沈阳故宫导游词讲解（汇编20篇）

各位，故宫整个院落分为两大部分，即“前朝”和“后寝”。“前朝”是皇帝举行盛大典礼的地方，以太和殿、中和殿、保和殿及东西两侧的文华殿及武英殿为主。“后寝”是皇帝及后妃、未成年的子嗣们居住的地方，主要以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫及东西六宫为主。现在，我介绍一下故宫的后半部分，即“后寝”。

各位朋友，现在我们来到了乾清宫，这是皇帝在紫禁城中居住和处理日常政事的地方。乾清宫分为中殿、东暖阁及西暖阁三个部分。正殿是皇帝处理日常政务、临时按见大臣的地方，殿中设有皇帝宝座及御案，正中挂着一块“正大光明”匾，那是清朝皇帝的祖训，作为治国、修身、平天下的基本准则。东、西暖阁是皇帝晚上住宿的地方。

由于时间关系，我们就先讲到这里，现在请各位随我去参观交泰殿。各位请看，这座四角攒尖顶的大殿叫交泰殿，这座建筑是明清两朝皇后过生日时举行寿庆活动的地方。在大殿后墙匾额上有“无为”二字，那里是康熙皇帝的御笔，意思是希望后代能够以德制国，施以仁政，以图国家长治久安。

各位朋友，现在我们来到了紫禁城的后花园--御花园，这里是帝后们的休闲娱乐的场所。大家可以在这座名字叫堆秀山的假山前拍照留念。

好啦，各位朋友，故宫中路的讲解到此结束。

各位游客大家好，

我们此次游览的景点是世界文化遗产、国家4A级景区、国家重点文物保护单位——沈阳故宫。首先呢，我们一齐来看一下沈阳故宫的平面图。

沈阳故宫始建于公元1620xx年。先后经过三次大规模建设，构成了东、中、西三路格局。东路建立于清太祖努尔哈赤时期，主要建筑是大政殿和十王庭;中路建于清太宗皇太极时期，主要的建筑是大清门、崇政殿、凤凰楼、清宁宫;西路呢，建于清乾隆年间，主要建筑是戏台、嘉荫堂、文溯阁和仰熙斋，它因存放《四库全书》而闻名。那么作为我国现存最完好的两座古代帝王宫殿之一呢，沈阳故宫与北京故宫遥相呼应，却又有着截然不一样的建筑风格。此刻呢我们就来领略一下昔日皇宫的风采。

首先我们看到的是中路建筑的大清门，它俗称午门，也就是沈阳故宫的正门。是当时文武群臣候朝的地方，也是清太宗皇太极理解群臣谢恩之处。那么这座门为什么叫做大清门呢?正统的说法是清朝的国号为清，皇宫的正门就是国门，所以称为大清门。还有一个传说，这座木门呢在建成之后呢并没有名称，只是叫做大门。之后，皇太极改国号为大清，听说北京明朝皇宫的宫门叫大明门，于是为了体现针锋相对，就将此门命名为大清门。

我们穿过大清门，此刻正面的建筑就是崇政殿。崇政殿原名“正殿”，俗称金銮殿。崇德元年定名为崇政殿。它是皇太极日常处理军政要务、接见外国使臣和边疆少数民族代表的地方。

我们能够看到崇政殿为五间九檩硬山式建筑，殿顶铺黄琉璃瓦，镶绿剪边，那么请各位游客注意的是殿顶的琉璃瓦，有去过北京故宫的朋友必须会清楚地记得北京故宫的琉璃瓦是黄色的，而沈阳的琉璃瓦是黄色镶绿剪边。那么这是沈阳故宫与北京故宫的重要差别之一。

我们走上月台。那么在月台两侧分别有用于计时的日晷，和用于存放标准计量单位的嘉量亭。我们看到在月台上呢还设有四口大缸，那么大家明白它们是做什么用的吗?那我告诉大家吧，他叫做“吉祥缸”古代称它是“门海”，是皇宫中重要的防火设施，象征缸中水多似海，能够镇火灾。

我们走上须弥座。抬头看上方的牌匾是用满文和汉文书写的“崇政殿”。请游客看左边的满文，我们有个形象的比喻“中间一根棍，两边都是刺，加上圈和点，就是满文字儿”。那么沈阳故宫的牌匾都是满文在左，汉文在右。而北京故宫的牌匾都是汉文在左，满文在右。那么这是沈阳故宫与北京故宫的差别之二。

我们抬头看崇政殿内上方悬挂的“正大光明”匾额，是由顺治皇帝手谕的。下方呢是皇帝的宝座，据说宝座上绘制雕刻有8条金龙，再加上坐在宝座上的真龙天子，正好是中国古代最大的阳数九条龙。此刻崇政殿呢，我们就游览到那里。

眼前的雄伟建筑呢，就是凤凰楼。它建在3。8米高的青砖台基上，为三层歇山式建筑。它原名翔凤楼，是皇太极休息、宴会和读书之所。我们看到正门上方悬挂的“紫气东来”横匾呢，是由乾隆皇帝手谕的。意思是大清朝国运强盛的福气是从东方的盛京传来的。那么凤凰楼不仅仅是当时后宫的正门，又是当时盛京城的最高建筑，所以有“凤楼晓日”之称，并被列为盛京八景之一。传说呀当年站在凤凰楼上就能够看到抚顺城呢。

穿过凤凰楼呢我们来到了一处院落，此处呢就是皇太极的后宫所在。我们正面的是皇太极的中宫“清宁宫”。它原名正宫，是沈阳故宫中最具满族住宅特色的建筑。我们能够看到它的门呢开在靠东的一侧。形如口袋，所以称为“口袋房”。东一间呢是皇太极和孝端文皇后博尔济吉特氏的寝宫，又称暖阁。寝宫分为南北两室，各有火炕又称龙床。1643年，皇太极就在那里‘端坐无疾而终’，终年52岁，后葬于昭陵。那么在东侧第二间的窗下呢，设有两口大锅，它是用来干什么的呢?我来解释一下，这两口锅是用来祭祀的。满族人信奉萨满教。人们将热酒灌进猪的耳朵，如果猪耳朵有晃动即表示神灵已经接收该祭品。如果不动，则表示神灵不满意，则本次祭祀活动不能在进行下去了。那么猪由于受到刺激就会摇头，满族人认为此时的猪已经通神，成为连接天地的媒介。于是呢就将猪宰杀后洗干净，切成大块，放入北侧的两口大锅里清水煮熟，那煮熟的肉呢就饿放入木槽中供奉给神灵享用，然后再分给参加祭祀的人们，称为“吃福肉”，满族人相信吃了福肉，福气就会降临到每个人的身上。

那么我们此刻来到西一侧的房间，西侧呢三间通连，北、西、南三面搭成相连的环炕，称为“万字炕”，那里既是皇帝举行内宫便宴之处，也是满族巫人萨满为皇帝和国家祈神的地方。

清宁宫与汉族建筑不一样的地方还在于它的烟囱建在屋后，而且是从地面向上垒起的。一会我们在绕道后面看这个烟囱。清宁宫的这种“口袋房，万字炕，烟囱建在地面上”的建筑特点具有满族特有的民族风格。

我们出了清宁宫呢，大家看到的这其他四座寝宫分别是：关雎宫、麟趾宫、衍庆宫、永福宫。我们下方逐一参观。

关雎宫是皇太极一生中最宠爱的宸妃——海兰珠的寝宫。海兰珠是中宫皇后的亲侄女，永福宫庄妃的亲姐姐。海兰珠嫁皇太极时已经26岁，但皇太极却对海兰珠有着很深的感情。海兰珠由于亲生的八皇子早逝，终日郁郁寡欢，在崇德六年病逝。在他死后两年，皇太极也去世了，据说皇太极的早逝与两年前宸妃的病逝有着密切的关系。

这是衍庆宫，是皇太极淑妃的寝宫，其女，被皇太极嫁给多尔衮为妻

这是麟趾宫，是皇太极贵妃娜木钟的寝宫，其子博果尔曾在皇太极死后成为福临皇位的最大竞争者。后成为朝中重臣。

我们最之后看看皇太极后妃中地位最低的永福宫。永福宫是庄妃博尔济吉特氏的宫室。若论及对清政权的影响，庄妃的作用远远超过了其她四位后妃，被后人评价为清朝历史上最有作为的后妃。庄妃也是中宫皇后的亲侄女，关雎宫海兰珠的亲妹妹。庄妃以其卓越的政治才能，辅佐了三位皇帝成就大清的基业。康熙二十六年，庄妃病逝，享年75岁。成为清朝后宫中寿禄最长的女人。

大家看，在庭院的西南角立着的红色木杆称为索伦杆，木杆顶端有锡斗。满族人称它为“神杆”。它是用来喂养乌鸦的。那么游客们是不是会疑问，为什么满族要祭祀乌鸦呢?其实这于一个关于乌鸦的传说有关。满族的先祖有一次在被仇家追杀时，曾绝望的躺在地上，这时恰巧一群乌鸦落在他的身上。仇家经过此地，认为乌鸦是不会在有活人的地方停留的，就这样满族的祖先得救了。之后满族人为报答乌鸦救祖先一命的恩德，开始供奉乌鸦，祭祀的时候把猪的内脏放到锡斗里来供养乌鸦。

此刻呢，我们看到的就是在清宁宫后的这根烟囱，也是当年沈阳城内唯一的一根烟囱。寓意“一统江山”。大家数一下烟囱有多少层?……对一共有十一层，我告诉大家在十一层上方还有三块砖。那么这怎样讲哪?问大家一个小问题：清朝有多少位皇帝，又有多少位是寿终正寝的?……对清朝一共有12为皇帝。其中11位寿终正寝。末代皇帝溥仪只做了三年的皇帝。正好和这十一层零三块砖“一统江山”吻合。

好了，朋友们沈阳故宫我就为大家介绍到那里，期望我的讲解能给大家留下深刻的印象。此刻大家能够自由活动30分钟，30分钟之后，我们在正门集合。

朋友们：

下午好!现在我们来到上海黄浦江畔的外滩，首先，我对各位的参观游览外滩表示欢迎，并预祝各位旅游愉快。

外滩是上海的窗口，是上海的像征，是上海历史的凝聚。他集中体现了上海作为中国最大的经济中心城市，国际现代化大都市的特点。又能体现出上海作为历史文化名城的特点。外滩景区是自然景观和人文景观相融合的风景区，又是西方古典风情与中国现代风情相得益彰的风景区，也是中国近代文化与现在文化交相辉映的风景区。

外滩位于上海母亲河黄浦江与苏州河的交汇处，与东方明珠景区隔江相望。它北起外白渡桥，南至新开河中山东一路中山东二路地区全长约1800多米地形呈新月形。在它西面有北京东路南京东路九江路汉口路福州路广东路延安东路金陵东路等几条各具特色的重要道路，它们是建设和发展外滩景区的重要支架。

外滩原是在上海城厢外，东北面的沿江滩地。旧时俗称：黄浦滩。1843上海开阜后，英国第一任驻沪领事巴富尔看中了这一地区，于1845年以上海道台颁布的所谓〈上海土地章程〉为依据划定外滩在内的800亩土地为英租界。1849年法国也在英租界的南面划定亩土地为法租界。随后两国沿江开筑道路，称黄浦路，黄浦滩路。120xx年后也就是1945年，为了纪念伟大的革命先驱孙中山先生才改名为中山东一路。

