽的自然景观，千百年来文人墨客的咏颂，使华山积累了丰富的文化内涵。可以说，华山与华夏紧紧相连，是中华民族的象征;从关于华山的传说、典故中我们可以看出，它不但博大、计策、典雅、深沉、严肃，而且幽默、诙谐，甚至还有一丝浪漫与温柔，这不正我们中华民族的真实写照吗?

大家看这个，这个就是华山松。华山松，雄球花黄色，基部围有数枚卵状匙形鳞片……树干可割取树脂;树皮可提取栲胶;针叶可提炼芳香油;种子可食用也可榨油。

期望大家能度的过愉快的一天!下次我再和大家一齐旅游!

Founded in 1087, Xian stele forest is an art treasure house with theearliest and largest number of ancient steles in China. There are more than 1000steles and epitaphs from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty. There is a forestof Steles, so it is called the forest of steles. The forest of Steles in Xianis rich in materials. It is not only a treasure house of ancient Chinesecalligraphy, but also a collection of ancient literature and stone patterns. Itdescribes some achievements of Chinas cultural development and reflects thehistorical facts of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, soit is famous at home and abroad.

The forest of Steles in Xian was developed on the basis of preserving thestone scriptures of Tang Dynasty. The Shijing in Tang Dynasty includes ShitaiXiaojing written by Li Longji in 745 AD and Kaicheng Shijing carved in 837ad.

In front of the first exhibition room of the forest of Steles is a pavilionspecially built for displaying Shitai Xiaojing. Shitai Xiaojing is the largeststele in the forest of steles. It was written by Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong ofTang Dynasty, in 745 ad. The book of filial piety was compiled by Confuciusstudents, who specially emphasized filial piety. The first part is Li Longjispreface to filial piety. The purpose of Xuanzongs preface to filial piety is toshow that he wants to govern the world with filial piety. The following is theoriginal text of filial piety, and the small words are the annotation of EmperorXuanzong for filial piety. The base is composed of a three-layer stone platform,with vivid lines carved on it, such as vines, lion flowers, etc. it is arepresentative of the Mid Tang Dynasty, with relief cirrus above. The stele iscomposed of four stones with a stone platform under it, so it is called "stoneplatform filial piety".

The first exhibition room of the forest of Steles mainly displays theKaicheng Shijing. The materials include Zhouyi, Shangshu, Shijing, Zhouli, Yili,Liji, Chunqiu Zuoshi biography, Chunqiu Gongyang biography, Chunqiu Guliangbiography, Analects of Confucius, Xiaojing, Erya and other 12 scriptures, with650252 words, 114 square stones and inscriptions on both sides. More than 30000characters on 17 sides of Mencius, which was made up in the Qing Dynasty, arealso displayed here, collectively known as the thirteen classics. Twelveclassics are the necessary books for intellectuals in feudal society. Becausethe printing technology was not very developed at that time, in order to avoidthe mistakes made by the literati in copying scriptures, and to preserve thempermanently, the 12 scriptures were engraved on stone tablets as models, whichwere set up in the Imperial Academy of Changan City for people to proofread.Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, China has carved scriptures seven times. KaichengShijing is the only complete set of stone scriptures.

甲方：__

乙方：__

根据《中华人民共和国民法典》等有关法律、法规的规定，甲乙双方本着自愿、公平的原则，就平顶山汽车贸易公司合作形式之事宜，经双方协商一致签订本合作协议，以资双方共同遵守并执行：

第一条合作目的

汽车销售及售后服务，共同管理、共同经营。

第二条合作期限

1、合作年限为__年，日期自__年月日始至__年__月__日;

2、该协议期满时，如甲、乙双方愿继续合作，应在本协议到期之日前叁个月向对方提出续签合同申请。

第三条合作经营

1、公司前期筹备工作由甲方投资，乙方按目前公司状况进入公司与甲方共同经营管理汽贸公司;

2、甲、乙双方按照收益分配原则承担合作经营期间所发生的各种经营风险。

第四条收益分配原则

1、收益分配原则：甲方获取60%的收益，乙方获取40%的收益;

2、甲乙双方的经营收益在支付各项经营费用及依法纳税后才能按收益分配原则进行分配;

3、乙方分得的收益金直接转入乙方的账户，该账户为：徐冲个人账户，甲方转入后，由收款人开具正式收款票据给甲方;

4、不可抗力无法经营时，其地上建筑物的全部补偿等等各项收益按收益分配原则进行分配;

第五条甲、乙双方权利与义务

甲方：

1、合作经营期间内，由甲方与乙方共同负责汽贸公司所涉及的公司发展方向、人事管理、管理制度制定、财务管理及费用支出审批、销售、日常管理等工作;负责日常养护费、物业管理及经营中所产生的水、电、卫生等各项费用;

2、经营期内，甲方必须遵纪守法，如有违反国家法律、法规所禁止性行为，由其自行承担法律后果。

乙方：

1、乙方与甲方共同全面经营管理汽贸公司所涉及的公司发展方向、人事管理、管理制度制定、财务管理及费用支出审批、销售、销售、日常管理等工作;帮助汽贸公司的管理工作尽早走上正规渠道，全力拓展公司业务，尽快提高公司销售业绩。

2、乙方有义务维护汽贸公司的经营秩序和相邻关系，发现有损害公司行为时有权加以制止;负责协助甲方办理相关部门的项目审批。

第六条违约责任

合作期内，任何一方需要解除协议，须提前两个月以书面形式向对方提出申请，经对方书面同意后方可解除合作协议。

第七条争议的解决方式

本合同在履行中如发生争议，甲、乙双方应友好协商解决。协商不成，任何一方均有权向有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼。

