北京历史博物馆解说词(20篇)

北京昌平县境内，有一处明代帝王陵墓群，即中外闻名的十三陵。在周围40公里的范围内，埋葬着明代13位帝王，23位皇后和众多的嫔妃、太子、公主、从葬宫女等。

概况

明永乐五年(1407)朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命礼部、工部及术士风鉴先生等人，在北京郊区寻找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家台、屠家营等处，朱棣均不满意。后来江西术士廖均卿说，昌平北有吉壤，可做万年寿域，名黄土山，山前有龙、虎二山，形成一个小平原。朱棣视察后很满意，决定在此建造皇陵，改黄土山为天寿山。永乐七年(1409)正式建陵，到永乐十一年竣工，即长陵。明代历朝(除景泰帝外)皇帝陆续在此建陵。 明制规定，陵墓每年大祭三次(清明、中元、冬至)，小祭四次(正旦、孟冬、生辰、逝日)。每次谒陵耗费巨大。十三陵地面上建筑曾几度遭到破坏，最严重的一次是清兵入关。明末清太祖崛起于东北，威胁明朝安全。有人说清兵之所以强盛与他的祖坟风水有关。他们(金人)的祖坟在房山，如捣毁，清兵即灭。天启皇帝于天启二年(1622)派人毁房山金陵，并建关帝庙镇之。清兵入关后，采取同样的报复手段，破坏了明陵。清乾隆五十年，为了拢络汉人，曾下令修缮明陵。民国时期，1914年左右，当地豪绅争夺产权，明陵又遭破坏。

陵墓区范围

墓区原有一道40公里长的围墙。红色围墙自南边的大宫门起，依山而筑，设有中山口、东山口、老君堂口、贤庄口、灰岭口、锥子口、雁子口、德胜口、西山口、榨子口等十个关口，各口驻兵把守。现在红墙已无，但从地名上看还能了解到当年的墓区范围。

陵墓中轴线

石牌坊

石牌坊是陵区最南端的建筑。该坊五门六柱十一楼，高14米，宽28?86米，建于嘉靖十九年(1540)，是目前国内保存最大、最早的石坊。夹杆石四面有浮雕，刻有八对狮子滚绣球、十六条生龙，造型生动。

大宫门

大宫门是陵墓区的正门。门分三洞，旁连40公里围墙。门前竖着"官员人等至此下马"碑。门内有数千军士守护，任何人不得闯入。当时规定"谋毁山陵者，以谋大逆论，不分首从，俱凌迟处死"。山陵内盗砍树木者斩，家属发往边疆充军。

碑楼

该楼为重檐顶四出陛、楼内驮巨碑，即长陵的神功圣德碑，高三丈(该碑正式建立于宣德十年，即公元1435年)。正面为神功圣德碑文，3000余字，明成祖长子仁宗朱高炽撰。碑阴是乾隆五十年(1785)，清高宗的《哀明陵三十韵》，详细地记录了长、永、定、思几座陵墓的残破情况。碑东侧是清政府修明陵的花费记录，西侧是嘉庆九年(1804)清仁宗论述明亡的原因。

石象生

神路两侧有一组石雕群，24兽，12人，共18对，36个。包括狮子、獬豸、骆驼、麒麟、马、象各4匹，二卧二立。武臣、文臣、勋臣各4人。

棂星门

棂星门俗称龙凤门，在此处有"天门"之意，门三道之间有短垣相隔。6根门柱形似华表，三门额坊中央雕有石刻火焰珠，故当地人又称其为火焰牌坊。 棂星门北有7孔汉白玉神桥一座，通往长陵陵门。

长陵

长陵是十三陵中第一陵，占地10公顷。墓主是明成祖永乐皇帝朱棣和皇后徐氏。

陵园平面布局

陵墓有三进院落。第一进院落从陵门到?恩门。陵门内东西侧原有神厨、神库各5间。东南角有碑亭一座，无碑文，建于嘉靖十五年(1536)。清顺治皇帝见过陵墓后，于顺治十六年(1659)，在石碑正面用汉、满两种文字镌刻其谒陵感受。碑阴是乾隆皇帝于1785年谒陵后镌刻的谒明陵八韵。第二进院落从?恩门至内红门。院内?恩殿宽9间，深5间，重檐庑殿顶。殿内60根楠木柱，当中4根柱直径都在1米以上。该殿是国内最好的楠木殿。殿中原有大佛龛，供成祖和徐皇后。殿两侧原有廊庑15间，现已无存。第三进院落从内红门至明楼。院内前部是二柱牌坊，依次为石五供、明楼和宝城。 明楼是每座陵墓的标帜，也是每座陵墓中轴线上的最高建筑。楼顶为重檐歇山式，建于方城之上，四出陛，额曰"长陵"。刻碑为万历三十二年重立。原碑刻"太宗"(朱棣原来的庙号)，后来世宗嘉靖皇帝于嘉靖七年改太宗为成祖，未换石碑，只用木雕成祖之碑镶之。万历三十二年(1604)雷击起火，木雕被毁。大学士沈一贯奏请改新碑。明楼两侧连宝城，城内园丘即宝顶，周一百丈，下面即地宫。

东西井

长陵的陵园还辖属东西井。东井在德陵馒头山之南，西井在定陵西北。"井"内葬着被"赐死"的殉葬宫妃。她们是皇帝的地下随侍，虽赐死但无资格入地宫。埋葬她们的坟(竖葬)叫"井"。

定陵

定陵在昭陵东北大峪山(原名小峪山)下，埋葬着明代第十三代帝王万历帝朱翊钧和孝端、孝靖二位皇后。万历十一年(1583)朱翊钧借祭陵的机会勘察了陵区，最后决定在小峪山为己建陵，改小峪山为大峪山。因陵地有巨石，工程量级大，有人谏阻其不听，决定次年开工。朱翊钧时年才22岁。从万历十二年开工，至万历十八年竣工，历时6年之久。墓穴工程质量极佳。竣工后，28岁的万历皇帝，曾在自己的地宫中饮酒欢贺，然后将墓口封闭。朱翊钧是个残暴荒淫之君，在位48年不问朝政,纵饮欢乐,还巧立名目广纳民女,如选"九嫔"、"十俊"等。

景观介绍

神功圣德碑

该碑是无字碑，碑身为精美的青白石石雕，碑首云龙交盘，游水戏珠，碑座是一个昂首远眺石，下面有海水波纹。碑身背面有一碗口大白痕，似满月，洁白晶莹，故该碑俗称月亮碑。传说几百年前月亮碑能发光，还能随朔望而圆缺，后来因陵园遭火，失去了灵气。

恩门、恩殿遗址

陵恩殿也叫享殿，原来建筑面阔为7间。清兵入关后，曾遭破坏。乾隆五十年整修过一次，将陵恩殿由大改小，改为五间。到1914年左右，又一次被烧毁，现在可以看到陵恩门、陵恩殿殿基遗址。

陈列室

明楼前庭院两侧辟有定陵出土文物陈列室。南侧为第一陈列室，主要陈列万历皇帝的出土文物(包括复制品)，如谥宝、谥册、金冠、玉带、盔甲、刀剑、金银器皿、丝织品等。北侧为第二陈列室，主要陈列孝端、孝靖两皇后的随葬品，其中一顶凤冠为十二龙九凤，一顶为六龙三凤。冠上金龙口衔宝珠、饰满朵朵翠云，中心是以宝石缀成的珠花……定陵中出土文物共有3000多件。

明楼

这是定陵地面保存最好的建筑，因其通体皆石，斗拱梁枋全由石料雕成，再漆饰彩绘，美观大方不怕火烧。十三陵中，只永、定二陵明楼为石质。明楼内的石碑、碑额篆书"大明"二字，碑身刻"神宗显皇帝之陵"七字。神宗是庙号。历史上皇帝死去之后，按照习惯要由他的子孙和臣子拟定一个比较好听的文字给予追加封号，称为"谥法"。朱翊钧的谥号是"范天合道，哲肃敦简，光文章武，安仁止孝，显皇帝"。"显"字是他谥号的简称。

宝城

明楼两侧，连接着宝城。宝城是一道圆形的大墙，用城砖垒起，周长约750米，宝城的垛口，是仿照永陵的做法，全部用花斑石垒砌，清朝破坏明陵时，把这些花斑石毁掉,现在陵院中还可见到零星的花斑石。宝城内土丘,即是宝顶,宝顶下面为地宫。

关于两位附葬皇后

孝端皇后死于万历四十八年(1620)四月，未过百日，同年七月朱翊钧驾崩，故二人梓宫同时葬入地宫。孝靖王氏位份低下，因其?NFDBE?生之子朱常洛于万历二十九年册立为太子，母以子贵，于万历三十四年晋封为皇贵妃。万历三十九年，王氏皇贵妃病故。按制，贵妃不能入地宫，故埋在天寿山东井附近的平冈地。万历帝死后，太子继位，本应为其母迁坟安葬，但朱常洛只做了29天皇帝就一命呜呼了。熹宗朱由校继位,年号天启,追封孝靖为皇太后,于万历四十八年十月迁祖母坟附葬定陵地宫。

地宫(玄宫)