二十世纪二三十年代，沿江修筑起了二十多栋巍峨参差，各具特色的世界各国古典风格的建筑。并在此地区开设了110多家银行等经融机构，使之成为当时远东最大的经济中心。百年沧桑，上海政府于1992-1993年间对这一地区进行了大规模的改造。将原来的马路扩建成十车道的宽阔道路，并在北面建起来造型独特的吴淞路闸桥以此减轻外白渡桥的重负。随后又建起了延安东路高架，使该地区的交通更为通畅，更展现了国际化大都市的强劲活力。沿江则修建起防汛墙和绿色长廊，各类雕塑和建筑小品坐落其间更使得外滩诗情画意。站在黄浦江边的观景台上，江风拂面，江面波涛粼粼，百舸争流，江上海鸥高低飞翔，可一览大城市港口的绚丽风光。隔江而立的东方明珠广播电视塔耸入云宵，国际会议中心造型优美，金茂大厦，中银大厦等跨世纪的摩天大楼更是欲与天工试比高，以及南浦大桥，杨浦大桥宏伟的气魄更使外滩借得美景。

亲爱的游客们想必大家在此时已经很想一览外滩的壮丽风光了吧，那下面由我带领大家一起浏览外滩风景区。

亲爱的游客门，现在我们站在外滩的观景台上，西面就是著名的：万国建筑博览风景线，北面可以看到绿树成阴的绿色长廊，黄浦公园和人民英雄纪念碑也在北面。隔江眺望则能看到陆家嘴经融区的摩天大楼建筑群。下面我将重点给大家讲解世界著名的万国建筑博览风景线。

大家可以看到从延安东路高架下来一直到北面的外白渡桥，在中山东一路的西面成一字排开的20多栋西方古典风格的建筑，他们构成为了万国建筑博览风景线。这些上海的近代经典建筑源于西方的古典建筑，所以要想了解它们则要把它们和西方的传统建筑联系起来，在比较中了解他们产生的原因及特点和功能。

二十世纪二三十年代，上海凭借自身优越的自然条件和人文环境，特别是历代中西方文化以及南北地域文化不断交流融合所造就成的深厚文化底蕴，让上海迅速成为当时中国乃至世界的一个突出的经济文化中心。使上海成为当时世界建筑大师们竞相表现自身价值，展示自己不风身手的大舞台。其时大量外国建筑师的登陆，先期留学欧美的中国建筑师的回归，给上海带了西方先进的建筑理念和技术，当然也使得当时建造成的上海近代建筑渗透了西方建筑的影响。所以当时上海的近代建筑呈现出一派欣欣向荣的景象，留下了一大批价值连城的文化遗产。目前为止世界上还没有一个国家的城市能像上海一样拥有如此规模庞大。精美，技术精湛的近代建筑群。其中万国建筑博览风景线就是上海最为集中的近代建筑群。

好了，各位朋友，整个被称为凝固的音乐外滩的讲解到此就结束了。希望能给各位留下美好的回忆。

各位来自世界各地的游客们，大家好!欢迎来到北京故宫，我是小导游，很高兴能为大家服务，请朋友们跟随我游赏吧!

中国明清两代的皇宫，又称紫荆城。宫殿位于北京城中心。始建于明永乐四年至十八年，也就是现在的1406年至1420年。后来经过多个朝代的劳动人民细心修改，变得非常富丽堂皇，但仍然保持着原来的布局和规模，是世界上保存的最完整、规模最大的古代大构架宫殿建筑群。

这是故宫的历史，接下来我向大家介绍它的外观和排列顺序。

整座城设了四个门：南门正中面是午门，北边是神武门，东面是东华门，西面为西华门。四个门都建有重檐宫殿顶门楼。宫殿的四个角都还布有一些结构精巧、外观秀丽的角楼。外面的墙有10米多高呢!还有宽52米的护城河，够宽吧!整个建筑群按南北中间的中轴线为对称布局，层次分明，主次有序。

下面我们一起去看看皇帝的住所，那里可是井井有条。

文华殿，、武英殿是面阔九间的，但檐歇山顶建筑。文华殿是皇帝听大臣讲书的地方，武英殿是皇帝吃饭、居住和召见大臣的地方。后三宫、东西六宫、乾坤宫和坤宁宫直通御花园。乾坤宫和坤宁宫是内廷的正殿、正寝，是皇帝、太后和皇后的正式居住场所。平均面积宽九间。

前三殿是全宫最大的建筑群，占地面积达8.5万平方米。1961年被定为第一批中国重点文物保护单位，现已被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。

今天的故宫观光游览就要结束了，在故宫的这段时光，希望能成为您北京之游中的永恒记忆!

各位游客：

大家好！

欢迎大家到北京来作客，我叫，大家可叫我方导。今天我将带领各位去游览世界闻名的故宫，希望我们能度过一段快乐的时光。

故宫是我国最大、最完整的皇宫，在世界上堪称最为壮丽的古代建筑群，己有近600年的历史。

故宫是我国明、清两代24个皇帝的皇宫，故宫的建筑布局分为外朝和内廷。外朝是皇帝举行大典和召见大臣的主要场所。其中建筑是太和殿、中和殿、保和殿这三大殿，文华殿和武英殿分立两侧。内廷是皇上处理日常政务和后宫嫔妃及幼年的皇子居住、游玩、奉神的地方。

故宫共有9000多间宫殿，雕梁画栋，殿宇辉煌，极尽华丽威严。故宫是我国古代建筑大师和能工巧匠非凡技术和丰富相象力的结晶。如：太和殿中有72根支柱，其中6根支柱是镀金的，上有金龙盘绕。透过栏杆往大殿里瞧，你们会瞧见大殿里金碧辉煌。宝座是镀金的，扶手是镀银的，4个香炉是用香木做的，真是富丽堂皇。太和殿后是中和殿，中和殿是皇帝休息的地方。最让你们惊叹的是保和殿后的一块石雕。石雕长16.57米，宽3.07米，厚1.7米，有200多吨重。上面雕着波涛汹涌的大海，腾云驾雾的飞龙。故宫真不愧为中国宝贵的文化遗产呀！

现在我给大家两个小时的自由参观时间。请大家面对我们祖先留下的这些文物时，要格外珍惜，小心，不要损坏，大家可以用照相机照下自己喜欢的部分。还有，除了照片，你什么也别带走，除了身影，你什么也别留下。

我们该回去了，希望大家喜欢北京，有机会再来北京参观其它20处文化遗产。

白马寺山门内西侧，有一巨大的半截残碑，残高约1.7米，宽1.4米，相传此碑为宋代翰林学士、著名文人苏易简撰，因其碑文不是由上到下一长行通写到底，而是用短行分成几排写出来，别具格式，故称“断文碑”，为白马寺六景之一。

山门东侧，为元代所遗存的《洛京白马寺祖庭记》碑，通高3.5米，宽1.15米，碑额“洛京白马寺祖庭记”八字为篆书。此碑立于元代至顺四年(公元1333年)，由元代华严名僧仲华文才撰文，内有“上梦金人，自西飞至，身光炜，以迟旦告所梦于臣下”，“遣遵偕郎中蔡音、秦景等十八人，西访至天竺，遇沙门迦摄摩腾、竺法兰”等句子，碑文称白马寺为“祖庭”和“释源”，并说“释源居中天，权舆佛法之地”，实为“腾、兰二神僧开教之绪”。仲华文才后来到了佛教“四大名山”之一的五台山，成为五台山名刹佑国寺的开山第一代主持。这篇碑文，应是他卓锡白马寺时所撰。碑文楷书，字体潇洒工整，丰神秀骨，实为不可多得的书法艺术珍品。因此碑不曾留下书丹者姓名，碑文究竟出自谁手，遂成一桩悬案。但字体为“赵体”。

前面这座东西对称的建筑，东侧为新建的钟楼，钟楼前有民国时期所建的五间“门头堂”;西侧为新建的鼓楼，鼓楼前有民国时所建的“云水堂”。“门头堂”、“云水堂”现已辟为佛教法物流通处和旅游接中心。

在钟楼以东、鼓楼以西，靠近东西两侧围墙，分别为摄摩腾、竺法兰二位印度高僧之墓。二位高僧曾长期禅居白马寺内译经传教，在这里他们共同译出了中国最早的汉文佛经《四十二章经》。他们先后圆寂于白马寺，就葬于寺内，现墓前有明代崇祯七年(1634年)所立墓碑，“腾兰墓”也为白马寺六景之一。

黄山方圆1200平方公里，从南到北四十公里长，从东到西三十公里宽，面积虽然很大，但开发出来的仅仅是其中的一小部分，只有154个平方公里。这154个平方公里就是我们平常所说的黄山风景区。黄山风景区在1985年就被评为中国十大风景名胜区，1990年又被联合国世界教科文组织收录为世界自然与文化遗产名录，我国虽然有三十处世界遗产，但是双遗产的只有四处，2019年二月又成为世界地质公圆，黄山是我国唯一一处头顶三顶桂冠的风景区。

黄山在秦朝以前叫三天子都，由于他的三大主峰海拔都在1800米以上，当时的居民都认为这座山只有神仙才能上的去，平民百姓是上不去的，所以叫三天子都。到秦以后改称黟山，“黟”是左边一个黑，右边一个多，读音和一二三四的“一”是一样的，因为黄山的山体大多由花岗岩组成，花岗岩的表面都有一层苔藓，这苔藓经过日晒雨淋之后远远望去是黑乎乎的一片，所以叫黑多山。黄山这个名字是到唐朝以后才改的，是不是到唐朝以后就由黑变黄了呢，那倒不是。而是在唐朝时这里广泛流传了一个传说，这个传说说的是我们的祖先轩辕黄帝在统一中原以后感觉自己是大业以成，所以就想寻求一种长生不老之药，使自己能得道成仙，就带领他的两位臣子，一个容成子，一个浮丘公，他们三个遍访了全国各地的名山大川，最后选中了黄山，在这里采药炼丹，最后服下仙丹乘龙升天了。由于唐明皇比较相信道教，也就非常崇信这样一个传说，于是在公元747年，也就是唐天宝六年，亲自下旨将黟山改为黄山。山名就由此而来，并不是黄颜色的山。

那到黄山来看什么呢，说起来很简单，就八个字，也就是我们平常所说的黄山的四绝，奇松、怪石、云海和温泉。

其中黄山松位列黄山四绝之首，也是我们安徽省的省树。它属于高山树种，一般生长在海拔800米以上的山地，也曾经叫中国台湾松，由油松转化而来。和马尾松相比有着一些明显的特征，它的树冠大多呈扁平状，而且层次分明，松针较短，也比较粗，颜色呈墨绿色。它的这些特征是和它的生长环境有关系的，一般高山上常年的风力都比较大，象我们黄山年平均风力为6-7级，如果它山下的马尾松那样长的高高大大，密不透风，大风刮过来的时候形成的阻力也就非常大，很容易将树头吹断，所以它的树冠为扁平状且层次分明就是便于滤风而保护树冠的。松针的颜色较深也是适应环境的，我们都知道海拔每上升100米，大气压强要下降，气温也要下降。

大气压强越低也就意味着空气越稀薄，而大气层对阳光中的紫外线能起到一定的过滤作用。那空气越稀薄紫外线也就越强，而紫外线对生物的细胞有着很强的杀伤力，这个我想大家都曾感受过，在太阳底下暴晒一天会有什么结果?一般会火辣辣的疼，严重的会脱皮，这就是紫外线对我们人体细胞的杀伤。那松树也是一样的，为了抵抗紫外线的入侵，所以颜色长的较深，同时也起到增加热能的作用，我们都知道深色物体比浅色物体接收热能的能力要强的多，所以它又有防寒的作用。

据史书记载黄山最低温度达到零下28摄氏度，在这种低温下能正常生长就在于它的松针能够吸收大量的热能。这是我们很容易就能发觉的特征，黄山松还有一个非常明显的特征，不过需要我们仔细去观察，它的根系非常庞大，一般比主干长15倍到20倍左右。为什么有这样庞大的根系呢?这也是和它的生长环境分不开的，我们黄山有这样一句俗语：黄山是无山不石，无石不松，无松不奇。