第八条其它事宜

本合同未尽事宜，由双方协商签订补充协议，补充协议与本合同具有同等法律效力;

第九条本合同自双方签字之日起生效。

第十条本合同一式四份，甲、乙双方各执两份。

甲方：平顶山汽车贸易有限公司乙方：__

甲方代表签字：__乙方代表签字：__

__年月__日__年月__日

出租方：（以下简称甲方）

承租方：（以下简称乙方）

经双方协商同意，达成如下合同条款：

1、甲方将位于，室厅，㎡房出租给乙方作居住之用。

2、租赁时间自201年月日起至201年月日止。

3、房屋年租金为人民币元整，乙方一次付清房款。甲方另须收取乙方租房押金元（不计息），以确保租赁期间房内设施完好无损。若乙方中途退房，甲方将不予退回未到期限的租金。乙方退房时，结清水、电、收视、电话、卫生等费用，交还钥匙后，由甲方退还乙方押金元，乙方对出租房屋及其设备，如等损坏或遗失应及时修缮、赔偿。

4、乙方必须遵守各项规章制度。按时交纳水、电、收视、电话、卫生等费用。乙方的民事纠纷均自行负责。水、电底数各是：水吨，电度。

5、乙方在租赁期间应遵纪守法，处理好上下左右邻居关系，并时刻注意防火、防盗、防安全事故工作，保证自己和他人的生命和财产安全，公共区域不得堆放杂物及垃圾，保证公共区域的整洁。搞好安全防火防盗工作，若因管理不善造成责任事故，一切损失均由乙方负责，甲方不负任何负责。

6、乙方如利用承租房进行非法活动，损害公共利益的。甲方有权终止合同，并收回房屋，由此造成一切责任由乙方负责。

7、乙方不得随意损坏房屋设施，如需装修或改造，需先征得甲方同意，并承担装修改造费用。租赁结束时，乙方须将房屋设施恢复原状。

8、租赁期满后，如乙方要求继续租赁，则须提前个月向甲方提出，甲方收到乙方要求后天内答复。如同意继续租赁，则续签租赁合同。同等条件下，乙方享有优先租赁的权利。

9、租赁期间，任何一方提出终止合同，需提前个月书面通知对方，经双方协商后签订终止合同书。若一方强行中止合同，须向另一方支付违约金元。

10、本合同一式两份，甲乙双方各执壹份，自签字之日起生效。未尽事宜，双方共同协商解决。

甲方(签字)：乙方(签字)：

身份证号：

联系电话：联系电话：

年月日

作为一名医学生，我们首先要带领家人做到日常预防，戴口罩、勤洗手、避免去人群密集的地方、远离野生动物、注意个人卫生、出现不适症状及时就医。其次，我最想致敬的还是奋战在一线的医护人员，他们义无反顾，逆风前行，尤其在一月二十六日，我在公众号看到二院首批医疗队支援湖北的消息，老师们熟悉的名字映入眼帘，作为优秀的医生，作为先进的党员，他们面对突如其来的疫情，用实际行动践行“敬佑生命、救死扶伤、甘于奉献、大爱无疆”的医者精神，老师们的实际行动是我们医学生前行的榜样。在一月二十八日，我院的第一批医疗队员已接受专业培训进入“红区”，正式接手武钢二院新型冠状病毒肺炎患者的治疗工作，奋战在对抗病毒的最前线，他们一举一动都牵动着每个二院人的心，相信老师们的专业水平，一定能凯旋归来!

这次新型肺炎的爆发，我深刻地认识到了作为医学生所需承担的责任，疫情来袭，我们是背负人民健康的逆行者，各位党员同志和奋战在一线的老师们为我们做出了榜样，我会时刻以他们为荣，严以律己，早日成为一名合格的医生。

出租方：(以下简称甲方)

承租方：(以下简称乙方)

一、甲方将店面、第贰、叁层壹拾壹间房间出租给乙方。

二、租赁期限定________年，自________年____月____日起至________年____月____日止。

三、双方约定半年租金共计元，有关城建费、卫生费、安全保卫费等管理费均由乙方负责缴纳。水、电、围墙、门均由乙方自理。

四、租赁期间，乙方应爱护甲方财产，注意安全，一切安全责任事故由乙方承担。如发现甲方财产损坏的，维护费用由乙方承担，但不可抗力的原因造成损坏的除外。

五、租赁期间，甲方不得干涉乙方的合法经营活动。如甲方提前收回租房，应提前壹个月通知乙方，乙方应无条件退还甲方;如乙方不需用该出租房，应壹个月通知甲方，不得自行转租，不得转包。承租时，乙方因办公、经营、生产等需要附设的设备、财产，退租时应自行拆回。

六、租期满，如乙方要继续承租，乙方应提前壹个月向甲方申请续订租赁协议。租赁费与现年市场价协商调整，但同等条件下，甲方应优先考虑租给乙方。

七、现有楼房楼梯今后甲方需用时，乙方应给予甲方共用，不得以任何理由进行阻挠。

八、现有人员就业的问题由乙方租用该房屋后，自行解决。

九、租金约定每月初____日准时送交公司，每超一天按30%收取滞纳金，超过一个月未交，即中止合同。

十、本协议一式二份，甲、乙双方各执一份，本协议甲乙双方签字盖章后立即生效。甲方：乙方：代表(签名)代表(签名)________年____月____日出租方(简称甲方)身份证号码：地址：电话：承租方(简称乙方)身份证号码：地址：电话：为了提高单位或个人的房屋使用率，现根据国家____省市的有关法规，经甲乙双方协商一致同意订立租赁合同，条款如下：