发掘经过：9岁的赵其昌任发掘队长，郑振铎指导工作，1956年5月开始先试掘定陵。 从定陵宝城内侧开了宽3?5米，长20米的第一条探沟。3个月后，发现了隧道的一端。这是由两道大墙夹着的露天大道，梓宫过后又用黄土回填。在明楼西面又开了宽10米、长30米的第二条探沟。1956年9月3日，当挖到7?5米深时发现了一块小石碑，上刻"此石至金刚墙前皮十六丈，深三丈五尺"字样。对此碑的看法意见不一，但根据石碑所指，在1957年5月于隧道尽头，发现了一堵大墙，当是金刚墙。墙上有凹痕，显然是门的痕迹。拆开缺口，顺绳下去，除地面上散落的料珠及铺地的木料外，无他物，此处肯定不是地宫。发掘者称其为隧道券。隧道券为砖顶拱券，一端有两扇大石门，九排门钉，兽首衔环，洁白光润，里面顶着"自来石"。工人仅用铁丝和木条，不到5分钟就巧妙地把沉睡了337年的地宫打开了。 定陵玄宫透视图 地宫内状况：地宫是陵墓中最主要的部分，由前、中、后和左、右五个厅组成。总深度27米，构筑面积1195平方米。地宫中共装有7座汉白玉门，高33米，宽18米，重4吨，上面横置2吨重的青铜门梁，衔住门枢。每扇门靠枢柱一边既重且厚， 向外渐薄，这样可使重心偏向门轴。因此，看上去很笨重的大门，开闭却很灵活。关门后有一"自来石"将门顶住，从外面开启困难。地上木板是为保护梓宫和墁地金砖而设的。中殿有三个汉白玉石宝座，座前各一副琉璃五供和一个青花云龙大瓷缸。缸中原盛香油，油上的小铜瓢和灯芯有铜管与油相通，即"长明灯"。打开地宫时，灯未长明，油表面数公分已凝固。三个宝座呈"品"字形，后来为了便于参观才改成"三"字形。后殿是最大的一个殿堂，棺床上停放着朱翊钧和他的两位皇后的梓宫。棺旁放着玉料和装着随葬品的红漆木箱。左右配殿亦有棺床，但无棺椁。棺床上有方孔，中填黄土，称"金井"。这是封建时代最高的"金井玉葬"葬礼。

Hello, Im director Lin from Fuzhou. Please give me more advice. Welcome tothe "happy time train". First of all, lets start from Beijing!

OK! Now were at the "history and culture" station. Let me tell yousomething: Prince Gongs house was first built in 1776, which is more than 230years old. It was built for Heshen, a corrupt official. Later, Emperor Jiaqingmade 24 charges, so the house was confiscated. Because the last owner is PrinceGong Yixin, it is called Prince Gongs mansion. Please remember that the twoowners of this mansion are the corrupt official Heshen and Prince GongYixin.

Ladies and gentlemen, now we are at the "Fuchi" station. Do you know whyits called "Fu Chi"? Thats right! Because the shape of the pond is like a bat,he Shen wanted to make himself happy, so he chose the homonym "bat". He alsobuilt 999 bat like buildings in the palace.

We walked past the "Fuchi" and came to the picturesque "western gate"station. The door is exquisitely made, brightly colored and unparalleled. Butthis beautiful door is also one of the 24 crimes of Heshen, because it ismodeled on the western gate of Wanshou garden, the royal garden.

After entering the western gate and passing through the Zhulan corridor,you can see the study of Heshen. You can see a very grand building, which is ournext stop - "historical legend". There is a special way to get to the majesticmain hall. There is only one ladder on this road, followed by a straight andgentle slope. It is said that in his life, Heshen suffered only when he wasyoung, and then he went all the way to the top. So we can also cross the bottomof the ladder, throw all the troubles under the ladder, and then go all the waywith a happy mood!

After visiting Prince Gongs mansion unconsciously, please remember: thishistoric building stands in China! In addition, our train has arrived at theterminal. I hope you can have a safe journey and have a pleasant journey!

Good morning Ladies and Gentlemen:

My name is ___. I’m very honored to be youre guide. I do hope all of youcould like my guiding and enjoy everything on your pleasant day. This morning weare going to visit the Summer Palace. The Summer Palace is located on thenorthwest suburbs of Beijing, about 20 kilometers away from the center of thecity. So it will take us about 1 hour to get there. Before we arrived at theSummer Palace, I would like to introduce you a brief introduction of thewoderful imperial garden. The Summer Palace is the most beautiful and thelargest imperial garden existing in Chinan, and it is the best-preservedimperial garden in the world. In 1998, it was placed on the List of WorldCultural Heritage by the UNESCO.

The Summer Palace was first built as an imperial garden at the beginning of12th century in the Jin Dynasty. The construction continued to the Yuan and Mingdynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, the building of imperial gardens reached itsculmination. During Emperor Qianlong’s reign, the famous ‘Three Hills and FiveGardens’ were built on the northwest suburbs of Beijing. The Summer Palace was apart of it and at that time was called the Garden of Clear Ripples. In 1860, theAnglo-French Allied Forces invaded Beijing. The ‘Three Hills and Five Gardens’were burnt down to ashes.

In 1888, the Empress Dowager Cixi spent the navy fund having the Garden ofClear Ripples rebuilt. And then she renamed it the Garden of Nurtured Harmony(Summer Palace).

In 1900, the Allied Forces of Eight Powers invaded Beijing. The SummerPalace was once again severely damaged. It was rebuilt again in 1902.

In 1924, the Last Emperor Puyi was driven out of the palace, after that,the Summer Palace was turned into a public park.

Ladies and Gentlemen, please look over there, in front of us is an archway.It is called “Emptiness and the collection of excellence”, and it is the firstscenery of the Summer Palace. The two Chinese words on the front side of thearchway mean emptiness and refer to everything in nature and in the scenery. Thetwo words on the back side mean Collection of Excellence and refer to thetranquility of the beautiful scenery just within the garden.

(outside the East Palace Gate)

Now, we have arrived at the East Palace Gate. It’s the main entrance of theSummer Palace. On top of the gate there is a plaque with three Chinesecharacters ‘The Summer Palace’ in Emperor Guangxu’s handwriting. The gate thatwe are now entering was used by the emperor, the empress only in the olddays.

(Inside the East Palace Gate)

Now we are inside the Summer Palace. In front of us is the second gate ofthe Summer Palace— the Gate of Benevolence and Longevity. The annex halls onboth sides were used for officials on duty and the offices of the Privy Council.Well, Before we start our tour in the garden, I will briefly introduce you thelayout of the Summer Palace and our tour route. O.K., ladies and gentlemen, mayI have your attention please? Let’s look at the map together, From it we can seethe Summer Palace covers an area of 290 hectares, which the lake occupies thethree-fourths. The whole garden can be divide into three parts: the area was forpolitical activities, resting places of the emperor and empress, and sightseeingareas. Our tour will start from the area of the political activities, and endoff the Marble Boat. On the way, we will visit the main constructions of theSummer Palace, such as the Hall of Jade Ripples, the Hall of Happiness andLongevity, the Long Corridor, the Hall of Dispelling Clouds and so on. It willtake us about two hours to visit the Summer Palace. Please attention, we won’twalk back and our driver will pick us up at the North Gate. Should you get lostor separated from the group, please meet us at the North Gate.

Ok, everyone, let’s start our tour from the emperors’ office --- the Hallof Benevolence and Longevity. Follow me please.

(Inside the courtyard of the Benevolence and Longevity)

Passing through the Gate of Benevolence and Longevity, we have alreadyentered the courtyard of the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity. The huge rock infront of us is Taihu Rock. It was quarried from Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province,so it was known as Taihu Rock. Please look around the courtyard and you can seethere are four grotesque shaped rocks placed in each corner of this courtyard,representing the four seasons of the year. The Taihu Rocks are usually used asdecoration for beautifying gardens and they are thin, crease, leak andpenetration in characters.

The bronze mythical animal behind the Taihu Rock is known as Suanni or somepeople call it Qilin. According to ancient Chinese mythology, the dragon hadnine sons, but none of them became a real dragon. Suanni was one of the ninesons of the dragon. It was an auspicious animal that could avoid evil spirits inancient lengeds. Suanni has the head of dragon, the antlers of dear, the hoovesof ox and the tail of lion.

(In front of the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity)

This grand hall is the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity. It was firstbuilt in 1750. The name of this hall taken from a book entitled ‘Lun Yu’ byConfucius doctrine means, “ those who are benevolent can enjoy a long life.”This hall was the place where Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi heldaudience and handled state affairs when they were in the Summer Palace. Forprotecting the historical cultural relic, we couldn’t enter the hall. So I wouldlike to briefly introduce you the decorations in the Hall of Benevolence andLongevity. The arrangement of the hall has been left untouched. In the middle ofthe hall stands an emperor’s throne carved with nine dragons on design. Thereare two big fans on both sides behind the throne which are made of peacockfeathers. Behind the throne there is a big screen with red sandalwood frame andglass mirror inlaid. On the mirror there are 226 Chinese characters of the word‘Longevity’ written in different styles. There are two scrolls on each side ofthe wall with a big Chinese character ‘Longevity’ written on it. It was saidthat the word ‘Longevity’ written by Empress Dowager Cixi. There are 100 batspainted at the background of the scroll symbolizing happiness.