这些松树不是生长在土壤里，而是长在花岗岩上。那我们都知道花岗岩上养料很少，这就需要一个庞大的根系去到处收罗养料。其实这庞大的根系还有更重要的作用，因为植物的跟在作呼吸作用的时候会呼出二氧化碳，那根系越庞大呼出的二氧化碳也就越多，而花岗岩的主要成分除了硅酸盐之外大多是碳酸盐，这些不可溶性的碳酸盐遇到二氧化碳和水之后就形成了可溶性的碳酸氢盐，所以根系越发达溶解花岗岩的能力就越强，从而使它的根能深深的扎入岩石里头，我们所以才能在电视风光片里看到黄山的这些松树在悬崖绝壁之上顶风傲雪，大风刮不倒，大雪也压不垮。如果这些根仅仅生长在岩石表面，那大风一吹就倒了，大雪一压也就垮了。虽然黄山松有这样庞大的根系去到处收罗养料，但是它的养料来源还是远远不足，我们都知道，花岗岩中虽然有着丰富的矿物质，但是缺少一种元素，那就是氮元素，而氮元素是生命构成的基本元素，没有氮，氨基酸合成不了，生命也形成不了。

那它的氮元素从哪里来呢?主要来自于夏季的雷雨天气，每当打雷下雨的时候，都会产生强电流和高电压，这时候电流可达到几千万安培，电压也可以达到几亿伏，在这种强电流和高电压的作用下，空气中游离的氧和氮就形成了氮化物——亚硝基，松树通过它的表皮吸收亚硝基来补充氮元素的不足。从这里我们可以看的出来，黄山松的养料来源非常少，所以它长得也非常慢，但我们千万别小瞧这些小松树，虽然它很小，但它的年纪却很老。有一部电影年纪稍微大一点都看过，刘晓庆和陈冲主演的《小花》，其中有一段刘晓庆跪在台阶上抬担架的戏就在我们黄山的百步云梯上拍的，我们今天就要走过那段台阶，看过这部电影的应该还有印象，在台阶的旁边有一片小树林，这部电影是拍于1979年，到现在已经二十多年了，如果在山下这片小树林早已长成参天大树了，可是我们今天过去看看，它们依然还那么高，这就是它们生长环境非常恶劣所造成的结果。

第二绝就是怪石，黄山是奇峰林立，怪石成群，但有名称的并不多，大约一百八十处左右。这些名称都是以前的游人根据自己的想象取了一些好听的名字，比如什么仙女绣花，武松打虎之类的，但这些只能说三分形象，七分靠大家想象，因为它们毕竟是大自然风化所形成，并非人工刻意去雕刻的。所以我们上去以后也可以尽情发挥自己的想象力，不必非得局限于前人的眼光，因为所处的地域不同，所处的时代不同，审美观是不同的，看待同一事物所得的结果也是不同的，比方象西安来客人可以把某些石头看成兵马俑，象我们这些非西安的人会往兵马俑去想吗，可能性不大。再加上这几年黄山新的道路不断开通，景区不断扩大，前人不能到达的地方我们现在可以到了，前人不能欣赏的角度我们现在可以欣赏了，比如我们在去迎客松之前就有一块石头，形状就很象现在的通讯工具—手机，所以我们都叫它手机石，在没有手机之前是无论如何也不会想到这上面来的，对不对。

黄山的第三绝是云海，黄山自古云成海，所以又有黄海之称。在黄山观云海的最佳季节是在冬季，一般在十一月份以后到第二年的五月初之前。为什么在这段时间呢?因为到十一月份以后黄山开始进入冬季，气温逐渐下降，随着气温的降低空气的体积逐渐缩小，高空的云层也开始往下落，而且气温降低后空气的对流速度也逐渐减慢，云层相对来说也比较薄，一般稳定在海拔1200—1600米之间，当我们登上海拔高于1600米以上的山峰的时候就可以看到自己脚下是茫茫一片的白云，而且每当风起的时候云层会象大海一样波涛汹涌，看起来十分的壮观，所以称作黄山的第三绝。但到五月份以后随着气温的升高云层也开始升高，随着空气对流速度的加快云层也开始逐渐增厚，一般从海拔800米到两三千米都是云，这时我们就不要奢望能看到云海了，这时不但云海看不见，就连奇松和怪石也看不见了，因为这时整个黄山都被云层所笼罩，就不是云而是雾了，能见度好的时候大约能看到百米开外，差的时候只有三到五米，那我们能看到什么呢?只有头顶的茫茫大雾，脚下的台阶路以及身边的几棵小树，我们导游中有这样一段顺口溜：抬头看雾，低头看路，左右看树，不如回家睡床铺。

在黄山累了一两天，回去别人问你黄山怎么样，不知道，还不如在家睡在床上舒服。而且我们黄山这样的天气还挺多，大约占到全年的三分之二，一年大约有两百八十天左右是雨雾天气。而这恶劣的天气却给黄山的经济建设带来了很大的好处，很多人是来了一次来两次，来了两次来三次的，运气不好的来四五都没看见也可能。所以大家不要以为来黄山碰到大雾是运气不好，其实这是黄山的正常天气，晴空万里才是不正常的天气呢。而且有时候往往是最恶劣的天气才伴有最美的景，我们有这样一句话;山以云为衣，云以山为体，只有有山有云的时候才有那种意境，才有仙山的感觉。晴空万里仅仅是把黄山一览无余，没有太多的回味，也缺乏韵味。对我来说偏爱黄山的冬景，那茫茫的云海，皑皑的白雪，苍翠的松树，俨然国画中的仙境，黄山四季皆胜景，唯有腊冬景更佳。

那黄山的第四绝就是温泉了，我们黄山的温泉是名副其实的温泉，在出水口的温度为42度，这种温度洗浴既不会凉，也不会烫，因为我们人发烧最高也就这温度。而且是含重碳酸盐不含硫元素的矿泉，不仅可以洗浴还可以直接拿来饮用的。传说当年轩辕黄帝在服下仙丹后即将乘龙升天，但对着镜子一看，发现自己已是满头白发，满脸皱纹，这副容颜即使做了神仙也不好看，于是就跳进温泉，沐浴汤泉是三天三夜，最后须发尽黑，颜面如孩童，乘龙升天了。当然能把白头发泡黑，这功效是肯定没有的，除非您和轩辕黄帝一样吃了仙丹差不多。但要把皱纹泡没了还是可以的，不要说三天三夜了，估计一天一夜就差不多了，不相信的可以试试看。不过黄山要看的主要还是松、石、云，温泉只是走累了泡一泡用来消除疲劳的。好了黄山的简单情况就说这么多，具体景点我们到了山上再一一欣赏。

暑假过半，我好想去旅游。正好爸爸年休，于是决定去安徽九华山，妈妈也表示赞同。我一听，高兴得一蹦三尺高。

20__年8月3号我们出发了。带上各式各样的大包小包，踏上了前往安徽青阳的“快客”车，因为青阳离九华山最近。五个小时后，我们到达了目的地。“今天就在这里过夜!”我们的`权威——爸爸说。

第二天，我们精神抖擞的往九华山出发了。坐上大巴，不一会，便到了佛教胜地——“九华山”的山脚下，抬头望去，山相当高，突兀森郁，很有气势。盘山公路像一条歪歪扭扭的蛇，在云雾中飘飘悠悠，若隐若现，仿佛风一吹就要断掉似的。山坡上的树木长得郁郁葱葱，密密层层的树叶把树林封得严严实实的，挡住了灼人的骄阳。微风吹过，树叶轻轻摆动，发出“沙沙”的声响，好像在对我说：“快来我这儿吧，我会给你带来清凉。”

一下车，已是半山腰，只见人山人海，人比蚂蚁多。有游客、有工作人员、有僧人、有导游……

我们开始爬山了，首先来到了放生池。里面密密麻麻的游着可爱的小金鱼，池中间的竹筏上爬满了乌龟。周围的店家把各种各样的水生物放着卖，我就跑过去买了一只大乌龟。我小心翼翼的把大乌龟捧到池边，轻轻地放进水里，大乌龟哧溜一下钻到了水里不见了，过了很长时间，才浮上水面，向我点点头，仿佛是向我表示感谢，然后游向湖心。

一回头，就到了“九华山佛教博物馆”，相传这是九华山最早的寺庙，也是地藏王的道场。里面存放着地藏王穿过的鞋子、戴过的帽子和吃的食物。让我印象最深的是地藏王的鞋子，特别的大，像一只小船。

终于可以坐我最喜欢的缆车了，好棒啊。这是一辆轨道车，又像火车，又像过山车，缆车开动后，两边的树林在不停的向后退，前方的树不断的“向两边分开”为我们让路。回头望，山下的建筑物都变成了火柴盒。再回头，已经到了山顶。

一出缆车，阵阵凉风吹来，暑气全消;呼吸一下新鲜空气，感到格外清新，让人神清气爽。环顾四周，群山像一瓣瓣莲花，包裹着峡谷中的小镇。这也许就是九华山那么美丽的原因。

走过一条长长的山路，就到了我们九华山之旅的最后一站——“百岁宫”。刚到宫前，妈妈就抓拍到了两个和尚“练武”的照片。进宫后，香火缭绕，梵音声声。再进去一点，就是这里最著名的“肉身菩萨”。佛龛里坐着一尊小小的菩萨，身涂金粉，身披袈裟，盘腿而坐，双手交叉端放胸前。这可不是一般的佛像，它既不是泥塑的，也不是木头雕的，更不是铜铸的，而是真正的肉身，是一位僧人圆寂后肉体经年不烂，涂上金粉做成的。据说，九华山还有好几座这样的肉身，这使得九华山美名远扬。

大家好，今日我们来到的是著名的世界遗产之一故宫，它以园林景观和容纳了家具及工艺品的9000个房间的庞大建筑群，成为明清时代中国礼貌无价的历史见证。

首先来到的是太和殿。太和殿俗称金銮殿，在故宫的中心部位，是故宫三大殿之一。殿内有金漆木柱和精致的蟠龙藻井，上挂“正大光明”匾，话说先帝死前会把写有继承人的纸条塞入匾后。殿中间就是封建皇权的象征——金漆雕龙宝座。这太和殿红墙黄瓦，在阳光下金碧辉煌，是故宫最壮观的建筑。

参观完太和殿，就来到中和殿。中和殿是故宫三大殿之一，位于太和殿后。平面呈方形，黄色琉璃瓦、四角攒尖顶，正中间有镀金宝顶。形体壮丽，建筑精巧。

保和殿也是故宫三大殿之一，在中和殿后。平面长方形，建筑装修与彩绘十分精细绚丽。

乾清宫在故宫内庭最前面。从前此处为康熙皇帝居住和处理政务之处，清雍正后皇帝曾移居养心殿，但依旧在此批阅奏报，选派官吏和召见臣下。

再看，交泰殿在乾清宫和坤宁宫之间，含天地交合、安康美满之意。其建于明代，是座四角攒尖，镀金宝顶，龙凤纹饰的方形殿。明、清时，此殿是皇后生日举办寿庆活动的地方。坤宁宫在故宫“内庭”的最终面。明代时为皇后住所。清代时改为祭神场所。其中东暖阁为皇帝大婚的洞房，康熙、同治、光绪三帝，均在此举行婚礼。

再来到回音壁，它是中国木结构建筑的顶峰，仅凭木榫交结，斗拱支架，全用木材就完成了这一惊世杰作。天坛另一美妙绝伦之处，是奇妙的回声。站在圜丘坛的中心叫一声，你会听到从地层深处传来的明亮而深沉的回响，这声音仿佛来自地心，又似乎来自天空，所以人们为它取了一个充满神秘色彩的名字：“天心石”。在皇穹宇的四周有一道厚约0。9米的围墙，你站在一端贴着墙小声说话，站在另一端的人只要耳贴墙面就能听的异常清晰，并且还有立体声效果，这就是“回音壁”，这能够证明500年前的中国人已经能够运用声学原理了。