一、甲方将拥有产权或处置权的市区的房屋(建筑面积平方米)，出租给乙方作使用。

二、租期从________年____月____日起至________年____月____日止(即个月)

三、该房屋每月租金为人民币万仟佰拾元整，乙方每个月向甲方缴纳租金万仟佰拾元整，并于每个月的____日前交清，甲方须开具(收据或发票)给乙方。

四、签订房屋租赁合同时，乙方应向甲方交纳仟佰拾元整的室内财物押金，押金合同期满后退还乙方。

五、租赁期间房屋的出租电话费、保安费、水电费、卫生费、电梯费、房屋管理费由方负责交纳。

六、乙方必须依约交付租金，如有拖欠租金，甲方每天按月租金的3%加收滞约金拖欠租金达天以上，甲方有权收回房屋，并有权拒绝退还履约保证金。

七、甲方应承担房屋工程质量及维修的责任，乙方也不得擅自改变房屋结构和用途。乙方因故意或过失造成租用房屋及其配套设施、室内财物毁坏，应恢复房屋原状或赔偿经济损失。

八、租赁期间，若甲方要收回房屋，必须提前一个月书面通知乙方。同时退还两倍的履约保证金;若乙方需要退租，也必须提前一个月书面通知甲方，同时不得要求退还履约保证金。

九、租赁期间，乙方未经甲方同意，不得将房屋转租给第三方。租赁期满或解除合同时，乙方需结清费用后退还房屋给甲方;如需续租须提前一个月与甲方协商，若逾期不还又未续租，甲方有权收回房屋。

十、本合同如在履行中发生纠纷，双方应通过协商解决纠纷，协商不成可请房屋租赁管理部门调解或起诉人民法院处理。

十一、本合同经签字或盖章后即时生效，一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份，如有未尽事宜，可经双方协商作出补充规定，均具同等法律效力。

出租人(或委托代理人)

承租人(或委托代理人)签名(盖章)

签名(盖章)

合同于________年____月____日订立

西安大清真寺英文导游词

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词怎么写？跟着小编来看看下面的范文，说不定能帮到你们哦~

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

The Mosque is a major spot for religious activities of over 60.000 Moslems in Xi’an, likewise, an important cultural relic protected by the Provincial People’s Government. Unlike the Arabic mosques, with splendid domes, the minarets reaching into the clouds, the coulourful engraved sketches with dazzling patterns, the Mosque here in Xi’an possesses much Chinese traditional touch in both its design and artistic outlook; besides the style peculiar to Islamic mosques, this Mosque also holds characteristics of Chinese pavilions with painted beams and engraved ridgepoles.

However, any further discussion about the Mosque will be futile unless anything of the introduction of Islam into China is brought up.

Islam as a religious order was founded in the early period of the 7th century A.D. and was introduced to China in the mid-600s. At that time, Arabian merchants and travelers came to the northwest of China by way of Persia and Afghanistan and thus established diplomatic, trade, and military contacts with China. In the meantime, another route saw a batch of sea voyagers through Bangladesh Bay and the Malacca Strait to China’s Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Huangzhou, Yangzhou and other cities where many of them settled down and married the local women who later gave birth to babies who then became Moslems.

However, massive immigration of the Moslems to China did not take place until as late as the early period of the 13th century, when Genghis Khan, as a result of his expedition against the west, had conquered vast expanses of land stretching from Central Asia to Eastern Europe, including the north of Iran. Many of the Moslems in the conquered areas were thus forced to enlist and later settled in China.

Among the enlisted many were soldiers, and some were smiths and officials who were called the Hui people in the history books on the Yuan dynasty. The Hui people later followed Kublai Khan down to the south, helping him unifying China and then establish the Yuan dynasty. In the wake of the conquest, Islam spread all over China and mosques began to appear everywhere. In the Yuan dynasty, many Moslems held positions both in the military and civilian organs of the country. And a lot of the Moslems took part in Zhu Yuanzhang’s uprising in the early 14th century and made great contributions to the founding of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, all the emperors of the Dynasty issued mandates to protect Islam, and to set up mosques in praise of the Moslems for their feats. In the early 16th century, Islam predominated Qinghai on the minority nationalities including the Huis, the Uygurs, the Kazaks, the Kirgizes, the Tajiks, the Tartars, the Ozbeks, the Dong Xiangs, the Salars and the Bonans. The Moslems in Xi’an are mainly the Huis, being a small portion out of the ten million in China.

The Mosque at Hua Jue Lane is the largest in Xi’an, and at the same time, it is also one of the earliest built on a comparatively large scale, and well preserved mosques in China.