Well, please look up the two pairs of incense burners in the shape of adragon and a phoenix in front of the hall. They were used to burn incense sticksto create the appropriate atmosphere. In the old days, the dragon and phoenixwere the symbol of the emperor and empress. According to ritual, the dragonsshould be placed in the center while phoenixes were to either side in front ofthe hall.However, here, the dragons are off to the sides and the phoenixes arein the middle. This was a product of the end of Qing Dynasty when EmpressDowager Cixi handled state affairs behind the screen.

(At the entrance of Garden of virtuour Harmony)

We are now visiting the Garden of Virtuous Harmony, where Emperor Qianlongand Empress Dowager Cixi were entertained with Bejing Opera performances. Itmainly consists of the Dressing House, the Grand Theater Building and the Hallof Pleasure Smile. The Grand Theater Building was known as the ‘Cradle ofBeijing Opera’ was uniquely laid out and magnificently decorated. There are 7exhibition halls with articles of daily use on display here.

(In front of the Grand Theater Building)

This is the Grand Theater Building. Of the three main theater buildings ofthe Qing Dynasty, the Grand Theater Building is the tallest and largest one. Theother two are Changyin Pavilion in the Forbidden City and Qingyin Pavilion inthe Mountain Resort in Chengde. The Grand Theater Building, a three-storiedstructure, has a double roof with upturned eaves. It is 21 meters high and 17meters wide. Performances could be staged simultaneously on three levels. Thetop one was a symbol of happiness, the middle level was emolument level and thebottom stage was named longevity stage. Each level has the entrance and theexit. There are some trapdoors in the ceiling and below the floor for ‘celestialbeing’ to fly down from the sky and the ‘devils’ to appear from the earth to setoff a certain atmosphere on the stage. There is also a well and five ponds builtunder the stage for a good effect of water scenes. The stage is open to threesides.

Well, please look at the construction that stands right opposite the GrandTheater Building, it’s the Hall of Pleasure Smile. The Empress Dowager Cixi usedbo sit inside the hall to watch and enjoy the Peking Opera.

(A lakeside walk from the Garden of virtuous Harmony to the Hall of JadeRipples)

We are now standing in the middle of a rockery behind the Hall ofBenevolence and Longevity. It appears that there’s nothing special ahead.However, after we clear the rockery, we will reach Kunming Lake. This is anapplication of a specific style of Chinese

gardening.

Now, we are walking along the bank of the Kunming Lake. Look over there,not far away in the lake there is an islet. It’s called the Spring HeraldingIslet. The pavilion on the islet is called the Spring Heralding Pavilion. Anumber of willow trees and peach trees were planted on this islet. In earlyspring, when the ice begins to melt, peach trees are red in pink blossoms,willow trees turn a tender green signaling that the early spring has returned.Hence the name ‘Heralding Sping Pavilion’.

(In front of the Hall of Jade Ripples)

This group of special and quiet courtyard dwellings is the Hall of JadeRipples. The words “Jade Ripples” came from a verse “Gentle ripples gushing outof Jade Spring”, which refers to the rippling water in the lake. It was firstused by Emperor Qianlong to attend to state affairs. In the late Qing Dynasty,it was where Emperor Guangxu was put under house arrest.

This hall is a hallmark of the Movement of 1898. Emperor Guangxu wasEmperor Dowager Cixi’s nephew. After Emperor Tongzhi died, Emperor Dowager Ciximade her nephew, who was at that time four years old a successor in order tocontinue her hold on imperial power. She ‘handled state affairs behind thescreen’. After Emperor Guangxu ‘managed state affairs personally’ at the age of19, a political conflict occurred between the conservatives and the reformers.In 1898, the Reform Movement took place with the aim of sustaining the coreprinciples of the Qing Dynasty while reforming outdated laws. The movementlasted for103 days until it was suppressed by Empress Dowager Cixi. It wascalled the ‘Hundred-Day Reform’. After the reform failed, Emperor Guangxu wasput under house arrest here. For the strict control of him, Empress Dowager Cixiordered to build many brick walls in the front, back, and on the right and leftof the Hall of Jade Ripples. At that time the hall was entirely sealed up, justlike a prison. Today only the hidden walls in the east and west annex room stillmaintain its original appearance. It is open to visitors as the relic related tothe 1898 Reform Movement.

(In front of the Chamber of Collecting Books)

This is the Chamber of Collecting Books. In Chinese, it’s called “Yi YunGuang”. “Yun” was a kind of fragrant weed. In ancient times, it was usually usedas termite repellent in rooms where books were stored.In the Emperor Qianlong’sreign, the purpose of the hall was for collecting books. Later it was convertedinto a residence. There used to be the residence of Guangxu’s Empress Longyu,and his favorite concubine Zhenfei.

(In the Hall of Happiness and Longevity)

This group of courtyard is the Hall of Happiness and Longevity. It was themajor architectural structure in the living quarters and the residence ofEmpress Dowager Cixi. The whole compound was basically made of wood, which isideal for ventilation and lighting. With its quiet and tasteful layout, the Hallof Happiness and Longevity made life very easy and convenient. In front of theHall of Happiness and Longevity there is a huge rock placed in the middle ofthis courtyard named “Qing Zhi Xiu” and nicknamed as “Family Bankruptcy Rock”.This huge rock was discovered in Fangshan District by a Ming official MiWanzhong. He wanted to transport it to his own garden “Shaoyuan”. In the olddays, transporting such rock was very difficult. After spending all his money toship it, he still could not succeed in doing this. The big rock was then left onthe roadside somewhere near Liangxiang County, 30 kilometers southwest ofBeijing. Hence it was nicknamed “Family Bancruptcy Rock”. Later Emperor Qianlongdiscovered it and transported to the Garden of Clear Ripples and laid in frontof the Hall of Happiness and Longevity. The colorful glass chandeliers hanginginside the hall was introduced from Germany in 1903. It is one of the earliestelectric lights in China.

(In front of the Gate of Inviting the Moon of the Long Corridor)

Ladies and Gentlemen, you may have visited some of the best museums in theworld, such as the Louvre in France and the Museum of Great Britain. Now I willshow you a special gallery in the palace—the Long Corridor. In 1990, the LongCorridor was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as ‘the longestpainted corridor’ in the world’. It would be a pity if we leave the SummerPalace without visiting the Long Corridor and the Marble Boat. Now, here we go,the Long Corridor first!

(Strolling along the Long Corridor)

The Long Corridor starts from the Gate Inviting the Moon to the ShizhangGate. It is 728 meters long and consists of 273 sections. The Long corridor isone of the major structures of the Summer Palace. Since the corridor wasdesigned to follow the physical features of the southern slope of LongevityHill, four multiple-eaved, octagonal pavilions ( Retaining the GoodnessPavilion, Living with the Ripples Pavilion, Autumn Water Pavilion, Clear and FarPavilion) were placed at bends and undulation, they represent four seaons of ayear. Thus visitors will hardly notice the rise and fall of the terrain. As amajor part of the architectural style of the Summer Palace, the Long Corridorserves as an ingenious connector between the Lake and the Hill. Scatteredbuildings on the southern slope were linked to create a unified complex.

The Long Corridor is the longest covered veranda in any Chinese garden. Onthe purlins and beams of the covered veranda, there are over 14,000 Suzhou stylepaintings. Among them, there are 546 color paintings relating to the scenes ofWest Lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. Beside the colorful paintings ofnatural scenery, there are also scenes of flowers, birds, fish, insects,mythology and figures. The paintings of figures are mainly adapted from ancientChinese classical literature, such as ‘Pilgrimage to the West’, ‘The Romance ofthe Three Kingdoms’, ‘The western Chamber’, “Water Margin’, and ‘The Dream ofthe Red Mansion’.

(In front of the Gate of Dispelling Clouds)

Now we are approaching the central part of the structures on the lakesideslope, the Tower of Buddhist Incense within the Hall of Dispelling Clouds. Thecentral axis line starts from the wharf next to the lake to the Sea of Wisdom ontop of the Hill. The main architectural structures here are the Gate ofDispelling Clouds, Hall of Dispelling clouds, Tower of Buddhist Incense and theSea of Wisdom, which altogether form a splendid three-dimensional landscape. Thelayout of this group of architectures was based on scenes described in Buddhistsutras. This group of structures are among the most magnificently constructedhere in the Summer Palace. This is a good place to taking photos, we will stayhere for about 15 minutes.

Now we are walking continuely along the Long Corridor, the next scene weare going to visit is Marble Boat.

Look over there! Halfway up the slope there stands the Hall of Listening toOrioles. It was the place for emperor and empress to enjoy opera and courtmusic. It is said the singing of orioles is very pleasing. Before the Garden ofVirtuous Harmony was built, Empress Dowager Cixi enjoyed opera and music here.Now the hall is one of the most famous restaurants in China, featuring imperialdishes and desserts.