故宫是一座庞大的建筑群，我说也说不完，就请你们去细细游赏。

亲爱的旅客朋友们，你们好！我是这次旅程的导游，我姓张，你们可以叫我张导，今天我们要去的地方是北京故宫。

现在我们在的位置是在故宫的门口，故宫位于北京市中心，也称‘紫禁城’。这里曾居住过二十四个皇帝，是明清两代的皇宫，现为‘故宫博物院’。

现在请大家顺着我的右手往这边走，这里是故宫的宫殿建筑。你们知道吗？故宫的宫殿建筑是中国现存最大的。最完整的古建筑群，总面积达九万多平方米，有殿宇宫室9999间半，被称为‘殿宇之海’。

这建筑群气魄宏伟，富丽堂皇，极为壮观，无论是平面布局还是立体效果，都是无与伦比的。现在大家可以在这里休息一下，拍下照片，过个30分钟再走。

好了，大家跟着我继续向前走。故宫由一条中轴贯通南北，这条中轴又在北京城的中轴线上。三大殿。后三宫。御花园都位于这条中轴线上，现在我们所在的位置是故宫的角楼，角楼建造精巧美观。角楼周围环绕着高10米，长3400米的宫墙，墙外有52米宽的护城河。大家仔细地看看。

朋友们，因为时间仓促，这次对故宫的介绍就到此结束。下次有机会再带大家详细的参观。谢谢合作！

大家好，我是今天你们大家这次旅游的导游。我姓曾，大家可以叫我曾导。

现在你们面前的是“外朝”的大门——太和门。故宫分“外朝”和“内廷”两大部分。穿过这扇门，就可以看到故宫三大殿中的.最大的一个——太和殿。绕过太和殿，就可以看到中和殿和保和殿。这些就是故宫的三大殿。

看完三大殿，你前面的就是“内廷”的大门——乾清门。这扇门是“外朝”和“内廷”的交点，乾清门以南为“外朝”，以北为“内廷”。穿过这扇门，就可以看到乾清宫。乾清宫后面有交泰殿和坤宁宫。这三座宫殿就是“内廷”中的主要部分。“内廷”的东西翼还有东六宫和西六宫，是宫妃们住的地方。

好了，现在请大家自由参观。

故宫位于北京市城区中心，是明、清两代的皇宫，是当今世界上现存规模大、建筑雄伟、保存完整的古代皇家宫殿。故宫又叫紫禁城。紫禁城是中国五个多世纪以来的权力中心，它以园林景观和容纳了家具及工艺品的9000个房间的庞大建筑群，成为明清时代中国文明无价的历史见证。1987年，北京故宫被联合国教科文组织列入《世界遗产名录》。

故宫座北朝南，开有四条门。故宫的正门叫午门，意思是正午的太阳光芒四射。在10米高的城墙上耸立着五座崇楼，楼顶飞檐翅起，从上面看就象五只展翅欲飞的凤凰，故午门又称五凤楼。它建成于公元1420xx年，位于端门之北，雄伟壮观。此外午门的门洞为明三暗五，就是说从南面看是有3个门洞，从北面看是5个门洞。

进入故宫首先出现在面前的是五座汉白玉石桥，它们象征五德，即仁、义、礼、智、信，是皇帝集美好的品质为一身的意思。金水桥下是内金水河，跨过金水桥就来到了太和门广场，这里就是明代皇帝御门听政时百官待驾的地方。

游客们，你们好!欢迎来到“世界遗产”之北京故宫，下面我就带大家去细细游赏一番吧。

北京故宫，原名紫禁城，是明清两朝的皇宫，位于北京市中心，前通天安门，后倚景山，东近王府井街市，西临中南海。故宫是我国也是世界上目前保存最完整、规模最大的古代皇宫建筑群。

故宫的建筑气势恢弘，规模巨大。南北长961米，东西宽753米，占地72万多平方米，建筑总面积达16万多平方米，现存房屋8700余间。四周环绕高约10米的城墙和宽52米的护城河。城墙四周各设城门一座，南面午门，是故宫的正门，北面神武门，东面东华门，西面西华门。城墙四角各矗立着一座精巧别致的角楼。故宫宫殿建筑布局沿南北中轴线向东西两侧展开。红墙黄瓦，雕梁画栋，金碧辉煌。殿宇楼台，高低错落，壮观雄伟。

故宫总体分为南部的"前朝"和北部的"后寝"两部分。南部以太和殿、中和殿、保和殿三大殿为中心，两侧辅以文华、武英两殿，是皇帝上朝接受朝贺、接见群臣和举行大型典礼的地方。三大殿建在高8米多的呈"工"字形的须弥座式三层平台上，四周环绕着石雕栏杆，气势磅礴，为故宫中最壮观的建筑群，表现出不同凡响的崇高地位。其中太和殿是故宫中等级最高，体量最大的建筑，也是我国现存的一座最大的古代木结构殿宇。北半部则以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫后三宫及东、西六宫和御花园为中心，其外东侧有奉先殿、皇极殿等，西侧有养心殿、雨花阁、慈宁宫等，是皇帝与后妃、皇子和公主们居住、举行祭祀和宗教活动以及处理日常政务的地方。

今日的故宫，已成了一个规模宏大的博物馆。

请大家跟我一起离开宾阳三洞拾级而上，现在我们看到的就是万佛洞。万佛洞的形状是方形平顶，顶上雕一莲花藻井，因洞内刻有15000尊佛像，又叫“万佛洞”。该洞主尊名阿弥陀佛，有圆光和身光，结跏跌坐在印覆莲束腰须弥座上，一手贴身斜举胸前，一手抚膝。原洞外除浮雕的二力士之外，还有两尊石狮，即龙门唐代浮雕的精品，在30年代被盗。现存于美国波士顿艺术博物馆和堪萨斯城纳威尔逊艺术博物馆内。

请大家跟我继续前行，现在我们来到了莲花洞。这里为什么叫“莲花洞”呢?这是因为洞顶雕有大型飞天环绕的大莲花藻井图案而得名。莲花是佛教象征的名物，意为出淤泥而不染。因此，佛教石窟顶藻井多以莲花为饰，但像这样大型的莲花，雕刻的如此精美，在龙门石窟中这不多见。此洞开凿于北魏孝昌年间即公元526—528年前后，属于北魏后期作品。此洞高6.10米，深6.15米，主尊释迦高6米(为立佛)。两侧为胁侍菩萨，佛与菩萨之间，为侍立的伽叶、阿难二弟子。

朋友们，再登几十步台阶就到奉先寺了，龙门石窟最大的佛像就在这个寺内，奉先即奉供祖先之意。奉先寺是龙门石窟中雕刻最大、艺术最精、气势最磅礴、最具有代表性的重要洞窟。

奉先寺东西深约40米，南北宽约36米，其建造时间，据有关资料和专家推测，约始建于武则天被立为皇后的永微六年，就是公元655年之后。完工于上元二年，即公元675年乙亥十二月三十日，费时约21年左右。

各位朋友：

大家好，接下来我们要去游览的景点是吉林市的陨石博物馆,到那里去看一位来自遥远外星的神秘朋友吉林陨石。

吉林陨石是我们江城世界级的旅游资源被称为“宇宙使者，天外来客”。它是在1976年3月8日陨落到吉林市的，这次陨石的坠落相当于1.7级的地震。

当天有众多的百姓亲眼目睹了陨石降落的一幕，据他们回忆说，最处是在天空东北部突然出现一个红色的火球，光芒四射，极为耀眼，此满月还要大。在火球的后面拖着一束光带，夹杂着滚滚的浓烟。

火球在远行过程中，由于巨大的温度以及受外力作用，陨石体产生过多次爆炸，当陨石的主体在吉林市龙潭区金珠乡上空发生爆炸时，一个黄色的大火球突然发出强烈的闪光，随之冲出三个小火球，带着光束鱼贯向西南飞行，这就是吉林陨石中最大的三块陨石。现在被命名为吉林一号、二号和三号陨石。吉林陨石降落在了吉林市和永吉县附近方圆近五百平方公里的平原区域内。

吉林一号陨石落在了吉林市永吉县桦皮厂镇靠山村十社，3月8日在北方，天气刚刚变暖，一号陨石穿透了1.7米的冻土层，遁入地下6.5米，坑口直径为2.1米，当时距事发现场最近的目击者亢永春老人回忆，吉林一号陨石落地后，从远处看，翻滚的烟尘逐渐形成小磨菇云，高约50米，烟尘浓度极大。被溅出的碎土块，最远可达150多米。

吉林陨石雨刚一降落，吉林省吉林市中科院组织了“陨石雨考察小组”，对它进行调查，当时共收集到较大陨石138块，总重量为2616公斤，现已被吉林市博物馆收集展出，从一号陨石坑内取出的陨石净重是1775公斤，体积为117x93x84立方厘米，是目前石陨石中最重的一块。

陨石带来丰富的太阳系天体形成演化的信息，对它们的实验分析将有助于探求太阳系演化的奥秘。

太阳系是由恒星太阳、行星、慧星、流星体和星际物质构成的天体系统。组成太阳系的行星有：水星、金星、地球、火星、天王星、海王星和冥王星等九大行星和数量众多的小行星，小行星大多数集中在火星和木星轨道之间，时常会有一些特殊轨道的小行星偏离轨道。

因为有这些特殊轨道的小行星，宇宙间便产生了一些星球间的碰撞，有爱好天文学的朋友一定知道，在每年十一月中旬的时候，按照地球的运行规律，地球应穿过坦普尔慧星轨道，由慧星尾部喷发出细小的尘粒而散落在轨道上，正好与地球迎面相撞，同一时间，在地球上我们就可以看到一场十分壮观的流星或流星雨。

吉林陨石就是因为这种星与星的碰撞，而陨落到地球上的，据天文学家推算，吉林陨石这位“宇宙使者，天外来客”，本是47亿年前形成的，直径约为440千米的一个小行星的一部门。它的运行轨迹在火星与木星之间，在大约八百万年前的一次剧烈的天体碰撞中瓦解了，于是诞生了吉林陨石的母体。吉林陨石在第一次碰撞诞生之后，形成了一个独特的椭圆形空间运行轨道(近日点大约一亿五千千米)进入地球公转轨道内部(远日点约为四亿二千千米)，位于小行星带的边缘，这与地球的公转轨道，就形成了两个相交点，使它同地球碰撞成为必然。

1976年3月8日吉林陨石沿着它自己的运行轨道以15-18千米/秒的相对速度从地球的后面追上地球，以极高的速度穿过大气层，于是15时2分36秒，使发生了陨石的陨落。

在我们吉林陨石陨落之前，美国在1948年2月28日发现的诺顿石陨石被称为世界之最，重1079公斤，但是吉林陨石陨落之后，很显然的担当了这个世界之最的角色，那么除了它的重量为世界之最以外，同时还创造了另外一个世界之最和一个奇迹，就是它是目前世界上最大的的一场陨石雨。雨区降落范围非常广，分布在东西长72千米，南北8.5千米，总面积近500平方千米的土地上。吉林陨石就其数量、重量、散落范围以及科技含量在世界都是罕见的。吉林陨石雨降落时，铺天盖地，呼号之声，几百里以外，清晰可闻，落地的巨响和震波，震碎了很多居民住宅的玻璃窗，场面之宏大，威力之巨猛，如同一颗小原子弹，然而，竟无一人一畜伤亡，可谓一奇。

目前陨石按含金量与硅酸岩的比例，科学家把它们分为三类，即石陨石、铁陨石、铁石陨石。吉林陨石属于石陨石。据科学分析，吉林陨石属于橄榄石，即古铜辉石球粒陨石，是极为珍贵的宇宙样品。在陨石中发现了十三种氨基酸和有机化合物。在陨石内部还找到四十多种矿物质和三十多种原，其中有些矿物制是在同类陨石中的首次发现。为揭开原素起源提供帮助，可以说“吉林陨石的光临相当于发射了一颗地球人造卫星。”