According to the Stele on the Building of the Mosque”, the mosque is said to be built in the Tang Dynasty. However, the architectural style of the mosque suggests a possible building dating back to the Ming Dynasty. The four courtyards of the mosque cover an area of more than 12,000 square meters, out of which about 4,000 are occupied by various structures. The still intact wooden front memorial gateway of the front yard, built at the turn of the 17th century, with glazed tiles on the top, spectacular corners and upturned eaves, is about 9 metres high, and has a history of about 360 years. The stone memorial gateway in the center of the second courtyard is flanked with a tail stele on either side with dragons carved on each, recording the repair work ever since the building of the Mosque. On the back of one of the steles are engraved characters by the master calligrapher Mi Fu, May Buddhism Fill the Universe”, on the other, Royal -Bestowed”by Dong Qichang, another master of the same art of the Ming dynasty. They are treasures in Chinese calligraphy. At the entrance of the third courtyard is an imperial built hall, where a month tablet”, showing the calculation of the Hui Calendars in Arabic, is stored. It was compiled by a man in charge of the mosque called Xiao Mining in the early period of the Qing dynasty. A three –storeyed octagonal wooden structure called Retrospection Tower”also stands in the center of the courtyard, which has the same function as the minaret in Islamic temples in Arabic countries, and which is a place from where orders were sent to call the Moslems to come to worship. Respectively, on the south and north wings of the tower, are a reception chamber and a Scripture Chamber, both elegantly laid out. The five wooden houses, which are called Water Houses”in the southwest section of the Mosque are the place where the believers bathe themselves before they attend their services. And in side the fourth courtyard there is a structure called the Pavilion of Phoenix”, a place where the worshipers used to wait for the services. The Pavilion, in fact, is a compound structure of three small buildings. The six-gabled structure of the central part, adjoining the two three-gabled buildings on each side looks very much like a flying phoenix, and hence its name. Just at the back of the Pavilion, there is a fishpond, beyond which is a platform occupying an area as large as 700 m2. Across both ends of the platform stands the 1,300 square metered service hall, holding over a thousand worshipers at once. There are over six hundred sunk panels well as the sunk panels, are decorated with patterns of painted trailing plants and Arabic letterings. The imam leads his group of worshipers, while facing in the direction of Mecca, to chant in Koran and to pay their religious homage.

The Moslems in China share very much the same customs with their brothers and sisters elsewhere in the world. They worship five times a day: at dawn, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, and at night. Female worshipers attend their services in a separated place from their brothers, usually at home. Moslems pay special attention to their health and see that they always wear clean clothes. They are teetotalers not only of wine, but also of pork and animal blood for in Koran pigs have been mentioned four times as being unclean”. According to Koran, a man can have four wives and women should wear veils when they go out. However, except a few places in Xinjiang, the Chinese practise monogamy and women are veiless when they go out. Upon his death, a Moslem has to be thoroughly cleaned”(thoroughly bathed), has to be put on Ke Fan”(to be shrouded with a piece of white cloth) and has to be buried coffinless in the ground, with an imam reciting Scriptures at the funeral.

The Chinese constitution promulgates that freedom of religion of each citizen and freedom of preserving or reforming local customs for every nationality are permitted. And of course, the Moslems in China enjoy equal rights with peoples of other nationalities and their religious beliefs and customs are respected everywhere in the country.

陕西西安大清真寺英文导游词

Huaqing Pool is situated about 35 kilometres east of the city of Xi’an. Historically, the Western Zhou dynasty saw the construction of the Li Palace on the spot. In the Qin dynasty a pool was built with stones, and was given the name Lishan Tang (the Lishan Hot Spring). The site was extended into a palace in the Han dynasty, and renamed the Li Palace (the Resort Palace). In the Tang dynasty, Li Shimin (Emperor Tai Zong) ordered to construct the Hot Spring Palace, and Emperor Xuan Zong had a walled palace built around Lishan Mountain in the year of 747. It was known as the Huaqing Palace. It also had the name Huaqing Pool on account of its location on the hot springs.

Huaqing Pool is located at the foot of the Lishan Mountain, a branch range of the Qinling Ranges, and stands 1,256 metres high. It is covered with pines and cypresses, looking very much like a like a dark green galloping horse from a long distance. So it has the name of the Lishan Mountain (Li means a black horse).

The Tang dynasty Emperor Xuan Zong and his favourite lady, Yang Gui Fei used to make their home at Frost Drifting Hall in winter days. When winter came, snowflakes were floating in the air, and everything in sight was white. However, they came into thaw immediately in front of the hall. It owed a great deal to the luke warm vapour rising out of the hot spring. This is the Frost Drifting Hall that greets us today.

Close by the Frost Drifting Hall lies the Nine Dragon Pool. According to legend, the Central Shaanxi Plain was once stricken by a severe drought in the very remote past. Thus, by the order of the Jade Emperor (the Supreme Deity of Heaven), an old dragon came at the head of eight young ones, and made rain here. Yet when the disaster was just abating, they lowered their guard so much that it became serious again. In a fit of anger, the Jade Emperor kept the young dragons under the Jade Cause Way (玉堤), with the Morning Glow Pavilion and the Sunset Pavilion built at both ends of it respectively, to make the young dragons spout cleat water all day long to meet the needs of local irrigation. Besides, he had the old dragon confined to the bottom of the Roaring Dragon Waterside Pavilion situated at the upper end of the Jade Causeway, and obliged him to exercise control over the young.

The Nine-Bend Corridor west of the Nine Dragon Pool leads directly to the Marble Boat, which resembles a dragon boat on the water surface. In the Marble Boat lies the Nine Dragon Tang (the Nine Dragon Hot Spring where Emperor Xuan Zong used to take baths). At the head of his court ladies and hundreds of his officials, he would come to the Huanqing Palace to spend his winter days in October of the Lunar calendar and return to Chang’an City as the year drew to its close. The Nine Dragon Hot Spring was originally built with crystal jade, whose surface was decorated with the carvings of fish, dragons, birds and flowers. In it twin lotus flowers also carved with white jade could be seen as well. The spring water welled from the break of an earthen jar, and spouted up to the lotus flowers. Hence the name Lotus Flower Tang (the Lotus Flower Hot Spring).

The Gui Fei Bathing Pool was where Yang Gui Fei, Emperor Xuan Zong’s favorite lady, used to take bath. It was originally built with white jade, and in its center a blooming flower spouted water like a spring. The pool looked very much like a Chinese flowering crabapple; Hence its name the Chinese Flowering Crabapple Hot Spring or the Lotus Hot Spring..

Lady Yang used to make a stay in this pavilion to see sights or to air her hair after a bath. Therefore, it was named the Hair Airing Pavilion. Whether the sun was rising or setting, the pavilion was aglow with sunshine; hence the name the Flying Roseate Pavilion.