This is the famous Marble Boat. A famous scientist of China’s Eastern HanDynasty once said, “Water can float the boat, but it can also tip it over.” Aprime minister of Tang Dynasty Wei Zheng once used these words to persuade LiShimin, the emperor of the Tang Dynasty. He said people are water and theemperor is the boat. People can support a good emperor. However, they also canoverthrow the dynasty. Emperor Qianlong built this huge boat in the Garden inorder to make the allusion concrete. On one hand, Emperor Qianlong encouragedhimself to run the country well. On the other hand, he wanted to show that hisrule of the Qing Dynasty was as firm as the Marble Boat and there was no fear ofoverturning the boat. The Marble Boat was the place for Emperor Qianlong tosample tea and enjoy the scenery of Kunming Lake. Emperor Qianlong once camehere to engage in the freeing of captive animals. In the times of Qianlong, theMarble Boat was a Chinese styled stone boat with a Chinese style woodensuperstructure on the top of it. When it was rebuilt in the times of Guangxu, aforeign and Chinese elements mixed resulting in two wheels to be added to theboat, one on each side. The floor was paved with colored bricks. All of thewindows were inlaid with multiple-colored glass. A big mirror was installed onthe superstructure for viewing rain.

Our tour is drawing to a close after we visited the Marble Boat. Today weonly visited the major scenic spots of the Summer Palace. I have left otherspots of interest for your next visit. I will now show you out through the RuyiGate. Our coach is waiting for us outside the gate. I do hope you enjoyedtoday’s tour. Thank you.

圆明园坐落在北京西郊海淀区，与颐和园紧相毗邻。它始建于康熙46年(1720xx年)，亦称“圆明三园”，是圆明园及其附园长春园、万春园的统称，是清代行宫式御园，占地350公顷(5200余亩)，其中水面面积约140公顷(2100亩)，有园林风景百余处，是清朝帝王在150余年间创建和经营的一座大型皇家宫苑。

“圆明园”由康熙皇帝命名。“圆明”是雍正皇帝自皇子时期一直使用的佛号。康熙皇帝在把园林赐给胤禛(后为雍正皇帝)时，亲题园名为“圆明园”正是取意于此。雍正皇帝解释说“圆明”二字的含义是：“圆而入神，君子之时中也;明而普照，达人之睿智也。”意思是说，“圆”是指个人品德0无缺，超越常人;“明”是指政治业绩明光普照，完美明智。

圆明园继承了中国三千多年的优秀造园传统，既有宫廷建筑的雍容华贵，又有江南水乡园林的委婉多姿，同时，又吸取了欧洲的园林建筑形式，把不同风格的园林建筑融为一体，在整体布局上使人感到和谐完美，体现了中国古代造园艺术之精华，是当时最出色的一座大型园林。乾隆皇帝说它：“实天宝地灵之区，帝王豫游之地，无以逾此”。圆明园不仅以园林著称，而且也是一座收藏相当丰富的皇家博物馆。园内各殿堂内装饰有难以计数的紫檀木家具，陈列有许多国内外稀世文物。园中文源阁是全国四大皇家藏书楼之一。园中各处藏有《四库全书》、《古今图书集成》、《四库全书荟要》等珍贵图书文物。圆明园，曾以其宏大的地域规模、杰出的营造技艺、精美的建筑景群、丰富的文化收藏和博大精深的民族文化内涵而享誉于世，被誉为“一切造园艺术的典范”和“万园之园”。

圆明园于咸丰十年，即1860年的10月，遭到英法联军的洗劫和焚毁，1979年，圆明园遗址被列为北京市重点文物保护单位。于1988年建成圆明园遗址公园，仅存山形水系、园林格局和建筑基址，假山叠石、雕刻残迹仍然可见。在“西洋楼”旧址建有园史展览馆，供人瞻仰凭吊，令人痛定思痛。

明十三陵位于北京市昌平区的天寿山脚下，这里埋葬着明朝13个皇帝，所以叫明十三陵。自永乐七年(1409)开始修建长陵，到清朝顺治初年建思陵，营建时间前后长达220xx年之久。明十三陵体系完成、规模宏大，是世界上保存最完成、埋葬皇帝较多帝王陵墓群。20xx年明十三陵被教科文组织列入《世纪遗产名录》，成为中外游客到北京的必游之地。

明朝有十六帝，这里为什么只有十三陵呢?那是因为明朝有三个皇帝没有埋在这里，一个是开国皇帝朱元璋;一个是明朝第二皇帝朱允炆;还有一个是明朝景泰皇帝朱祁钰。明朝第一个在北京修建陵寝的是明朝第三个皇帝，明成祖朱棣。

明朝永乐五年(1407)七月，明成祖朱棣的皇后徐氏去世，朱棣命礼部尚书赵羾和江西术士廖钧卿在北京一带选址建陵。最后选中今天昌平区康家庄楼子营一带，作为陵址上报给皇上。朱棣亲自现场考察后，非常满意，封这里的山叫“天寿山”，选择“黄道吉日”开始动工修建陵寝。

从永乐七年到宣德二年(1409-1427)，历时20xx年之久，陵寝才大功告成。徐皇后先入葬，然后是明成祖朱棣本人。朱棣生前把自己的陵墓命名为“长陵”，这就是十三陵的“首陵”。

长陵的后续装修工程并没有结束。明朝嘉靖年间，朱厚熜下旨修建了长陵的神道。大石牌楼，神道上的碑楼陆续建成。如此算来长陵最后建成历时130余年。这条长陵的神道，也随着明朝后续几位皇帝的陵寝依次完工，成为了明十三陵的主神道。

清朝入关后，在统治国家的问题上遇到极大的困难，为此朝廷采取了很多的措施来缓解老百姓激烈的反抗情绪。如暂缓实行剃发易服、恢复科举考试、重用汉臣，以及对明朝陵寝的管理。

康熙年间，康熙皇帝每次南巡，都会特意到南京的明孝陵为朱元璋上香祭奠，而且特意走在明孝陵神道的右侧(古代以左为上)，来表示对明朝开国皇帝朱元璋的尊敬。雍正年间，雍正皇帝“子成父愿”，下旨寻找明朝皇帝的直系后裔。找到后封官。乾隆年间，乾隆皇帝赐朱家皇室后裔为一等延恩侯，世袭。并且清廷在政府机构上专设司香使，也就是守陵太监，负责具体相关事宜。设陵户负责看管陵园建筑与陵区内的树木。

民国时期最后一代延恩侯叫朱煜勋。由于他本人好吃懒做，又监守自盗，被民国政府撤销了他和看管陵区有关的一切职务，从此延恩侯退出了历史舞台。

那现如今的明十三陵在政府的大力保护与修缮下，恢复了部分景观。整个陵寝是长、献、景、裕、茂、泰、康、永、昭、定、庆、德、思十三个陵墓分别排列在天寿山脚下，一条道进出。左有象征青龙的蟒山，右有象征白虎的虎峪。山前有一条小溪流过，在东南方，形成水潭，这就是有名的十三陵水库。这片区域还埋葬着23个皇后、1个皇贵妃、殉葬宫人数十，另外还有7座妃坟和1座太监坟。

作为旅游景点对外开放的是其中的四处，它们是长陵神道、长陵、定陵、昭陵。我今天要讲的是长陵。

长陵的墓主是明成祖朱棣，明朝第三个皇帝，明太祖朱元璋第四个儿子。1360年生人，1420xx年去世。

朱棣一生跌宕起伏，生于群雄争霸的年代。11岁被封为燕王，17岁娶徐达的长女徐氏为妻，21岁在北平(也就是北京)走马上任，成为北平地区，集军、政、权于一身的最高行政长官。40岁以“靖难”名义起兵，历时4年拿下南京，从侄子朱允炆的手中夺得皇位，成为大明朝第三个皇帝。

朱棣执政20xx年。当政期间，勤于政务，关心百姓，生活俭朴。

最突出的功绩有三个：第一，主持编纂了《永乐大典》;第二，派郑和下西洋;第三，修了四处被今人评为“世界文化遗产”的文物古迹。(故宫、天坛、十三陵、湖北武当山道教建筑群)。

当然朱棣一生也有被今人看来不太光彩的事迹。如设立东厂特务机关;发动“靖难之役”篡夺皇位;“壬午殉难”大杀朱允炆时期的朝臣，给人留下凶暴、好杀的坏印象。

朱棣是位“马上天子”。因武功而立威名;因武功而夺皇位;因武功而开疆拓土。但死，也死在了行军的途中。朱棣是在第五次亲征漠北时，死在榆木川，今内蒙古多伦一带，享年65岁，葬于长陵。

朱棣是继明朝开国皇帝朱元璋之后又一位雄才伟略的皇帝。

朱棣的陵寝长陵，位于天寿山主峰南侧的山腰处，是十三陵中规模最大、营建时间最长、保存最完整的一座皇陵。布局特点是“前方后圆”。“前方”指的是一组三进院落，“后圆”指的是宝城宝顶，也就是朱棣的坟墓。