那么陨石与人类有什么关系呢?我们都知道恐龙是古代一种大型爬行动物，如果中生代末期它们不灭绝，那么处于蒙昧时代的古猿至少没有机会变成现在的人。那么，恐龙是怎么灭绝的呢，科学家们发现。第三边界沉积层堆积着一层厚约几十厘米的白色粉末。那么地球上极为罕见的氨基酸，因此他们推断，6500万年前一颗直径约为10公里的陨石与地球相撞，撞击后的巨大爆炸使大多数恐龙立刻死去。爆炸后的粉末笼罩在大地上面数年之久，土温骤变致使恐龙无一幸存，而恐龙的灭绝却给其他新生动物带来了生机。比如哺乳动物的出现，古猿也被迫走出了森林。陨石促成了人类的产生，由于陨石的影响，促进了生物的产生进化发展，但陨石也会带来毁灭人类的危害性。

各位朋友，大家看，这块陨石，在它的表面有一层深色的壳，叫熔壳，厚度大约有0.5—1毫米左右。科学上按照它的形成次序和外表的特征，可以将熔壳分为初始熔壳和次生熔壳。那么，熔壳有是怎样形成的呢?当陨石以每秒15—18千米的高速冲进大气层时，强烈的冲击波使空气分子急速的分解、电离和燃烧，温度可以达到20__度，这巨大的热能部分地传给陨石体，使其表面温度达3000—3500C，表层的矿物质直接汽化而挥发。还有一部分，在陨石的表面形成一个液态层，当陨石陨落到低空以后，速度与压力急剧下降，使硅酸溶液迅速冷却，于是形成了玻璃状物质，微晶或雏晶。溶壳也就是在这样的物理化学过程中形成的。另外我们看到的陨石表面还普遍具有形态多样、大小不等的许多气印。这是因为陨石在大气层中与空气剧烈摩擦、燃烧和气流冲击形成的。

各位朋友，现在我们所参观的博物馆，是我国唯一的一座陨石博物馆，属于自然类，在这个博物馆里，还收藏着许多关于吉林陨石的资料、照片以及其他国家的陨石标本等等。大家可以再仔细地看看，也可以在这里拍拍照，留作纪念。

游客朋友们：

大家好!首先请允许我代表沈阳市全体市民对各位的到来表示热烈欢迎!今天我为大家介绍的就是沈阳的风景名胜之一的沈阳故宫”。

沈阳故宫始建于后金天命十年(1620xx年)是清太祖迁都之际草创，清崇德元年(1636年)由皇太极建成。1644年，大清迁都北京，沈阳故宫”从此成为陪都宫殿”。沈阳故宫”是清太祖努尔哈赤和清太宗皇太极修建并使用过的宫殿，距今巳有360余年的历史。在全国现存宫殿建筑群中，它的历史价值和艺术价值仅次于北京故宫居全国第二位。它是中国历史上最后的一个封建王朝的发祥重地，也是清统一中国后东北地区政治经济中心。

沈阳故宫占地6万多平方米，有楼台殿阁各式建筑70余座，由20多个院落组成，总计房屋300多间。故宫按自然布局分为中路、东路和西路三部分。

中路：是太宗皇太极时期的大内宫阙。南端是大清门，也是故宫的正门。向北依次是崇政殿、凤凰褛、清宁宫，它们都排列在一条中轴线上，两侧还有一些对称式的附属建筑。

大清门是日常朝会时文武大臣侯朝的地方，也是清太宗接受群臣谢恩之处。明朝著名将领洪承畴降清后，就从此门进入，受到皇太极的接见。大清门东侧这处建筑叫祖庙，祖庙是爱新觉罗家族祭祀祖先的地方，因是天子的祖庙也称太庙”。

顺着大清门北面的御路拾阶而上，台正中便是气势宏伟被称作金銮殿”的政殿。它建于后金天聪六年(1632年)，崇德元年定名为崇政殿。崇政殿为五间九檩硬山式建筑，南北辟有隔扇门，前后是石雕栏杆。殿顶盖为黄琉璃，十分壮观。殿内掾间绘满飞云流水，梁架上全部是和玺” 彩绘，给人以高洁典雅之感。殿内明堂有堂陛，前是金龙蟠柱，柱后有贴金雕龙扇面大屏风和金龙宝座，宝座两侧有鼎式香炉、轩辕镜和太平有象等装饰之物。殿前有大月台，月台东南角有日晷，西南有嘉量亭，都由大理石雕造而成。在月台上还设有四口大缸，都盛满清水以防水灾。古代称它是门海”，来象征缸中水多似海可扑灭火灾，所以又被称作是吉祥缸”。因为北方天气寒冷，所以每到冬天，就要在缸底点燃炭火。崇政殿是清太宗日常朝会议政的地方，1636年皇太极的称帝大典及清天聪十年四月后金”改国号为大清”的典礼就在这里举行。1644年清迁都北京后，历代皇帝东巡时，都在这里临朝听政。

崇政殿前，东西各有五间厢楼，东为飞龙阁，西为翔凤阁。殿后是一个院落，院正北有一座高约4米的高台，台上是皇太极极其后妃的寝区。沿台阶走上去便是一座金碧辉煌的高楼----凤凰楼。它的原名叫翔凤楼，直到1743年才有凤凰楼之称。凤凰楼是清宁宫的门户，也是皇帝策划军政大事和宴筵之所。它与崇政殿同期建成，康熙二十年重修。楼为三层，是三滴水式建筑。每层深广各三间，周围有回廊，下层的门洞是联络台上台下的道。风凰楼既是后宫的大门，又是整个宫殿建筑的制高点。在楼上观看日出，极为美妙。所以凤楼晓日”、凤楼观塔”是沈城著名的景观。凤凰楼正门上额的紫气东来”金字横匾是乾隆皇帝的御笔。

过了凤凰楼就是太宗皇帝皇太极的后宫了。正中是清宁宫，清宁宫原叫正宫”，是五间十一檩硬山式建筑。东一间是皇太极和孝端文皇后博尔济吉特氏的寝宫，称暖阁。正中隔一间璧，把寝宫分为南北两室，南北室各有火炕，又称龙床”。1643年皇太极就在南室端座无疾而终”，终年52岁，后葬于昭陵。西四间为皇帝祭神、行礼的神堂。清宁宫庭院的东南角有一根朱红色木杆，木杆顶端有锡斗，这木杆叫索伦杆，满族人称它为神杆。锡斗内放米谷碎肉来喂乌鸦。

清宁宫两侧是东西配宫，东配宫有关雎宫、衍庆宫;西配宫有麟趾宫和永福宫。东西配宫均为皇太极和妃子们居住之所。清宁宫西北角有一根由地面垒起，低于屋背的烟囱，人们从正面是看不见的。从清宁宫这一系列建筑中，我们可以发现沈阳故宫的两大建筑特点：一是保存了浓厚的满族特色即口袋房、万字炕、烟囱竖在地面上。二是宫高殿低，清宁宫及其四所配宫均高于皇帝议政的崇政殿和东路的大政殿。这是因为清朝夺取政权前，满族是一个牧猎民族，受生活习惯的影响，把居住的地方建在高处，以防野兽和洪水的侵袭。这与北京故宫恰好相反。

清宁宫高台之后是后苑”，也叫御花园”，内有碾磨房、二十八间仓、后宰门等建筑，是皇帝膳食的供给区。并有地下窨道与清宁宫相通。

在崇政殿、清宁宫高台两侧有东所”、西所”。东所由南往北依次是颐和殿、介祉宫、敬典阁等。东所是东巡时皇帝后妃给太后请安之处，也皇太后的寝宫和存放实录、玉牒之处;西所由南往北依次是迪光殿、保极殿、继恩斋和崇谟阁等。西所是东巡时皇帝、后妃及子女居住的地方和存放《圣训》、《满文老档》的地方。崇谟阁的建筑形式是别具一格的，它为卷棚式建筑，是在清乾隆年间增建的。

东路是以大政殿为主体，两侧辅以方亭十座，称十王亭”。大政殿建于努尔哈赤时期，是故宫最早期八角重檐大木架亭子式建筑。大政殿下是高约1.5米的须弥座式台基，周围绕以雕刻精细的荷叶净瓶青石雕。殿身八面均有斧头眼”式隔扇门，内外排柱40根，正门前有双龙蟠柱。殿顶是十六道五彩琉璃脊，正中是宝瓶火焰珠。殿内有精致的斗拱、藻井天花，梁架上用和玺”彩绘，上有黄琉璃瓦绿剪边的顶盖。整个建筑显示出极强的美感和庄严秀丽的装饰艺术情趣。大政殿是皇帝举行大型庆典的地方，1643年清世祖福临在此即位。

大政殿前，正中是宽阔的甬道，两侧以八字形排列着十座方亭，这就是十王亭”。从北至南，东边是左翼王亭、正黄旗亭、正红旗亭、镶蓝旗亭、正白旗亭;西边是右翼王亭、镶黄旗亭、镶红旗亭、正蓝旗亭、镶白旗亭。这是当年八旗首领固山额真和左右统辖八旗的亲王贝勒办公的地方。八旗制度在清王朝的军事政治及社会制度，民事管理等等很多方面都占有极为重要的地位，发挥着巨大的作用。大政殿与十王亭构成了一组亭子式院落建筑，它是清入关前八旗制度在宫殿建筑上的反映。设计者从局部建筑直至整体布局，处处突出八”字。这种把军政制度巧妙地融合在建筑艺术中的做法，真可算是构思独特、别具匠心。

西路：以文溯阁为主体，前有戏台、扮戏房、嘉荫堂，后有仰熙斋、九间殿。文溯阁于乾隆年间兴建而成，是仿明代渐江宁波大藏书家范钦的天一阁”所建。为面阔六间二楼三层硬山式建筑，顶盖为黑琉璃瓦绿剪边。根据五行八卦之说，黑是代表水，文溯阁是专为存贮清代大百科全书《四库全书》和《古今图书集成》而建的。书最忌火，以黑瓦为顶象征以水克火之意。文溯阁东有方形碑亭一座，内立石碑一块。碑阳面为乾隆帝撰写的《文溯阁记》，阴面为《宋孝宗论》。文溯阁东南宫门外有嘉荫堂，它与南面的戏台连成一个院落，是专为皇帝准备的娱乐场所。西路建筑除文溯阁外，其它建筑用卷棚式屋顶，显得十分别致，富有江南风韵。

沈阳故宫是清代遗存下来的最早一组宫殿建筑群，它是国家级重点文物保护单位，希望大家有机会来观光这座气派非凡的帝王宫殿。谢谢大家。

紫气东来，出自传说老子过函谷关”的故事。传说当年函谷关令尹喜梦到次日清晨老子要路过函谷关，于是第二天天没亮清扫庭院，登上城楼。不久，果然老子骑着青牛，在冉冉紫气萦绕下，伴着仙乐来到此地，为他写了五千字文”，这便是道教圣典《道德经》。乾隆皇帝题写的紫气东来”含意是大清帝国是始于东方的盛京皇宫。今天，有没有圣人来呢?请大家向东方看一看那吉祥的云彩吧……

传说：早年，努尔哈赤在明朝总兵李成梁手下做勤务兵时，因他脚下长有红痣，认为他是未来夺取大明江山，有帝王之相者，便要除掉他。努尔哈赤闻讯仓皇逃跑，李率兵疾追，就在即将发现他时，一群乌鸦落在他的身上，在乌鸦的掩护下，才得以生还。努尔哈赤数年后成为后金之主，为感谢乌鸦救命之恩，告喻全族，永不屠鸦。所以索伦杆饲鸦便延续下来。