Southwest of the Gui Fei Bathing Pool stands a brick-built pavilion. On its head three big Chinese characters Xi Jia Lou” (Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion)are inscribed according to the model of the most celebrated according to the model of the most celebrated Chinese calligrapher, Yu You Ren, here is the source of the spring water.

At this spa there are four hot springs. They have an hourly flow of 112 tons, and a constant temperature of 43°C. The spring water contains lime, sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate and other minerals, which makes it suitable for bathing and considerable treatment of quite a few diseases such as dermatosis, rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pain. The Fine Sunset-Bathed Pavilion marks the first source of the spring water, which was discovered some 3,000 years ago, roughly in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its water flow averages 25 tons per hour.

Take up the steps east of the source of hot springs, you will gradually see the Five-Room Pavilion where Chiang Kaishek made a temporary stay during the Xi’an Incident.

The Xi’an Incident took place on December 12, 1936, and it is also known as the Double Twelfth Incident. After the Incident of September 18, 1936, the Japanese imperialists seized the three provinces northeast of China, and intensified their invasion of North China. This was the very moment vital to the Chinese nation. Yet Chiang Kaichek persisted doggedly in carrying out his reactionary policy domestic tranquility is a must for the resistance against Japanese invades,” and commanded the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, respectively headed by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, to attack the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. Inspired by our Party’s policy let us stop the internal war and unit to resist the Japanese aggressors,” those two generals made to Chiang Kaishek the proposal of forming a united front with the Communist Party for the resistance. Not only did he reject the proposal, but flew to Xi’an to scheme the suppression of the Communist Party.” And the slaughter of the patriotic youth. Out of patriotism, Zhang and Yang started the famous Xi’an Incident.

Very early on the morning of December 12, 1936 the Incident was impending. Zhang Xueliang, together with Yang Hucheng ordered a squad of bodyguards to surround the Huaqing Pool. They fought a fierce battle there, and wiped out Chiang’s bodyguards in one vigorous effort. The sound of firing came to Chiang Kaishek, and he was so terrified that he crept out of the window with his nightgown and slippers only. What’s more, he hurt his spinal bone, and lost one of his slippers while crossing over the back wall. He staggered up Lishan Mountain, and hid himself behind a stone in the crevice halfway on it. Those brave soldiers began to search the mountain immediately when they rushed into the Five-Room Pavilion to find that Chiang’s hat and clothes were still there and that his quilt remained warm. In the end they found Chiang Kaishek, and thus escorted him to Xi’an.

In order to avoid a civil war and try t establish a national united front for the resistance against Japan, Mao Zedong on behalf of the C.C.P.C. insisted on a peaceful settlement of the Incident. Therefore, a delegation headed by Zhou Enlai was sent to Xi’an. Zhou Enlai and his suite did a large amount of work there, took everything possible into consideration, and ultimately forced Chiang Kaishek to accept the proposal by his two generals. On December 25, Chiang was freed, and flew back to Nanjing. The Xi’an Incident was so peacefully settled.

The peaceful settlement of the Incident put an end to the internal war which had lasted for ten years, and accelerated the formation and development of the national united front for the anti-Japanese drive. Moreover, it showed that the co-operative relationships between the Communist and Nationalists arrived at a new stage. It marked a great turning point in modern Chinese history.

In the year of 1946 the KMT government had a National Rejuvenation Pavilion” built near the crevice where Chiang Kaishek had hidden himself in the Incident. It was also called Vital Energy Pavilion”. After the national liberation it was renamed Catching Chiang Pavilion”. Close by the pavilion stands a wooden board which carries a brief introduction to the Xi’an Incident. Iron chains and rings in the crevices east of the pavilion, by which visitors can climb up to take a look at Chiang Kaishek’s shelter.

Up the winding path east of the Five-Room-Pavilion you will catch sight of a bridge-like construction. It shines regularly with a myriad of evening sun rays both in summer and autumn, and looks very much like rainbow. So it has the name of the Hovering Rainbow Bridge.

Located on the Xixiu Ridge (the West Embroidery Ridge) of the Lishan Mountain, the remains of the beacon tower of the Western Zhou Dynasty seem easy to identify.

The beacon tower was mostly built at the top of the mountain to give border alarm in ancient times. It was constantly under special control. Once the enemies were pressing on towards the border, the beacon tower began to take effect: it was made to smoke in the daytime while set on fire at night.

The story goes that Bao Si, Queen of the Western Zhou dynasty was highly honored, yet she never cracked a smile. King You tried many ways to put a smile on her face, but he failed over and over again. He called his court band to toll bells and beat gongs”, and she pulled a long face. Then the band were asked to play the bamboo flute and strings” and she remained displeased. Afterwards, maids of honour served wine, festively singing and dancing,” and she did not let out a smile at all.

You don’t like music! What on earth are you fond of?” the King asked.

I nearly have a liking for nothing. But I can still well remember I liked to give ear to the sound of tearing a piece of coloured silk when I was a child. It was clear anf melodious,” she replied. King You said in excitement, That is very simple. How come you didn’t let me know it earlier?”

Thus he ordered the officially appointed property manager to offer coloured silk, and made fresh and energetic maids of honour to tear it into pieces. Hundreds of bolts of coloured silk were utterly torn, but Bao Si remained unmoved.

Why didn’t you let out a single smile then?” he asked.

I have never smiled so far, ” the Queen replied.

The King tried over and over again, but failed repeatedly, and in the end he gave orders, Anyone both in and out of court who can amuse Bao Si will be awarded one thousand pieces of gold.”