前方这三进院落，第一进院落的大门是陵门，单檐歇山顶，面阔五间，中开三门，建于月台之上。第一进院落里现在能看到的只有一座碑亭。其他建筑都毁于清朝中期。

第二进院落的大门是裬恩门，进入裬恩门就看到了裬恩殿。

长陵的裬恩殿，上覆黄色琉璃瓦，重檐庑殿顶，开间，由60根金丝楠木大柱支撑，内铺“金砖”，占地面积达1938平方米。这么大的大殿，而且还都是金丝楠木的大柱，在国内的古建筑中实属罕见。金丝楠木本身就十分珍贵，长陵裬恩殿内的32根金柱，高达12.58米，直径都在1米上下。中间四根最粗，直径达1.124米，俩人相抱都无法合拢。而且明朝没有留下官修古建工程的标准。长陵的裬恩殿就成了研究明初官式建筑不可多得的实物，而却它是明十三陵中唯一保存完好的裬恩殿，非常值得游客到此参观。

过了裬恩殿，穿过内红门，我们就来到了第三进院落。首先可以看到棂星门，然后是石供案，案上放着石五供。它们分别是：中间是香炉、两侧是烛台、再两侧是香瓶。石五供的北面就是明楼。

明楼属于“后圆”部分，“后圆”指的是朱棣的陵寝。它由明楼、方城、宝城、宝顶(宝山)而组成。凡是您看到十三陵地区有这样一座明楼，就说明里它的后面埋葬着明朝的一位皇帝。

明楼是建在方城之上，重檐歇山顶，明楼内是“圣号碑”。碑首用篆字刻有“大明”字样，碑身上刻有“成祖文皇帝之陵”。碑身下面的碑座分四层，第一层二龙戏珠，然后是白云、群山、海水。“圣号碑”就相当于陵墓前的墓碑，说明里面埋葬的是成祖朱棣。

明楼的后面就是宝城宝顶。宝顶又叫宝山，人工夯土堆砌。宝山四周围有一圈城墙，高7.3米，上有垛口，周长是1千米，它叫宝城。宝山下就是地下宫殿。但长陵的地宫并没有打开，十三陵中唯一打开地下宫殿的是定陵，朱翊钧的陵墓。

原来在明初皇帝死后有一种殉葬制度，叫人殉制度。起源于原始社会，奴隶主要用大量的奴隶和牲畜作为陪葬品和自己一起下葬。明太祖朱元璋死后就实行了这种野蛮残暴的人殉制度。朱元璋死时，埋了38人;朱棣埋了16人;朱高炽埋了5人;朱瞻基埋了10人。陪皇帝殉葬的宫女或爱妃，被皇帝赐封家里为“朝天女户”。到了明英宗朱祁镇才下诏废除这种人殉制度。

英宗朱祁镇昏庸无能。当过俘虏，丢了皇位，被敌人释放回京后，在太监的帮助下，利用计谋重新当上了皇帝。有俩年号一个正统，一个天顺。在明史上绝对不是个好皇帝，但他却废除了人殉制度，也算是在有生之年，做了件好事。

不过明十三陵地区殉葬宫女究竟葬在何处，尚未知晓，仍需后人考证。

好，明十三陵中长陵就给您介绍到这里。

北京颐和园英文导游辞

The tour will take 4-6 hours. The route is as follows:

Out side the East Gate-side the East Gate –in front of the Hall of benevolence and Longevity- in front of Garden of Virtuous Harmony-in front of the Grand Theater Building- a lakeside walk from the Garden of Virtuous Harmony to the Hall o Jade Ripples- in front of the o Jade Ripples- in front of the Yiyunguan (Chamber of Mortal Being)-Hall of happiness and longevity- in front of the Yaoyue (Chamber of Mortal Beings)-Hall of Happiness and Longevity-in front of the Yaoyue(Inviting the Moon ) Gate of the Long Corridor- strolling along the Long Corridor- visiting an exhibition of cultural relics- in front of the Hall of Dispelling Clouds- inside the Hall of Dispelling Clouds- atop the Tower of Buddhist Incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the Tower of Buddhist Incense- on a hilltop leading from the back door of the Tower of Buddhist Incense- inside the Garden of Harmonious Interest –outside the south gate to Suzhou Shopping Street- atop the stone bridge inside the Suzhou shopping street –on the road from the south gate of suzhou shopping street- on the road form the south gate of suzhou shopping street to the marble boat- in front of the ruins of the Garden of complete spring –along the lakeside by the marble boat-boating on the Kunming Lake-leaving out through the East Gate.

(Out side the east gate)

Ladies and Gentlemen: Welcome to the Summer Palace. (After the self-introduction of the guide -interpreter) I hope this will be an interesting and enjoyable day for you .

During our tour, you will be introduced to time honored historical and cultural traditions, as well as picturesque views and landscapes.

The construction of the Summer Palace first started in 1750. At that time, the Qing Dynasty was in its heyday and China was a powerful Asian country with vast territories. The monarch in power then was Emperor Qianlong. With supreme power and large sums of money, he summoned skillful and ingenious artisans from all over the country to carry out this construction work in honor of his mother `s birthday. After 15 years and one seventh of the nation` s annual revenue spent, the Garden of Clear Ripples was completed and served as a testimony to China` s scientific and technological achievements. In 1860, this vast royal garden was burnt down along with the Yuanming Yuan (Garden of Perfection and Brightness) by Angol-French allied forces. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi reconstructed the garden on the same site and renamed it the Garden of Nurtured Harmony (Summer Palace). Characterized by its vast scope and rich cultural embodiments, the Summer Palace has become one of the most famous tourist sites in the world.

This is the main entrance to the Summer Palace-the East Gate On top of the eaves of the door there is a plaque bearing a Chinese inscription which means “Garden of Nurtured Harmony” , whose calligrapher was Emperor Guangxu. The gate that you are now entering was used exclusively by the emperor, the empress and the queer mother. All others used the side doors.

(Inside the East Gate)

the Summer Palace can be divided into two parts: Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake .The whole garden covers an area of 290 hectares, of whih three- fourths consists of a lake and rivers .This imperial garden features 3,000 room-units and covers an expanse of 70,000 square meters with more than 100 picturesque spots of interest. The layout of the Summer Palace includes three groups of architectures: palaces where the emperor attended to state affairs, resting palaces of the emperor and empress, and sightseeing areas. Entering the East Gate we will come the the office quarters. Entering the East gate we will come to the office quarters. The annex halls on both sides were used for officials on duty.

This is the Gate of Benevolence and Longevity. Above the door there is a plaque bearing the same name in both Chinese and Manchurian characters. The gigantic rock in the foreground is known as Taihu rock, or eroded limestone, quarried in Jiangsu Province and placed here to decorated the garden.

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各位游客：

你们好，欢迎你们来到北京旅游，我是你们的导游。

国子监是中国古代隋朝以后的中央官学，为中国古代教育体系中的最高学府，又称国子学或国子寺。

北宋庆历三年(公元1043年)，范仲淹参政"庆历新政"，应天府书院升为南京(今商丘)国子监学，与东京(今开封)、西京(今洛阳)的国子监并列为北宋最高学府。

明朝时期行使双京制，在南京和北京分别都设有国子监，设在南京的国子监被称为"南监"或"南雍"，而设在北京的国子监则被称为"北监"或"北雍"。南京国子监始建于东吴永安元年(公元258年)，到明永乐年间，规模宏大，延袤十里，灯火相辉，盛况空前，当时邻邦高丽、日本、琉球、暹罗等国"向慕文教"，不断派留学生到南京国子监学习。北京国子监始建于元朝大德十年(公元1320xx年)，是中国元、明、清三代国家管理教育的最高行政机关和国家设立的最高学府。

西周时期国家的最高学府称为"太学"， 汉武帝设置"太学"也是承袭了传授儒家经典最高学府的功能。

永安元年(公元258年)东吴景帝孙休创建国学，设太学博士制度，诏立五经博士，为建业太学之滥觞。

西晋晋武帝咸宁四年(278)初立国子学。这是中国古代教育史上在太学之外另立国子学之始。《晋书·卷二十四·职官志》记载:"咸宁四年(278)，武帝初立国子学，定置国子祭酒、博士各一人，助教十五人以教生徒。博士皆取履行清淳，通明典义者，若散骑常侍、中书侍郎、太子中庶子以上，乃得召试。"国子学限五品官以上贵族子弟方可入学。但国子学在西晋并不景气，尤其是西晋末年以后，时兴时废。

晋武帝司马炎统一全国之后，建业太学中断。

晋武帝死后，中原"八王之乱"，以王导、谢安为首的大族，于320xx年簇拥着西晋皇族琅邪王司马睿，仓促南渡至建邺(史称"永嘉南渡")，建立起偏安江左的东晋王朝，并在鸡笼山下建立建康太学。

西晋末(320xx年)，因为晋愍帝的名字叫司马邺，为了避他的名讳，又把建邺县改称建康县。

后宋、齐、梁、陈先后在建康建立太学。

刘宋时期，元嘉十五年(438)，宋文帝召雷次宗至京师，令国子学开馆于鸡笼山，聚徒百人教授。

刘宋末年，祖冲之回到建康，担任谒者仆射的官职祖。祖冲之花了较大的精力来研究机械制造，重造指南车，发明千里船、水碓磨等等，是我国南朝机械工程专业之最早肇始。祖冲之算出圆周率的真值在3.1415926和3.1415927之间，相当于精确到小数第7位，简化成3.1415926，成为当时世界上最先进的成就。