八旗制是由努尔哈赤组建起来的，努尔哈赤25岁开始了他用兵图谋霸业的戌马生涯。随着势力的壮大，努尔哈赤想建立一支强大而管理有序的军队，于是想到了民间自发产生的组织牛录”这种形式。他在1620xx年组建了军队，把每300个战士组成一个牛录”，每个牛录”，打一种颜色的旗，这就是八旗的雏形。1620xx年后金建军的这一年，他又将4个牛录”改为8个，在原来4种颜色的旗的基础上，各镶上不同颜色的边，成了8色旗，又把5个牛录”组成一个甲喇”，把5个甲喇”组成一个固山”，固山”在汉语里的意思是旗，于是真正意义上的八旗便诞生了。

大家好，欢迎大家来到故宫，很高兴能为大家服务，我是本次大家旅程的李子昂，大家叫我李导就行，今今天有我陪同大家共度这段美好的时光。

故宫建于1420xx年，1420xx年基本竣工，是明朝皇帝朱棣时建，现在请大家跟我一起去故宫中最大的宫殿太和殿看看。这里是明朝皇帝召见白宫发号施令举行庆典的地方，全殿面阔间，进深五间，外有廊柱，殿内外立着72根大柱，殿高35米，殿内净高达14米，宽63米，为全宫最大的木构大殿。

我们再来到中和殿，位于紫禁城太和殿之间。是皇帝去太和殿大典之前休息，幷接受执事官员朝拜的地方。

又玩了中和殿，我再带大家去参观保和殿，这座保和殿是清代的国宴厅及考举科场。大家都知道，乾隆身边有一位大臣叫刘墉，他就是在这保和殿考上状元的。

故宫的游览就到这里，对我今天的讲解还满意吗?欢迎您提出意见和建议，我深表感谢，最后我祝大家玩的开心。谢谢。

故宫英文导游词

forbidden city(紫禁城)

(in front of the meridian gate)

ladies and gentlemen:

i am pleased to serve as your guide today.

this is the palace museum; also know as the purple forbidden city. it is the largest and most well reserved imperial residence in china today. under ming emperor yongle, construction began in 1406. it took 14years to build the forbidden city. the first ruler who actually lived here was ming emperor zhudi. for five centuries thereafter, it continued to be the residence of23 successive emperors until 1911 when qing emperor puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .in 1987, the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization recognized the forbidden city was a world cultural legacy.

it is believed that the palace museum, or zi jin cheng (purple forbidden city), got its name from astronomy folklore, the ancient astronomers divided the constellations into groups and centered them around the ziwei yuan(north star). the constellation containing the north star was called the constellation of heavenly god and star itself was called the purple palace. because the emperor was supposedly the son of the heavenly gods, his central and dominant position would be further highlighted the use of the word purple in the name of his residence. in folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became a metaphor for auspicious events after a purple cloud was seen drifting eastward immediately before the arrival of an ancient philosopher, laozi, to the hanghu pass. here, purple is associated with auspicious developments. the word jin (forbidden) is self-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits to ordinary people.

the red and yellow used on the palace walls and roofs are also symbolic. red represents happiness, good fortune and wealth. yellow is the color of the earth on the loess plateau, the original home of the chinese people. yellow became an imperial color during the tang dynasty, when only members of the royal family were allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.

the forbidden city is rectangular in shape. it is 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meter wide from east west. it has 9,900 rooms under a total roof area 150,000 square meters .a 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter—high wall which encloses the complex. octagon —shaped turrets rest on the four corners of the wall. there are four entrances into the city: the meridian gate to the south, the shenwu gate(gate of military prowess) to the north, and the xihua gate(gate of military prowess) to the north, and the xihua gate(western flowery gate )to the west ,the donghua (eastern flowery gate) to the east.

manpower and materials throughout the country were used to build the forbidden city. a total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers were employed. marble was quarried from fangshan country mount pan in jixian county in hebei province. granite was quarried in quyang county in hebei province. paving blocks were fired in kilns in suzhou in southern china. bricks and scarlet pigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in shandong province .timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southern regions.

the structure in front of us is the meridian gate. it is the main entrance to the forbidden city. it is also knows as wufenglou(five-phoenix tower). ming emperors held lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of the chinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .they also used this place for punishing officals by flogging them with sticks.

qing emperors used this building to announce the beginning of the new year. qing emperor qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremony from ban li(announcement of calendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )to avoid coincidental association with another emperor` s name, hongli, which was considered a taboo at that time. qing dynasty emperors also used this place to hold audience and for other important ceremonies. for example,when the imperial army returned victoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the emperor presided over the ceremony to accept prisoners of war.

(after entering the meridian gate and standing in front of the five marble bridges on golden water river)

now we are inside the forbidden city.before we start our tour, i would like to briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .to complete this solemn, magnificent and palatial complex, a variety of buildings were arranged on a north-south axis, and 8-kilometer-long invisible line that has become an inseparable part of the city of beijing. the forbidden city covers roughly one –third of this central axis. most of the important building in the forbidden city weree arranged along this line. the design and arrangement of the palaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal court and rigidly –stratified feudal system.

the forbidden city is divided into an outer and an inner count.we are now standing on the southernmost part of the outer count. in front of us lies the gate of supreme harmony .the gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions ,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. the lions were the most exquisite and biggest of its kind. the one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ball is said to represent state unity. the other one is a female. underneath one of its fore claws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperial succession. the winding brook before us is the golden water river. it functions both as decoration and fire control .the five bridges spanning the river represent the five virtues preached by confucius :benevolence, righteousness, rites, intellence and fidelity. the river takes the shape of a bow and the north-south axis is its arrow. this was meant to show that the emperors ruled the country on behalf of god.

(in front of the gate of supreme harmony)

the forbidden city consists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure. the out count yard covers a vast space lying between the meridian gate and the gate of heavenly purity. the “three big halls” of supreme harmony, complete harmony and preserving harmony constitute the center of this building group. flanking them in bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: wenhua (prominent scholars) and wuying (brave warriors) . the three great halls are built on a spacious “h”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, each level of the triple terrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marble balustrades carved with dragon and phoenix designs. there are three carved stone staircases linking the three architectures .the hall of supreme harmony is also the tallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all of china. from the palace of heavenly purith northward is what is known as the inner court, which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. in the center are the palace of heavenly purity, the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility, a place where the emperors lived with their families and attended to state affairs. flanking these structures are palaces and halls in which concubines and princes lived. there are also three botanical gardens within the inner count, namely, the imperial garden, caning garden and quailing garden. an inner golden water river flows eastwardly within the inner court. the brook winds through three minor halls or palaces and leads out of the forbidden city. it is spanned by the white jade bridge. the river is lined with winding, marble –carved balustrades. most of the structures within the forbidden city have yellow glazed tile roofs.

aside from giving prominence to the north-south axis, other architectural methods were applied to make every group of palatial structures unique in terms of terraces, roofs, mythical monsters perching on the roofs and colored, drawing patterns. with these, the grand contour and different hierarchic spectrum of the complex were strengthened. folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999 room-units in the forbidden city. since paradise only has 10,000 rooms, the son of heaven on earth cut the number by half a room. it is also rumoured that this half –room is located to the west of the wenyuange pavilion (imperial library). as a matter of fact, although the forbidden city has more than 9,000 room-units, this half-room is nonexistent .the wenyuange pavilion is a library where “si ku quan shu”- china `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.

(after walking past the gate of supreme harmony)

ladies and gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the hall of supreme harmony, the biggest and tallest of its king in the forbidden city. this structure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know for its upturned, multiple counterpart eaves . the hall of supreme harmony sits on a triple “h”-shaped marble terrace the is 8meters high and linked by staircases. the staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upper stairways each have 9.

the construction of the hall of supreme harmony began in 1406. it burned down three times and was severely damaged once during a mutiny. the existing architecture was built during the qing dynasty. on the corners of the eaves a line of animal-nails were usually fastened to the tiles. these animal-nails were later replace with mythical animals to ward off evil spirits. there are altogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. the number nine was regarded by the ancients to be the largest numeral accessible to man and to which only the emperors were entitled.

there was a total of 24 successive emperors during the ming and qing dynasties who were enthroned here. the ball was also used for ceremonies which marked other great occasions: the winter solstice, the chinese lunar new year, the emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title of empress, the announcement of new laws and policies, and dispatches of generals to war .on such occasions, the emperor would hold audience for his court officials and receive their tributes.

this area is called the hall of supreme harmony square, which covers a total of 30,000 square meters, without a single tree or plant growing here, this place inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. in the middle of the square there is a carriageway that was reserved for the emperor. on both sides of the road the groud bricks were laid in a special way seven layers lengthwise and eight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all. the purpose of this was to prevent anyone from tunneling his way into the palace. in the count yard there are iron vats for storing water to fight fires. in the whole complex there are altogher 308 water vats. in wintertime, charcoal was burned underneath the vats to keep the water from freezing .why so vast a square? it was designed to impress people with the hall` s grandeur and vastness. imagine the following scene. under the clear blue sky, the yellow glazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled with the curling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme harmony into a fairyland. whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed, crane-shaped candleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pine branches burnt in front of the hall. when the emperor appeared, drums were beaten and musical instrument played. civilian officials and generals would kneel know in submission.

the last qing emperor puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three, his father carried him to the throne. at the start of the coronation, the sudden drum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared .he was so scared that he kept crying and shouting,”i don’t want to stay here. i want to go home.” his father tried to soothe him, saying, ”it` all soon be finished .it` all soon be finished ”the ministers present at the event considered this incident inauspicious. coincidentally, the qing dynasty collapsed three years later and there with concluded china `s feudal system that had lasted for more than 2,000 years.

(on the stone terrace of the hall of supreme harmony)

this is a bronze incense burner. in it incense made of sandalwood would be burnt on important occasions. there are altogether 18 incense burners, representing all of the provinces under the rule of the sing monarchs. on either side of the hall, 4 bronze water-filled vats were placed in case of fire. next to the terrace on either side, there is a bronze crane and tortoise, symbols of longevity. this copper-cast grain measure is called ”jialiang.” it served as the national standard during the qing dynasty. it was meant to show that the imperial ruler were just and open to rectification. on the other side there is a stone sundial, an ancient timepiece. the jialiang and the sundial were probably meant to show what the emperor represented: that he was the only person who should possess the standards of both measure and time.

in the very forefront of the hall of supreme harmony , there are 12 scarlet , round pillars supporting the roof. the hall is 63 meters from east to west and 37 meters from north to south, it is 35 meters in height. in front of this architechture, there stands a triple terrace with five staircases leading up to the main entrance .it has 40 gold doors and 16 gold-key windows with colored drawings on the pillars and beams. in the middle of the hall, a throune carved with 9 dragons sits on a 2-meter-high platform. behind the throne there is a golden screen and in front of it, there is a imperial desk . the flanks are decorated with elephants, luduan(a legendary beast), cranes, and incense barrels. the elephant carries a vase on its back that holds five cereals(i. e. rice, two kinds of millet, wheat and beans),which was considered a symbol of prosperity. as ancient legend has it that luduan can travel 18,000 li (9,000 kilometers )in one day and knows all languages and dialects. only to a wise adjust monarch will this beast be a guardian.

the hall of supreme harmony is also popularly known as jinluan dian (gold bell hall or the throne hall). the floor of the hall is laid with bricks that turn it into a smooth, fine surface as if water has been sprinkled on it .the so-called golden brick, in fact, has nothing to do with gold. reserved exclusively for the construction of the royal court, it was made in a secretive, and complex way, and, when struck, sounds like the clink of a gold bar. each brick was worth the market price of one dan (or one hectoliter ) of rice.

the hall is supported by a total of 72 thick pillars .of these, 6 are carved in dragon patterns and painted with gold and surround the throne. above the very center of this hall there is a zaojing, or covered ceiling, which is one of the specialities of china `s ancient architure. in the middle of the ceiling is a design of a dragon playing with a ball inlaid with peals. this copper ball, hollow inside and covered with mercury, is known as the xuanyuan mirror and is thought to be made xuanyuan, a legendary monarch dating back to remote antiquity. the placing of the caisson above the throne is meant to suggest that all of china` s successive emperors are zuanyuan` s descendants and hereditary heirs. now you might have noticed that the xuanyuan mirror is not directly above the throne. why? it is rumored that yuan shikai, a self-acclaimed warlord-turned emperor moved the throne further back because he was afraid that the mirror might fall on him .in 1916 when yuan shikai became emperor, he removed the original throne with a western-style, high-back chair. after the foundation of the people` s republic of china in 1949 the throne was found in a shabby furniture warehouse. it repaired and returned to the hall.