Afterwards Guo Shifu, a treacherous court official came and offered advice: Set the beacon tower on fire and fool your sovereign rulers.” That night the King and Queen reached the Lishan Mountain by carriage, and gave the order. In the split second the flames of the fire lit up the sky ad the sovereign rulers moved their troops immediately to the Lishan Mountain. There they found nothing but that the King and Queen enjoyed drinking festively. The King then dispatched his bodyguard to inform them that Everything should have been all right. I have just been joking with you.” When they got this, they looked at each other in blank dismay, and left disappointed. Sure enough, Bao Si burst into laughter, stroking her hands when she noticed all the troops come in vain and go noisily. Accordingly, Guo Shifu got a prize of one thousand pieces of gold. Later on King You did so more often than not. In 771 B.C. Quan Rong (a then minority tribe) staged an armed rebellion against the Western Zhou Dynasty. King You ordered urgently to set the beacon tower on fire, but all the sovereign rulers remained unmoved. Consequently King Yu was killed, and Bao Si was taken away. The Western Zhou dynasty vanished. Herein come the Chinese idiom A single smile costs one thousand pieces of gold” and The sovereign rulers are fooled by the beacon fire.”

Dear tourists

Hello everyone! Welcome to Xian.

Xian, a famous historical and cultural city, is located in the middle ofWeishui plain on the West Bank of the Yellow River. There is fertile land, avast expanse of eight hundred Li Qinchuan, natural treasures, outstandingpeople. On the land of China, this dazzling pearl inlaid in the southern end ofthe Loess Plateau, once had a world-famous, extremely brilliant history andculture, but also had green waters and mountains, extremely beautiful naturallandscape.

In the East and west of Xian, the Qinling Mountains, known as the"Oriental Alps", are crisscrossed and meandering. On this beautiful scenic line,there are Huashan Mountain, which is known as the first of the five mountains,Lishan Mountain in Lintong, which is famous for its hot spring soup pools,Zhongnan mountain, which is green in all seasons and rare in its interior, andTaibai Mountain, which is called a wonder for its snow cover in June. They forma natural and unique scenery group. In ancient Changan, there were eightrivers, Wei River, Chan River, Ba River, Lao river, Feng River, Mao River, ZaoRiver and Yu River, which were surrounded by blue waves.

This thousand year old capital at the foot of the Qinling Mountains and onthe Bank of the Weihe River has Tongguan in the East and Sanguan in the West. Inthe north, the chidao, which was built in the Qin Dynasty, is a thoroughfare forfighting against Xiongnu and supplying supplies. In the south, Ziwu Road,TangLuo Road, Baoxie road and Chencang road can cross Hanzhong to Bashu. In thesoutheast, Wuguan road in Shangluo Mountain is the throat leading to Chu. Inancient times, Changan had convenient transportation, both land and water,dangerous terrain, easy to defend and difficult to attack. It has always been aplace for military strategists and emperors to make contributions.

Xian is an important birthplace of Chinese history and culture, and alsoone of the earliest developed areas of human civilization. In the thousands ofyears of history of the Chinese nation, perhaps no city can enjoy such a loftystatus and incomparable brilliance as Xian: it is the capital of 13 dynastiessince the Western Zhou Dynasty and the epitome of the first half of Chinesefeudal society.

Since Zhou and Qin Dynasties, Xian has been in the center of politics,economy and culture for a long time with its unique historical position. In the11th century B.C., the Zhou people grew stronger and stronger in Qishan andFufeng areas in the western part of Guanzhong, and finally established theircountry after destroying the Shang Dynasty, and established their capitals inFengjing and Haojing. Qin people successively established capitals in Yongcheng,Liyang and Xianyang, and went out of Hangu in the east to destroy the six statesand establish an unprecedented unified Qin Empire. The capital of Qin Dynasty isstill Xianyang, which is near the water on the tableland. After the destructionof Qin Dynasty by Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, he took a fancy to theeight hundred Li Qinchuan River, which is a vast expanse of fertile land, andchose to establish the capital on the South Bank of Weihe River, which is justacross from qinxianyang. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mangusurped the Han Dynasty and established a new dynasty, inheriting the capitaland system of the Han family. When the Huangjin army rose, Dong Zhuo burned allthe palaces in Luoyang, and the princes of the 18th route begged for Zhuo.Therefore, Dong Zhuo forced Emperor Xian to move westward to Changan. TheEastern Han Dynasty had six years here.

The scenic Fenghe river is full of a large number of cultural treasuresfrom the Western Zhou Dynasty 3000 years ago. It is a magical and attractiveplace. Emperor min of the Western Jin Dynasty was the emperor in Changan, andhe was destroyed in only three years. The former Zhao, the former Qin, the laterQin, the Western Wei and the Northern Zhou established their capitals here.Changan city experienced a long period of war and shortage of soldiers afterthe Han Dynasty. In 581 ad, Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, unifiedChina again. Later, in the southeast of Changan City in the Han Dynasty, YuWenkai, a famous architect, designed and supervised the construction of DaxingCity, the capital of the Sui Dynasty. The scale, layout and scientificfacilities of Daxing City obviously exceeded that of Changan City in HanDynasty, which laid the foundation of Changan City in Tang Dynasty. TangDynasty is the heyday of Chinese history, and Changan city is also anincomparable brilliant model in the history of Chinese capital. Changan is notonly the political, economic and cultural center of the Tang Empire, but alsothe largest international city in the east of the world.

"The ancient imperial state in the middle of Qin Dynasty". History choseXian and Xian enriched history. Today, whenever people talk about the formerChangan in Xian, they are full of national pride and admiration for the richand incomparable ancient courtesy of China for thousands of years.