北齐改国子学称之为"国子寺"。隋平陈以后，实行抑制江南地方势力的政策，摧毁六朝宫苑，漫天大火，烧炎千里，建康城全部被平毁，建康太学中断。

隋开皇初年，决定国子寺辖国子学、太学、四门学、书学、算学。开皇十三年(593) 国子寺不再隶属太常，成为独立的教育管理机构，复名国子学。大业三年(607)改称国子监，监内设祭酒一人，专门管理教育事业，属下有主簿、录事各一人，统领各官学，如国子学、太学、四门学、书学、算学。各官学的博士、助教、生员皆有定额。据《隋书·百官志下》记载:博士:"国子、太学、四门各五人，书、算各二人，"助教:"国子、太学、四门各五人，书、算各二人，"学生 :"国子一百四十人……"。国子学与太学并立，是专门研习儒家经典的经学学校。

唐承隋制，武德元年(618)唐设国子学，学额300人，学生皆为贵族子弟，教师24人。贞观元年(627)唐将国子学改称国子监，同时成为独立的教育行政机构。监内设祭酒一人，为最高教育行政长官。设丞一人，主簿一人，负责学生学习成绩和学籍等具体事宜。唐代曾几易国子监之名，曾改称司成馆、成均监，神龙元年(705) 又复其名。据《旧唐书·高宗本纪》载:"凡六学，皆隶于国子监。"所谓六学，即国子学、太学、四门学、律学、书学和算学。

唐朝以后，中国进入五代十国的大分裂时期。这一时期，蒋州又一次成为南唐的都城。920xx年，杨行密被封为吴王，以扬州为国都，史称"杨吴"。后来权臣徐温操纵了吴国的军政大权。920xx年，徐温兼任异州刺史，由他养子徐知诰具体负责军政事务。937年，徐知诰代吴称帝，定都金陵，并改金陵为汗宁府，国号唐，史称"南唐"。939年，徐知诰称自己是唐明皇第六子永王的后裔。南唐的宫城设在金陵城的中央，大体上位于今洪武路一带，设南唐金陵太学。

宋沿唐制，分设西京国子监(今河南省洛阳市)、东京国子监(今河南省开封市)，增辖武学。宋代国子监亦屡易其名，有时称国子监，有时称国子学，其职能具有二重性，一是作为官学最高管理机构，二是生徒就学的最高学府。如北宋著名学者程颐曾任判西京国子监，胡瑗曾以直讲名义兼判东京国子监。宋太宗端拱二年(989)曾改国子监为国子学，淳化五年(994)又改国子学为国子监，名称反复变化。招收七品以上官员子弟入学，称国子生或监生。宋初无定额，后规定200人为限。但实际数量很少，故可插班补缺或旁听。国子学设判监事总管学校，由直讲教授经业和训导德行。

北宋庆历三年(公元1043年)，范仲淹参政"庆历新政"，应天府书院升为南京(今商丘)国子监学，与东京(今开封)、西京(今洛阳)的国子监并列为北宋最高学府。范仲淹提出"精贡举、择官长"等十项改革主张，改革当时教育系统，应天府(今河南省商丘市)先行实施改革，一改当时崇尚辞赋的浮浅学风，重经义、重时务、重实际。

辽代的中央官学中亦设有上京国子学、中京国子学、东京国子学、西京国子学和南京国子学。其中除南京国子学外，其他均无明文可考。金代的国子学于海陵王天德三年(1151)始创，规定词赋、经义学生百人，限宗室、外戚亲属及诸功臣三品以上官吏的兄弟或子孙入学。另外在金世宗大定十三年(1173)设有女真国子学，限金人子弟优秀者入学。

元代分设国子监管辖国子学。蒙古国子监管辖蒙古国子学，蒙古国子学于元世祖至元八年(1272)创立，入学资格限于随朝蒙古、汉人百官等，学习内容主要是以蒙古文译写的《通鉴节要》，并兼习算术，学成考试，量才授官。回回国子监管辖回回国子学，回回国子学于元世祖至元二十六年(1290)创立。入学资格限于公卿大夫及富民子弟，学习内容以"亦思替非"文学为主，目的是培养诸官衙译史人才。元代又设有汉文国子学。所学课程有《孝经》、《小学》、《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》、《中庸》、以及《诗》、《书》、《礼记》、《周礼》、《春秋》、《易》等。

明朝国子监创于明太祖初定金陵之时，即改应天府学为国子学。后太祖建都南京，重建校舍于鸡鸣山下，改学为监，故称国子监。

1320xx年，建元大德十年，北京国子监始建，初称为北平郡学，至今已有720xx年的历史，是元、明、清三代的国家最高学府及教育行政管理机构。

1393年，洪武二十六年，南京国子监学生已增加到8000多名。

1420xx年，永乐二年，北平郡学复称国子监。永乐十八年(1420)，明迁都北京，改北京国子监为京师国子监，于是明代国学有南北两监之分(亦称南北两雍)。

1420xx年，永乐二十年，达9900多人，盛况空前。当时邻邦高丽、日本、琉球、暹罗等国"向慕文教"，不断派留学生到国子监学习。但此种盛况为时不久，正德以后日衰。

1650年，南京国子监改为清江宁府学。

清因明之旧制，世祖始修葺北京国子监。据《清史稿·选举志》记载:"世祖定鼎燕京，修葺明北监为太学。顺治元年，置祭酒、司业及监丞、博士、助教、学正、学录、典簿等官。设六堂为讲习之所，曰:率性、修道、诚心、正义、崇志、广业。一仍明旧"。乾隆年间，国子监祭酒仿宋名儒胡瑗苏湖教法，分经义、治事二斋教学，"严立课程，奖诱备至"，力主经世致用，曾使国子监出现"师徒济济，皆奋自镞砺，研求实学"的可嘉景象。但清朝末期日趋腐败，使学校成为科举的附庸，监生多纳粟入学，为科名声利而学，致于积重难返。

1920xx年，南京清江宁府学在四牌楼江宁府学基础上建立三江师范学堂。

1920xx年12月6日(光绪三十一年)，清末改革学制，设置学部，国子监裁废，其教育行政功能并入学部，国子监的历史使命便告结束。

1956年，北京国子监辟为首都图书馆。

1998年，辟雍对外开放北京国子监。

20xx年，首都图书馆迁出。

20xx年，北京国子监和孔庙成立北京孔庙和国子监管理处。为历史文化类旅游景区。

北京国子监坐落在北京东城区安定门内国子监街( 原名成贤街)15号，与孔庙和雍和宫相邻。是全国重点文物保护单位，国家2A级景区，国子监街两侧槐荫夹道，大街东西两端和国子监大门两侧牌楼彩绘，是北京仅存的建有四座牌坊的古建街。

北京国子监作为古代中央大学，历来倍受国家重视，多有修建，尤其经明永乐、正统年间分别进行的大规模修缮和清乾隆年间增建辟雍后，形成了今天的建筑规模和格局，占地面积为2万7千多平米。

主要景观

北京国子监建筑坐北朝南，中轴线依序为集贤门、太学门、琉璃牌坊、辟雍、彝伦堂、敬一亭。主体建筑两侧有"二厅六堂"、御碑亭、钟鼓楼等，形成传统的对称格局。前院东侧有敬持门与孔庙相通，构成"左庙右学"，是我国现存唯一一所古代中央公办大学建筑。

国子监大门名集贤门。门内东西两侧有井亭。二门名太掌门，门内左为钟亭，右为鼓亭。门北甬道中有一座琉璃牌坊，高大华美，三门四柱七座，是北京唯一一座专为教育设立的琉璃牌坊。

牌坊正背两面刻有"圜桥教泽"、"学海节观"，均系乾隆皇帝御书。牌坊上覆黄色琉璃瓦，以示皇家向学重教的传统。坊内左右为黄琉璃瓦重檐碑亭。北为主体建筑辟雍。

集贤门

集贤门，国子监的大门，门内院子东西设有井亭，东侧的持敬门与孔庙相通。

太学门

进入国子监的第二门，太学门。进入后就是国子监的第二进院落。里面有琉璃牌坊，辟雍和彝伦堂。

琉璃牌坊

走过太学门，就是国子监二门内大型琉璃坊牌坊，他是北京唯一一座专门为教育而设立的牌坊。正反两面横额均为皇帝御题，是中国古代崇文重教的象征。位于集贤门内，是三间四柱七楼庑殿顶式琉璃牌坊，乾隆四十八年(1783年)。正面额书"圜桥教泽"，阴面为"学海节观"，彩画华美，是北京唯一不属于寺院的琉璃牌坊。

琉璃牌坊辟雍

琉璃牌坊辟雍，建于清乾隆四十九年，是国子监的中心建筑。建于中轴线中心一座圆形水池中央的四方高台上，是一座方型重檐攒尖顶殿宇。四面开门，设台阶六级。辟雍周围环绕著长廊，四面架设精致的小桥横跨水池使殿宇与院落相通，这种建筑形制象徵著天圆地方。乾隆皇帝之后，每逢新帝即位，都要来此做一次讲学，称为“临雍讲学”，以示中央政府对高等教育的重视。六堂，是位於辟雍左右两侧的33间房，合称为六堂，分别为:率性堂、诚心堂、崇志堂、修道堂、正义堂、广业堂，是贡生、监生们的教室。