(leading the tourist to the bronze vats either on the east or the west)

the water vats in front of the palaces or house were called “menhai,” or sea before the door by the ancient chinese. they believed that with a sea by the door, fire could not wreak havoc. the vats served both as a decoration and as a fire extinguisher. they were kept full of water all year round.

during the qing dynasty, they were altogether 308 vats in the palace enclosure. they were made of gilt bronze or iron. of couse, the gilt bronze vats were of the best quality. when the allied forces (britain, germany, france, russia, the united states, italy, japan and austria) invaded beijing in 1900 under the pretext of suppressing the boxer rebellion, the invaders ransacked the imperial compound and scraped and gold off the vats with their bayonets. during the japanese occupation of beijing, many vats were trucked away by the japanese to be made into bullets .

(in front of the hall of complete harmony)

the square architecture before us is called the hall of complete harmony. it served as an antechamber. the emperor came here to meet with his countiers and add his final touches to the prayers which would be read at the ancestral temple. the seeds, snowers and prayer intended for spring sowing were also examined here. the two qing sedan chairs here on display were used for traveling within the palace during the reign of emperor qianlong.

(in front of the hall f preserving harmony)

this is the hall of preserving harmony. during the qing dynasty, banquets were held here on new year` s eve in honour of mongolian and northwestern china` s xingjiang princes and ranking officials. the emperor also dinned here with his new son-in-law on the wedding day. imperial examinations were also held here once every three years. during the ming and qing dynasties, there were three levels of exams: the county and prefectural level, the provincial level and national level. the national exam was presided over by the emperor. the civil service exam in ancient china started during the han dynasty. it served the purpose of recruiting confucian scholars to the ministers and high officials. during the tang and qing dynasties reinstituted and ancient system. once every three years, three hundred scholars from all over the country came to beijing and took exams for three day and night. this system was abolished in 1905.

(behind the hall of preserving harmony)

this is the largest stone carving in the palace . it is 16.73 meters long, 3.07 meters wide and 1.7 meters thick .it weighs about 200 tons. the block was quarried in fangshan county, roughly 70 kilometers away. to transport such a huge block to beijing, laborers dug wells along the roadside half a kilometer apart, and used the groundwater to make a road of ice in the winter. rolling blocks were used in the summer. in 1760, emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty ordered the carving of the existing cloud and dragon design in place of the old one which dated back to the ming dynasty.

note : from here, the tour can be conducted via three different routes: a western route(route a), a central route (route b) or an eastern route (route c) .the commentary for each follows.

route a

ladies and gentlemen:

you have seen the three main halls of the forbidden city. now i ` d like to show you around the hall of mental cultivation and the imperial garden . the hall of mental cultivation is situated is in the western part of the innermost enclosure and is symmetrical to fengxian (enshrinement of forebears) hall in the east. this hall was built during the ming dynasty. it is a h-shaped structure consisting of an antechamber and a main building .the hall is surrounded by corridors. in front of the hall is the office of privy council.

before emperor kangxi of qing the dynasty came to power the hall of heavenly purity served as the living quarter of the emperors. emperor yongzheng chose to live in this hall and attended to every day state affairs from here .for the sake of protecting cultural relics, this hall is not open to the public .you can have a look at the inside from the door. the central hall was the audience chamber where the emperor read memorials, granted audience to officials and summoned his minsters for consultation. the western chamber of the hall was where the emperor read reports and discussed military and political affairs. the hall consists of many inner rooms and is decorated with images of buddha and miniature pagodas. on the screen wall there hangs a picture of two emperors in the han costume. in a southern room there three rare calligraphic scrolls, hence the name of the room “sanxitang” (room of three rare treasures) . the room on the eastern side is of historical interst because it was here that empress dowager cixi usurped power and made decisions on behalf of the young emperor . a bamboo curtain was used to separate them .

empress dowage cixi was born in 1835 in lu` an prefecture of shanxi province. she` s of manchurian nationality and her father was a provincial governor from south china. when she was 17 years old ,she was selected to become a concubine of emperor xianfeng and moved into the forbidden city. she gave birth to a son when she was 21years old and was made a concubine the following year. when the emperor passed away in the summer of 1861, her son ascended the throne and title of cixi, meaning “holy mother” was conferred upon her and she became the empress dowager. in that same year empress dowager cixi carried out a count coup d` etat and ruled behind the scenes with another empress dowager, ci` an, for 48 years. she passed away in 1908 at the age of 73. it was in reference to this situation that the term “attending to state affairs behind a bamboo curtain” developed .in 1912 , empress dowager longyu declared the abdication of the last qing emperor puyi. they were allowed to remain in the forbidden city for the next 13 years .the royal family was forced to move out permanently in 1924.

behind the central hall were the living accommodation of 8 successive qing emperors .three of them actually passed away here. the side rooms flanking the hall were reserved for empresses and concubines. now let` s continue with our tour. it will take us to the hall of heavenly purity , the hall of union and peace ,the palace of earthly tranquility, and the imperial garden.

route b

(inside the hall of heavenly purity)

ladies and gentlemen:

we are now entering the inner court. from the gate of heavenly purity northward lies the inner court where the emperors and empresses once lived .the hall of heavenly purity is the central hall of the inner court ,and was completed during the reign of emperor yongle of the ming dynasty. there are 10 pillars supporting the entire structure and the hall is 20 meters in height .in the center of the hall there a throne. above it hangs a plaque with an inscription that reads “be open and above-board,” written by shenzhi,the first emperor of the qing dynasty. beginning with qianlong` s reign, the name of the successor to the throne was not publicly announced .instead, it was written on two pieces of paper, one to be kept on the emperor` s person throughout his reign, and the other placed in a small strongbox that was stored behind his plaque. the box was opened only after the emperor passed away. altogether there where 4 emperors who ascended the throne in this way, namely qianlong, jiaqing, daohuang and xian feng.

the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperors lived during the ming and qing dynasties. according to tradition ,extravagant annual banquets were held here on new year` s eve in honour of royal family members. foreign ambassadors were received here during the late-qing period. two important “one thousand old men` s feasts” of the qing dynasty were also held here. all the invitees had to be at least 65 years of age.

this hall was also used for mourning services.

(inside the palace of union and peace)

this hall sits between the hall of heavenly purity and the palace of earthly tranquility, symbolizing the union of heaven and earth ,as well as national peace .it was first built in 1420 and reconstructed in 1798. the hall is square in shape ,and is smaller than the hall of complete harmony .you will see a plaque here inscribed with two chinese characters, wu wei, which were handwritten by emperor qianglong. a throne sits in the middle of the hall with a screen behind it .above the throne there hangs a caisson ,or covered ceiling. the emperor held birthday celebrations and other major events here.

in 1748 during emperor qianlong` s reign, 25 jade seals representing imperial authority were kept in this hall .no seals were allowed out of the room without the prior consent of the emperor. on each flack there is a water clock and a chiming clock.

(inside the palace of earthly tranquility)

this used to be the central hall where successive ming empresses lived. during the qing dynasty, it was converted into a place where sacrifices and wedding ceremonies were held .the room on the western side was used for sacrifices and the room on the east was the seeding chamber.

route c

ladies and gentlemen:

you have seen the three main halls of the forbidden city. now i` d like to show you around scenes of interest along the eastern route. the first is the treasure hall. this mansion is called the hall of imperial zenith. this is where sing emperor quailing lived after abdication. nearly 1,000 artifacts and treasures are on display here, among which the golden hair tower is one of the most famous. this tower is 1.53meters in height and its base is 0.53 meters in circumference .it was built under the order of emperor quailing to be used to collect fallen hair in commemoration of his mother. there is also a “day harnessing water jade hill ” on display here. yu was a legendary monarch of the remote ixia dynasty. under his leadership, the people learned how to harness the yellow river. this jade assemblage, 224 centimeters in height and 5 tons in weight, is the largest jade artwork in china. this mat was woven with peeled ivory. these artifacts are among china` s rarest treasures.

(in front of the nine-dragon screen)

this is the nine-dragon relief screen .erected in 1773,it is 3.5 meters in height and 29.4 meters in width. underneath is a foundation made of marble .the surface of the screen is laid with a total of 270 colored, glazed tiles in the design of 9 dragons ,some rocky mountains ,clouds and the sea. it was meant to ward off evil spirits the ancient chinese regarded 9 dragons, some rocky mountains, clouds and the sea. it was meant to ward off evil spirits .the ancient chinese regarded 9 as the largest numeral and the dragon as a auspicious beast .the 9 dragons are different in color and posture and all are made of glazed tiles. interestingly a piece of the third dragon from the left is made of wood. it is believe that when the nine-dragon screen was almost finished ,a piece of glazed tile was damaged .emperor qianlong was scheduled to inspect the work the following day .using quick wits, the craftsman in question molded the missing piece with clay and sailed through the imperial inspection. later ,he asked a carpenter to carve a wooden one to replace the one made of clay.

(approaching the imperial garden)

behind the palace of earthly tranquility and trading the north-south axis is the imperial garden. there are old trees, rare flowers and exotic rock formation in this garden .it cover a space of 11,700 square meters, or roughly 1.7 percent of the forbidden city. most of the structures in the garden are symmetrically arranged . however, each is different in terms of parrern and decoration. woods clumps of bamboo screen off the garden and strengthens its deep and serene atmosphere.

there main structure of the imperial garden is the qin` an hall. positioned in the central-northern part of the garden ,this hall is flanked by other halls and pavilions on the east and west. the hall sits on a marble pedestal. the taoist deity of zhenwu is enshrined here and emperor would pay homage here a quarterly basis. taoist rites were held during the reign of emperor jiajing of the ming dynasty. in front of the hall there is a cypress that is 400 years old .in all there are a dozen such rare trees in the garden, and most of them are cypresses or pines. to the northwest of the hall , there is the yanhui(sustaining sunshine) pavilion and to the northeast there lies the duixiu (accumulated refinement )hill. this hill was built over the foundation of the long- pershed guanhua (admiring flowers) hall of the ming dynasty. it is 14 meters in height and made of al kinds of rocks quarried in jiang su province. at its base stand two nstone lions, each carrying a dragon shooting water 10 meters up into the air from its mouth. there are meandering paths leading to the hilltop. at the top of duixiu hill sits the yujing (imperial viewing)pavilion. traditionally, on the day of the double ninth festival (the ninth day of the ninth lunar month ), the emperor ,his consort, and his concubines would climb up to yujing pavilion to enjoy the scenery.

at the southeastern corner of the garden is jiangxue(crimson snowy) verandah. nearby to the southwest lies yangxing study (study of the cultivation of nature) .the yangxing study was used as a royal library during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty. the last emperor of the qing dynasty, puyi once studied english there. in front of the jiangxue verandah some chinese flowering crabapples grow. the structure got its name from the crabapples who blossoms trun from crimson to snowy white. in front of the verandah, there grows a rare flower that was brought from henna province under the order of empress dowager cixi. in the northest is chizao tang (hall of using flowery language), once used as a library where rare books were stored.

there are also specific pavilions symbolizing the four seasons .the halls of wanchun and qianqiu ,representing spring and autumn respectively ,are square in shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shape and are coupled with multiple eaves and bell-shaped ridges. the halls of chengrui and fubi,dedecated to winter and summer, are characterized by two verandahs and bridges at their bases .paths were paved with colorful pebbles and arranged in 900 different designs.

the imperial garden can be accessed through the qiong yuan (jade garden )west gate or the qiong yuan east gate. a third gate, the shunzhen(obedience and fidelity)gate, opens to the north. its doors are laid in glazed tiles and it was only used by the empress or concubines.

as our tour of the forbidden city draws to a close, i hope that i have helped you understand why the palace is a treasure of china and one of the cultural relics of the world. it is under the strict protection of the chinese government. since 1949 when the people` s rupublic of china was founded, nearly one trillion rmb was spent on its restoration and refurbishment. the forbidden city has undergone four major facelifts to date. each year, the government earmarks a large sum to gather, sort and study cultural relics. the palace now contains a total of 930,000cultural relics. well, so much for today .let` s go to reboard the coach. thank you !