If history chose Xian as the capital of emperors, making it the centralstage of Chinas politics, economy and culture for more than a thousand years,then the emperors who once made great achievements in Xian chose Guanzhongsprofound and extensive loess land as their final destination. As a result, thedense and grand mausoleums of emperors spread all over Guanzhong with thearrogance of the past and the present, becoming one of the most unique culturallandscapes in Xian.

The imperial mausoleum in Shaanxi can be traced back to the mausoleum ofthe Yellow Emperor more than 5000 years ago. It is the mausoleum of XuanyuanYellow Emperor, the forefather of the Chinese nation. It is on the top ofQiaoshan mountain in Huangling County, north of Xian. Ever since ancient timesand every year, countless Chinese and Miao descendants have come here to payhomage to the mausoleum, find their roots, ask their ancestors, and remembertheir saints. In addition to the mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor, more than 70emperors were also buried in Guanzhong during the 20__ years from the WesternZhou Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Ancient Changan was not only the political and economic center of Chinafor a long time, but also the center of religious culture. In the Tang Dynasty,with political stability and economic development, the religious culture ofChangan reached its peak. At this time, not only the native Taoist culture inChina was widely spread, but also the foreign Buddhist culture was in aprominent position in social life.

Since the introduction of Buddhism into China in the Han Dynasty, it hasbecome the ideology of the gentry through the southern and Northern Dynasties.In the Tang Dynasty, it became a common practice to respect and worshipBuddhism. As the eastern end of the "Silk Road" and a cosmopolitan metropolis,Changan has gathered eminent monks and missionaries from all over the world.Inside and outside the city of Changan in the Tang Dynasty, there are manypagodas and temples, and there are many people who preach and listen to theDharma. According to historical records, there are 122 monasteries and 31nunnery monasteries in Changan city. Emperors and court dignitaries are proudto build monasteries and spend time with monks. The scale of these monasteriesis also amazing. For example, Cien Temple, which is called "Chonglou Fudian,Yunge Dongfang, more than ten monasteries, has a total of 1896, covering 342mu.". In the enlightened and open Tang Dynasty, not only the various sects ofBuddhist temples and Taoism as the national religion were very active, butNestorianism, Manichaeism and Islam also spread to China one after another,making an indelible contribution to the prosperity of Chinese and foreigncultures.

Today, there are still many religious and cultural relics inside andoutside Changan city. The towering big wild goose pagoda of Cien Temple andthe beautiful small wild goose pagoda of Jianfu temple have become the symbol ofXian, a famous historical and cultural city. Famen Temple has become a Buddhistholy land again because of the excavation of four Buddhist finger relicscollected in the Tang Dynasty. Daxingshan temple, Qinglong temple, Xiangjitemple and other famous temples have also become symbols of friendly exchangesand tourist attractions between China and foreign countries. The famous TaoistLouguantai, Baxian palace and Huajue Lane Muslim temple in the city areimportant places for the spread of Taoist and Islamic culture.

In history, the ancient city of Xian provided a broad and bright stage forChina to show its great and brilliant posture to the world, and made immortalcontributions to the survival, improvement and development of the Chinesenation. Perhaps it is just out of the reward for Xian that history generouslypresented this magical land with numerous historical relics and cultural relics.It is an invaluable treasure. It not only makes every Chinese proud and feel theresponsibility of history, but also as one of the cream of human culturalheritage, let people from all over the world comprehend the clear trajectory ofsocial courtesy development and the endless creativity of human beings.

The historical relics in Xian and Guanzhong area have the integrity ofrare historical sequence. This outstanding advantage is determined by thelong-span characteristics of Xians long history, which is difficult for manyhistorical cities to match. There, the Paleolithic artifacts of the Lantian apeman 1.15 million years ago and the painted pottery basin of the mud illusion ofthe matriarchal clan settlement in Banpo 6000 years ago jointly outline thecontext and footprints of the survival, reproduction and development of theprimitive ancestors; the deep, dignified, mysterious and treacherous bronzes ofthe Shang and Zhou dynasties represent the living atmosphere of the aristocratsin the slave society; The magnificent terracotta warriors and horses andexquisite stone portraits of the Qin and Han Dynasties are wrapped with thepolitical situation and flames of war in the early feudal society; the gorgeousmurals and colorful gold and silver wares of the Sui and Tang Dynasties recordthe glorious chapter of the golden age; and the steles, porcelain products,calligraphy and paintings of the song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties are thewitness of the continued development of politeness in Xian after the loss ofthe prosperity of the imperial capital It is no exaggeration to say that it isno different to read a condensed general history of China to search the culturalrelics of Xian in chronological order.

Xian and its surrounding areas are rich in cultural heritage materials andcomplete categories, which is another major advantage. Not to mention thelarge-scale sites such as FengHao of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Xianyang palaceof the Qin Dynasty, Changan city of the Han and Tang Dynasties, and the ancientbuildings, temples, and grottoes of Meilun and meimian, the number of movablecultural relics alone has reached more than 600000 pieces (groups) according topreliminary statistics. Including ceramics, bronzes, jade, gold and silver,murals, stone and brick carvings, inscribed steles, seals and other categories.In this sense, the ancient city of Xian itself is a natural history museum, apalace of cultural art.