彝伦堂

彝伦堂内的王码学校彝伦堂，位于辟雍以北，元代名为崇文阁，明代永乐年间予以重建并改名为彝伦堂，早年曾是皇帝讲学之处，兴建辟雍之后，则改为监内的藏书处。

敬一亭

敬一亭，位于在彝伦堂之后，是国子监的第三进院落。建于明嘉靖七年，设有祭酒厢房和司业厢房和七座御制圣谕碑，是国子监祭酒办公的场所。

十三经刻石碑

共190座，原立于东西六堂，现珍藏于国子监与孔庙的夹道内。这些石经包括《周易》、《尚书》、《诗经》、《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》、《春秋左传》、《春秋公羊传》、《春秋谷梁 传》、《论语》、《孝经》、《孟子》、《尔雅》十三部，计63万多字，为我国仅存的一部最完整的十三经刻石。我国石刻经书始于汉代，该部石经由蒋衡书写刻于乾隆年间，故又有乾隆石经"之称。

国子监是元明清三代国家设立的最高学府和教育行政管理机构，又称“太学”“国学”。它始建于元代至元二十四年(公元1287年)，明代永乐，正统年间曾大规模修葺和扩建，清乾隆四十八年又增建“辟雍”一组皇家建筑，形成现在的规制。国子监整体建筑坐北朝南，为三进院落，占地面积二万七千多平方米。中轴线上依次排列着集贤门(大门)、太学门(二门)、琉璃牌坊、辟雍殿、彝伦堂、敬一亭。古代在国子监读书的学生称为“监生”。国子监不仅接纳全国各族学生，还接待外国留学生，为培养国内各民族人才，促进中外文化交流，曾起到积极的作用。国子监主体建筑经历700多年依然保存完好，是唯一保存完整的古代最高学府校址，国子监以其悠久的历史，独特的建筑风貌，深厚的文化内涵而闻名于世。

孔庙占地220xx平方米，有三进院落。中轴线上得建筑依次为先师门、大成门、大成殿、崇圣祠。前院东面有碑亭、神厨、省牲亭、井亭;西面有碑亭、致斋所，并有持敬门与国子监相通。两侧排列着198通元、明、请三代进士题名碑，刻有51624名进士的姓名、籍贯、名次，是研究我国科举制度的珍贵实物资料。大成门外有乾隆石鼓和与之有关的两座清代石碑。中院的主要建筑为东西庑和13座御碑亭;后院崇圣祠独立成院，集合成北京孔庙完整的古建筑群体。

各位游客：

你们好，欢迎你们来到北京旅游，我是你们的导游__

大觉寺位于海淀区西北旸台山麓，始建于辽咸雍四年(1068年)，为契丹人所建，坐西朝东的寺院，体现了契丹人尊日东向的习俗。因寺内有清泉流入，故又名清水院。

大觉寺位于海淀区西北旸台山麓，始建于辽咸雍四年(1068年)，为契丹人所建，坐西朝东的寺院，体现了契丹人尊日东向的习俗。因寺内有清泉流入，故又名清水院。金代称灵泉寺，是金章宗时著名的西山八院之一，被称为“西山三百寺中之巨刹”。明宣德三年(1428年)重修后改称大觉寺。大觉寺以清泉，古树，玉兰花和环境的清幽而著称。寺内建筑依山势层叠而上，自东向西由四进院落组成。山门、碑亭、钟鼓楼、天王殿、大雄宝殿、无量寿佛(动静等观)殿、大悲坛、舍利塔等组成，还有四宜堂，憩云轩，领要亭，龙王堂等建筑，多是清代重建而成。殿宇雄伟古朴，布局深广严谨。寺内后山是一处别致的园林，麓林曲径，叠石流泉，情趣非凡。大觉寺环境优雅，群山环抱，寺前平畴沃野，景界开阔;寺后层峦叠嶂，林莽苍郁。山上的清泉从寺后石隙注入，淙淙而下，沿着南北两路院落中的水漕流向前院的水池，泉水清澈，四时不竭。院内有一棵乾隆年间从四川移来的玉兰树，花繁瓣大，色洁香浓，树龄300年上下，堪为京城玉兰之最。还有一株高大而古老的银杏树，俗名“白果王”，需六人方能合围，浓荫可蔽半个院落，据说已傲立千年之久。迦陵佛塔为清代主持僧迦陵的舍利塔，其状犹如北海公园里的白塔，塔旁松柏参天，风景秀丽。

大觉寺内共有古树160株，有1000年的银杏、300年的玉兰，古娑罗树，松柏等，此外，还有大量的被列入保护范围的古树。大觉寺的玉兰花与法源寺的丁香花、崇效寺的牡丹花一起被称为北京三大花卉寺庙。

Dear tourists, we are now here to Tiananmen Square, the largest city centersquare in the world, with an area of 440000 square meters. Moreover, thegeographical location of Beijing in the world is determined by the longitude andlatitude of the square (east longitude: 116 ° 23 ′ 17 ″, north latitude: 39 ° 54′ 27 ″),. It is located in the center of Beijing and has been watching thehistorical changes of Beijing since ancient times. In the Ming Dynasty, it wasonce called chengtianmen square. There was a T-shaped square. Of course, it isno longer there. In the Qing Dynasty, it was changed to Tiananmen Square. Afterthe revolution of 1911, Tiananmen Square became the best gathering place formass movements. The famous May 4th movement, the 129 student movement and so ontook place here. The most famous event here, I believe you all know, was thefounding ceremony on October 1, 1949, when 300000 people gathered here tocelebrate the founding of new China. After liberation, the T-shaped square wasdemolished and large buildings such as the monument to the peoples heroes, theGreat Hall of the people, the history museum and the revolutionary museum werebuilt. In 1976, after the death of the president, the memorial hall of thepresident was built on the original position of the Chinese gate, thus formingthe architectural pattern of the square today. In the 50th anniversary of thenational day, Tiananmen Square has undergone a series of renovation, making thesquare more beautiful, spectacular and clean. You must be looking forward to theTiananmen Square I described. It doesnt matter. I will introduce it to you oneby one in the next tour.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, it was called Chengtian gate.It was just a wooden archway, which means "to carry out the transportation fromheaven, to be ordered by heaven". However, it was burned down in the MingDynasty. Later, the city building with nine wide faces and five deep faces wasbuilt, which truly reflected the emperors respect of 95. But at the end of MingDynasty, it was destroyed again. During the reign of emperor Shunzhi of the QingDynasty, after the reconstruction of the city tower, it was renamed Tiananmen,the other three imperial city gates were renamed daian, and the three mainhalls of the Forbidden City were renamed daihe, which reflected the good wishesof internal and external security. This is what we are looking at now. It iscomposed of three parts: the foundation, the platform and the tower. The base iswhite marble xumizuo, which is the highest level base in ancient China, with aheight of 1.59 meters. The platform is 14.6 meters high. And the double eaves ofthe city tower rest on the top of the mountain, which was also the highest levelof the temple roof at that time. The whole building is 33.7 meters high. After70 years of renovation, it has risen by one meter.

This is a very high-grade building, and its role is also very important. Inthe Ming and Qing Dynasties, whenever there was a national ceremony, theceremony of "Jinfeng imperial edict" was held on the city tower. After theimperial edict was announced, a wood carved Golden Phoenix was put on the yellowsilk thread machine. The Golden Phoenix carried the imperial edict down thewall. The officials of the Ministry of rites caught it with a cloud tray, andthen put it into the Dragon Pavilion to praise the Ministry of rites, and thenpromulgated it. )And whenever the emperor went out of the palace to sacrifice,this was the only way. The most important moment for new China was also bornhere. The chairman solemnly announced the founding of new China on the TiananmenGate Tower, and personally angered the first five-star red flag of new China.The portrait of the chairman on the city floor is replaced every year before thenational day.

The river in front of Tiananmen tower is called Jinshui River. Then why isit called Jinshui River? Because this river is drawn from the northwest ofBeijing, and in the Yin Yang and five elements, the West belongs to Jin and theNorth belongs to water, so this river is named Jinshui River, and the sevenwhite jade bridges on the river are Jinshui bridge. The two bridges next to themare called Gongsheng bridge, which correspond to the Taimiao temple and thesheji altar, which are now the Cultural Palace of the working people andZhongshan Park. The one in the middle is the royal road bridge, which isspecially used by the emperor and queen. The two bridges beside it are royalbridges, which are used by the royal princes. The two bridges beside them aregrade bridges, which can only be passed by officials above grade three.

In front of Jinshui bridge, there is a stone lion on the left and right.The one on the left is the master, and the one on the right is the lioness. Howcan we tell the male from the female? Because the male masters foot is on thehydrangea, while the female lion is the cub. Now in order to protect thecultural relics, the lions have been fenced up. There were a pair of Huabiaobefore and after Tiananmen Square. In fact, the original name of Huabiao was FeiMu. It was set up by the emperor to show that he could accept and acceptopinions, and gradually evolved into todays Huabiao. The monster at the top ofit is called Hou. The one on the North China watch is called wangjunchu, whichmeans to let the emperor go out of the palace to observe the peoples feelings.The one on the south end is called wangjungui, which means that the emperorshould not be nostalgic for the world outside the Palace, but should go back tothe palace in time to deal with government affairs.