The tourists who are sleeping can wake up. I understand that we are alltired. After several hours of long-distance bumps, now we finally arrive at ourdestination today - Jiuhua Mountain. Lets get out of the car and start ourjourney to Jiuhua Mountain. Lets follow me and dont fall behind. At thismoment, we are going up the winding mountain road and the mountain steps toreach Fenghuang pine, the oldest ancient pine in the world. You can have a lookat it, its like a flying phoenix, it seems to welcome us. Along the way ofphase II, I believe that when you hear the chirping of birds and the gurgling ofmountain springs, together with the laughter of our tourist friends, you willnot really answer the old saying "there is no one in an empty mountain, but youcan hear peoples voices".

Now we are halfway up the mountain. In front of us is Guanyin peak. You cansee that the stone is very lifelike, wearing a big red robe. When the mountainwind blows, the red robe flutters slightly, just like the arrival of Guanyin.Further up, you can see the broad ancient Sutra worship platform. You can seethe footprints left on the granite by the Bodhisattva of Tibetans during hismeditation. It is 2 times larger than the footprints of normal people. 9 times!Friends who are interested can take off their shoes and stand in the footprintsof the Bodhisattva of the king of Tibet to see if our feet are only one third ofthat!

Well, now we finally arrive at the terminal, Tiantai temple. Tiantaitemple, also known as dizang temple, is located at the top of Tiantai peak at analtitude of 1306 meters. It is said that there are traces of "Jinxian cave" leftin the holy residence of senior monks in the Tang Dynasty. Standing at the topof the peak, I just feel that the depression in my heart suddenly disappeared,and I feel very comfortable. Although Jiuhua Mountain is not as grand as MountTai or as dangerous as Mount Huangshan, it is famous both at home and abroad forits beauty!

大连西郊国家森林公园近日正式被国家旅游局批准为“国家4A级旅游景区”，大连西郊国家森林公园地处大连市西郊，位于辽东半岛的西南角上。气候上属于暖温带亚湿润季风气候，同时又具有海洋性气候的特点。地貌上属于矮丘陵区，因此发育的典型土壤是棕色森林土，其自然植被类型应为落叶阔叶林，发育的顶极植被为落叶栎林，其亚演替顶极应为松林。在公园内，丘陵山地上多为人工林，针叶林以油松和黑松林为主，阔叶林以刺槐林为主，多分布在山麓地带。山坡上部，多为天然的针阔混交林。

公园风景秀丽，拥有茂林、秀木、云海、瀑布、溪流、湖泊(水库)等众多自然风景资源;庙宇、道观等人文景观;同时，西郊森林公园还是重要的候鸟迁徙地。春秋两季，候鸟迁徙过境，景象壮观。

大连西郊森林公园的风景资源以森林为主，所有山地均为森林所覆盖。有阔叶林、针叶林以及针叶阔叶混交林。其中，单纯的阔叶林(主要是刺槐林)和针叶林(油松林、黑松林)主要是人工林;天然次生林以针阔混交林为主，主要树种是各种栎树(麻栎、栓皮栎、蒙古栎、辽东栎)和赤松、油松。有乔木、有灌木、有草本。河谷地带以及山麓坡度较缓的地方都种有各类果树。

朱家角导游词讲解

朱家角镇，隶属于上海市青浦区，位于上海市西部、青浦区中南部，紧靠淀山湖风景区。东临西大盈与环城分界，西濒淀山湖与大观园风景区隔湖相望，南与沈巷镇为邻(2019年与之合并)，北与江苏省昆山市淀山湖镇接壤。下面是由小编为大家带来的关于朱家角导游词讲解，希望能够帮到您！

各位游客朋友们，大家好!欢迎大家和我一起来到江南“水乡”，我是旅行社的导游员，我叫。我们的司机师傅姓，师傅有多年的驾驶经验，技术很好，坐他的车肯定让您感觉安全舒适。今天就由我们一同陪大家欣赏江南美景。如果我们的服务有让您不满意的地方，敬请大家提出批评和建议，谢谢大家的合作，希望大家在朱家角玩得开心，玩得痛快。

朱家角，也就是我们的所在地，是由47平方公里成折扇形的小镇组成，他们镶嵌在湖光山色之中。有人把她比作上海的威尼斯，有人把她比作淀山湖畔一颗明珠，如今这颗璀璨明珠又在“金色玉带”——318国道的依托下，放射出更夺目的光彩。由于这是一座千年古镇，1991年被上海市政府命名为首批四大文化名镇之一。

朱家角这样的小镇之所以闻名是因为她的地理位置十分重要，下面我简单给各位介绍一下她的地理位置，朱家角地处江、浙、沪二省一市交通要枢，地理位置十分优越，东靠虹桥国际机场，北连昆山，南接嘉兴，西通平望，淀山湖下游、黄金水道漕港河穿镇而过。镇内河港纵横，九条长街沿河而伸，千栋明清建筑依水而立，36座石桥古风犹存，名胜古迹比比皆是。在玩腻了一个个雷同价高的人造景观后，人们莫不惊讶于上海市郊还有一块保存得如此完好的原汁原味、真山真水的天然景观，在这里可以寻找一种回归自然，崇尚野趣的享受。无怪乎一位同济大学的名教授在考察朱家角后，不觉赞叹：“朱家角有这么丰富的文化遗产，不仅是上海一宝，也是国家的瑰宝”。中国台湾著名已故作家三毛，到此曾为“小桥、流水、人家”的格局而迷恋，为清淳幽静，处处可画、时时有诗的风情而陶醉。中共中央政治局委员、国务院副总理吴邦国在视察了古镇朱家角后，不禁欣然命笔，写下了“全国历史名镇朱家角”几个大字。

同时，也正是因为有“小桥流水天然景，原汁原味明清街”的天然外景，不禁被许多影视导演慧眼相中，而纷至沓来，把水乡古镇的婀娜风姿，一次次地搬上银幕、电视，有时会出现几部影视同时开拍的盛况，朱家角一时成了海内外影视竞相拍摄的热点，被人誉为“沪郊的好莱坞”。

朱家角不仅景色宜人，她更有渊源流长的历史，1958年大炼钢铁时，镇人为了找铁，曾奇迹般地把镇北大淀湖车干，在湖底，人们意外地发现了大量新石器时代遗物，被证明是马家浜文化，崧泽文化、良渚文化和西周至春秋战国时期的文化遗存。1959年，又在淀山湖中捞起大量石刀、石犁、石纺轮、印纹陶片等，这些新石器时代至战国时代的遗物，足以证明数千年前朱家角的先民就在这里劳动生息、繁衍了。

听了朱家角的历史渊源和地址位置，我想大家一定有一种赶快细细品味美景的冲动，下面就请大家和我一起去感受她的美景，名镇朱家角迷人的自然风光，在一山一湖。而朱家角更迷人、更具古镇特色的人文景观，是一桥、一街、一寺、一庙、一厅、一馆、二园、三湾、二十六弄。

三湾，即：三阳湾、轿子湾、弥陀湾。人行街上，前后左右都是房，以为到了路尽头，直角拐弯，一街市面在眼前，令人产生别有洞天的奇妙感觉，这种在老街上出现奇特拐弯的景观，是其他古镇难得一见的，非朱家角不能见到。

二十六弄，实际是朱家角的古弄何止26条，每街每路都有弄，路通街，街通弄，弄通弄，形成网络式棋盘格局，朱家角的古弄幽巷又以多、古、奇、深，名闻遐迩，这在一般江南其他古镇上是不能相比的。穿弄走巷，如入迷魂阵，趣味无穷，寻古探幽，领略北方胡同式的情趣，又有着异曲同工之妙。近年，“古弄旅游”越来越受到外地人和老外们的青睐，是一项颇有价值，有待进一步开发的处女地。

可以说啊，朱家角除了景色多之外还有还有是世人皆知的“三多”，就是名人多，明清建筑多，河埠、缆石、茶馆多。

首先名人多，主要是朱家角环境幽静，气候宜人，是读书做学问的风水宝地，历来文儒荟萃，人才辈出，明清两代共出进士16人，举人40多人。其中知名度较高的有清代学者王昶、御医陈莲舫、小说家陆土谔、报业巨头席子佩、画僧语石等。

其次，深宅大院明清建筑多。历史上许多富贵人家和文人雅士在此建园造宅，全镇古宅建筑有四、五百处之多，风火墙、石库门、墙门人家随处可见。“三泖渔庄”、“王昶故居”、“福履绥祉”，还有席氏厅堂、陆氏世家、陈莲舫故居、仲家厅堂等数十处，还有无数沿街明清建筑，飞檐翘角，黛瓦粉墙，明清风格组成一幅明清水墨画卷。

三是河埠、缆石、茶馆多。朱家角是水的故乡，水多桥多，河埠多，紧挨在一起的缆船石，也不计其数，那造型各异的水桥，那千姿百态的缆船石，布满全镇的大河小巷，这些江南水镇特有的景观，细细欣赏观察，不觉令人兴趣盎然，耐人寻味，简直是历史、文物、建筑、风情、艺术等内容构成的综合体。有凸出石驳岸的“两面河滩”，有凹进石驳岸的“单面河滩”，更有“人从前门进，河滩从屋后出”的“隐身河埠”。而那些镶嵌在水巷石驳上的花岗石浮雕缆船石更是琳琅满目，趣味无穷，有的雕成牛角，有的凿成宝剑，有的刻成怪兽，面目狰狞，有的琢成如意，呈现吉祥、古朴的美，这些已有几百年历史的雕刻艺术将古镇点缀得更具风韵。古镇茶馆，大多集中在放生桥、北大街一带，不下十几爿之多，有豪华型新辟的“放生桥茶楼”，有年代久远古老的“俱乐部茶楼”，更有古色古香的“淼趣楼”，也有排门板门面、几张桌子几条长凳，简易廉价的农家茶馆，最有趣和令人欣喜的是“茶馆开到游船”上的“游船茶馆”，分为两层，舱内顶上，均可入座茶客，茶船上还备有电视、扑克、象棋、干湿点心，在茶船上品香茗、望廊桥、看水景、听流水，煞是优哉悠哉，不亦乐乎。

(结束语-总结词)名镇朱家角水之美、桥之古、街之奇、园之精，不临其境，难言其妙，不踏石板老街，不探深巷幽弄，不走拱型石桥，不乘咿呀小舟，又如何体现“船在水上行，人在画中游”的感觉?!

(欢送词)短短的一天时间转眼就过去了，感谢大家对我们工作的支持与合作，希望大家再次光临江南水乡之一的-朱家角，期待着有再次为大家服务的机会。各位朋友，祝大家一路顺风、旅途愉快