The natural landscape of Xian is also unique. In and around Xian, thereare Xiyue Huashan, which is known as "the most dangerous place in the world",Zhongnan mountain, which is cultivated by Wang Chongyang, the founder ofQuanzhen school, Taibai Mountain, which is known as "natural geological museum",Lishan Mountain, which is known as "Nuwa Butian", Louguantai, which is the mostblessed place in Dongtian, and Wangchuan, the hometown of Chinese landscape "Thehometown of ape man" -- Lantian cave and other scenic spots. The gardens inXian are full of royal style. Huaqing Palace tells the story of "song ofeverlasting regret" with its first hot spring in the world, warm and romanticlove story; Xingqing palace describes the eternal story of "Li Bai drunk"; asong "the sunset is infinite, just near dusk" makes leyouyuans dusk a charminglandscape. "Last year and today in this gate, peoples faces and peach blossomswere red. People do not know where to go, peach blossom still smile springbreeze If you have a chance to go to Weiqu, you must be able to feel true loveunder the peach tree with the dream of "human face peach blossom". There are 11forest parks in Xian, which constitute the natural oxygen bar of the ancientcity.

The combination of humanity and landscape constitutes the unique charm ofancient Xian.

As the first ancient capital of China, Xian, after more than 3000 years ofdevelopment, shoulders numerous glorious and glorious dreams of the Chinesenation, and is firmly marching towards the future.

In 1949, after the founding of the peoples Republic of China, the ancientcity of Xian opened a new chapter in its own development history. Since the1980s, with the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy, 6.18 millionpeople in Xian have seized the opportunity of the times, guided by science andtechnology, tourism, commerce and trade, and made great efforts to build Xianinto a socialist export-oriented city. A thriving and dynamic Xian city isstanding in the world. Today, Xian is an important base for scientific andtechnological research and development in contemporary China. There are morethan 3000 scientific research institutions in the city, including not only thescientific research institutions of machinery, electric power, electronics,aviation, aerospace, geology, chemical industry, textile, instruments, metersand nuclear industry, but also the only watch industry research institute inChina and the satellite measurement and control center, the central nerve ofaerospace measurement and control network.

Today, Xian is an important base of Chinas higher education. There are 42institutions of higher learning, more than 10 mobile stations for postdoctoralresearch, about 100 doctoral degree awarding points and more than 300 mastersdegree awarding points in the city. Every year, the city trains a large numberof modern talents for the country, becoming a veritable "cradle of talents".

Today, Xian is a world famous tourist hot spot city. The long and vasthistorical and cultural heritages, the beautiful and magnificent natural sceneryof Northwest China, and the various and magical traditional folk customsconstitute the unique tourism resources in Xian, attracting countless touristsfrom home and abroad to explore. With the development of tourism, tourismfacilities and municipal engineering have been further improved. With Xian asthe center, high-grade highways are interwoven in all directions. The connectionof Eurasian Continental Bridge and the completion of Xian XianyangInternational Airport make the connection between Xian and other countries morefrequent and close. A large number of star hotels and modern entertainmentfacilities and places have sprung up, which not only provides a guarantee forthe development of tourism, but also adds style and charm to the appearance ofthe ancient city.

In order to enrich the cultural and entertainment life of tourists and meetthe needs of leisure and vacation, Xian has built more than 3700 cultural andentertainment facilities in various forms, such as tangle palace, gudu GrandTheater, Tanghua song and dance theater, shange Grand Theater, Ginza nightclub,Taoyuan Lake Bowling Club, etc; It has launched such artistic programs as TangChangan music and dance, imitating Tang music and dance, soul of Qin terracottawarriors, and folk music and dance in Northern Shaanxi, which have won praisefrom tourists at home and abroad.

Xians tourism commodity production has strong local characteristics.There are abundant folk arts and crafts, such as terracotta figurines, antiquebronzes, Qin embroidery, jade, silk, craft porcelain, Huxian farmers paintings,Tang Sancai, porcelain plate paintings, landscape tables, straw paintings,Guanzhong paper-cut, etc. There are 26 designated foreign tourism shops in thecity, which can meet the different levels of shopping needs of tourists. At thesame time, the catering industry in Xian can provide tourists with uniqueShaanxi cuisine, such as imitation Tang cuisine, Dumpling Banquet, muttonsteamed bun and famous local snacks.

Today, Xian is still an open international metropolis. After summing upthe rise and fall of history and understanding the perfect future, the people ofXian have deeply realized that opening the door to the world and letting Xiango to the world is the only way for the development and prosperity of todaysancient city.

History has treated Xian well in the past, and Xian will live up tohistory!

尊敬的游客朋友们：

大家好!我是你们的导游，大家可以叫我小梁。今天由我负责向大家介绍我国陕西省西安市临潼区东约5000米处的秦兵马俑。它南依骊山，北依渭水，地势险峻，环境优美，是秦始皇的陪葬坑。陪葬品众多，是一座丰富的地下文物宝库。接下来，我们一起进入馆内参观。

欢迎大家来到秦兵马俑馆内参观。兵马俑三个俑坑，最大的是一号坑。三个俑坑面积有20000平方米多，相当于50个篮球场。坑内兵马俑近8000多个，一行行，一列列，排成一个整齐的长方形军阵，真像秦始皇当年统帅的一支南征北战，所向披靡的大军。

大家猜这位头戴着?冠，身披铠甲，手持宝剑，挺着胸，威风凛凛的俑是谁?A武士俑B骑兵俑C将军俑。你们猜出来了吗?什么，猜不出来!我告诉答案吧，是C将军俑。

哈哈，接下来，我说一下骑兵俑。他的头戴圆形小帽，身着紧袖，下穿紧口被足蹬、长筒马靴，披挂短小的铠甲，显得简单而灵活。

武士俑平均身高1米8左右，一个个体格健壮，体型匀称。身穿战袍，披挂铠甲，脚登前端向上翘起的战靴，手持兵器，整装待发。

好了，今天的游览接近尾声了，愿你们这次参观秦兵马俑的经历成为生活中一段美好的记忆。我是导游，谢谢!