Now please turn back. Behind us is Tiananmen Square. In the Ming and QingDynasties, it was T-shaped, with a north-south royal road in the middle. On bothsides of the royal road, there were Qianbu corridor, with 110 corridors on bothsides. On the south side of Changan Street, with the red wall extending to theEast and West, there were 34 corridors, so Qianbu corridor had 228 corridors. Atthe southernmost end of the imperial Road, damingmen was in the Ming Dynasty,but it was changed to daqingmen in the Qing Dynasty; The gates on the East andwest sides are Changan left gate and Changan right gate, which are also calledLongmen and Humen respectively. After the scientific examination, Huang Bangannounced in the left gate of Changan that the Jinshi in the examination wouldenter the imperial city from here, so they are called Longmen. The reason forHumen is that after the frost falls every year, the imperial court has toexamine the prisoners, and the prisoners who are examined and approved are takenout of the right gate of Changan, which is tantamount to falling into thepalace Hukou is called Humen. These are all related to the five elements.

In ancient China, there was a saying of "wendongwuxi", so on the East andwest sides of qianbulang is the location of Wufu Liubu. On the east side of thesquare, the area around the present history museum is basically the centralcivilian organs, while on the west side, that is, the area around the Great Hallof the people, are the five army governors office and the secret service royalguards. In order to facilitate these officials to enter the Imperial City, anorth-south gate, donggongsheng gate and xigongsheng gate, were built outsideLongmen Humen.

Now we cant see the trace of that time. Instead, we have modern buildingswith more historical significance and political characteristics.

On the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the people. It startedconstruction in October 1958 and lasted for one year. It was completed beforethe National Day in 1958, covering an area of 171800 square meters. The wholebuilding is like a "mountain". The highest point in the center is 46.5 meters,which is the highest building in Tiananmen Square. The great hall is dividedinto three parts: in the center is the auditorium of the ten thousand peoplesCongress, with a total area of 36000 square meters and 10000 seats. There is ahuge red five pointed star on the top of the auditorium, giving off 70 to 70rays of light. The decoration layout of the whole dome is not only magnificent,but also a symbol of the unity of the people around the Party Central Committee;in the north is the banquet hall, with a total area of more than 7000 squaremeters, which is the largest banquet hall in China; In the south is the officebuilding of the National Peoples Congress, which includes the conference hallsof 37 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the centralgovernment, such as Chongqing hall, Hong Kong hall, etc.

In the northeast of the square is the Museum of the Chinese revolution,which was officially opened to the public on July 1, 61. The main exhibits arerevolutionary materials since the May 4th movement, and the contents of theexhibits in the museum are extremely rich. Southeast of the square is theChinese history museum. Its predecessor is the Beijing History Museum. In 26, itwas changed into the National History Museum. Four years later, it was changedinto the Beiping History Museum of Academia Sinica. In April 34, it was changedinto the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum and the Beiping HistoryMuseum. Its exhibits cover more than 300000 pieces of cultural relics, coins,pictures, etc. with thousands of years of history from the slavery society ofXia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty.

Facing the Tiananmen Gate Tower is the monument to the peoples heroes.According to the resolution of the first plenary session of the Chinese peoplesPolitical Consultative Conference in September 49, the monument to the peoplesheroes was built in Tiananmen Square. More than 240 design schemes werecollected from the whole country, and three schemes were selected. Finally, itwas decided that Liang Sichengs design scheme should be taken as the main one,and the other three schemes should be integrated. Thats what we see today.52.8.1 was officially built, completed in 58.4 and ceremoniously unveiled in5.1. The 100 ton core stone was transported from Qingdao to Beijing. After aseries of processing and carving, the finished product is 14.7 meters high, 2.9meters wide, 1 meter thick and weighs 60 tons. The body of the stone is composedof 413 pieces of granite. The base of the stele is composed of more than 17000pieces of granite and white marble, covering an area of more than 3000 squaremeters.

The front of the monument faces Tiananmen Square and is inlaid with goldplate. The chairman wrote "the peoples heroes are immortal". On the back is a158 character inscription drafted by the chairman and written by Premier Zhou(over the past three years, the peoples heroes who died in the peoplesLiberation War and the peoples revolution are immortal) Over the past 30 years,the peoples heroes who died in the peoples Liberation War and the peoplesrevolution are immortal, which dates back to 1840 years. Since then, in order tofight against internal and external enemies, strive for national independenceand peoples freedom and happiness, the peoples heroes who died in previousstruggles are immortal. There are eight reliefs around the pedestal, 2 metershigh and 40.68 meters long. From the East, the order is: Humen tobacco, thedestructed opium, the Wuchang movement, the 54 Movement, the May 30 movement,the Nanchang uprising, the Anti Japanese War, and the victory across the river.On both sides of the victory crossing, there are two decorative patterns, whichare: supporting the front line and welcoming the peoples Liberation Army. Thereare 180 characters in all the reliefs.

To the south of the monument to the peoples Heroes is the chairmansmemorial hall. The construction of the memorial hall started on November 24,1976, and it took only six months to complete. Officially opened on the firstanniversary of the chairmans death. In front of the north gate of the memorialhall are two groups of clay sculptures, both of which are based on revolutionaryepics. The South Gate of the main building is to inherit the will of thepresident and show the confidence of the people of all ethnic groups. The 30 redflags outside the South Gate represent 30 provinces and autonomous regions inChina. The platform foundation of the memorial hall is built with jujube redgranite from the Dadu River. Around the foundation stone are stones from MountEverest and water from the Chinese Taiwan Strait. The main building of the memorial hallis composed of three parts: one enters the stele hall, facing a three meter highstatue of the chairman, where commemorative activities are held; one enters fromthe golden Phoebe gate on the south side of the North Hall, where the chairmansbody is placed; the South Hall is on the south side of the hall, where thechairmans poem "Manjianghong" is engraved. On the East and west sides of thethree halls are the rest hall and the memorial room of the old revolutionary.Now the memorial room of Deng Xiaoping has been added.

Behind the chairmans memorial hall is the main gate of the inner city,Zhengyang gate. In the past, Zhengyang gate was the tallest building in thecountry, which meant that the LORD was in the sun, the sun was in the sky, andall nations were looking forward to it. Now its the only complete preservedtower and arrow tower in Beijing.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the traffic hub between Xicheng andNancheng was Qipan street. Now it is probably located in the square between thechairmans memorial hall and Zhengyangmen tower.

In fact, Tiananmen Square also has a very famous landscape, which is theflag raising and flag lowering ceremony. Tens of thousands of people come towatch the ceremony every day. Zeng Liansong, the designer of Chinas nationalflag design, is the first national flag maker. This super large national flag ismore than 5 meters long and 3 meters wide. At the founding ceremony, thepresident personally raised this national flag, which symbolizes the birth ofnew China.

The original flagpole base of Tiananmen Square was closed, which made itinconvenient to raise and lower the flag, and the equipment was old. So the newbase and flagpole were rebuilt on February 25, 1991. The plane of the new baseis three layers. The first layer is made of white marble, and there arepassageways all around. The second layer is reddish brown granite, whichsymbolizes the red of the people. The third layer is green belt, whichsymbolizes the prosperity of the socialist motherland. In addition, there are 56golden copper separation piers around, which symbolize the unity of 56nationalities hand in hand and heart in heart under the national flag.

The new flagpole is made of seamless steel pipe made by Shougang. It isdivided into four sections, weighing 7 tons and 32.6 meters high. It will notrust in 20 years.

The flag raising and lowering ceremony should be held on the first day ofevery ten days or important national celebrations, and the flag raising andlowering ceremony should also be held on other days. Every day, the time ofraising the flag is based on sunrise, and the time of lowering the flag is basedon sunset. The national anthem is played. During festivals, the military bandplays live, while at ordinary times, the recording is played. If you areinterested, you can also watch this important landscape at your convenience.

京东大溶洞坐落于北京市平谷区黑豆峪村东侧，西距北京城区90公里，因其为京东地区首次发现，故名京东大溶洞。京东大溶洞发育于中元古界长城，系高于庄组白云岩地层，距今大约十五亿年，由此号称“天下第一古洞”。京东大溶洞于20__年1月8日被国家旅游局认定为“国家AAAA级”旅游区。

溶洞内分众仙聚会、德道善缘、水帘洞等八大景区。包括数十处景观：圣火银珠、相思泉、鲲鹏傲雪等。洞内岩溶景观晶莹剔透，绚丽多姿。走进京东大溶洞，盛夏恍如秋天，秋冬又觉丝丝温暖。畅游其间，神秘清幽，奇观绝景连绵不断，配以五彩灯光，晶莹剔透，绚丽多姿。游人还会看到那巍然耸立、冲天而起的条条玉柱直抵洞顶，颇有如来佛祖动怒乍指苍天的气势，故名“神指擎天”等景观。

京东大溶洞旅游配套设施完备，有跑马场、蹦极球、游泳池、垂钓宫、缆车、卡丁车、斗兽场和水族馆等。您可乘兴而上望海楼，观金海湖碧波，赏群山秀色。今冬，京东大溶洞的赏冰及冰乐园活动丰富多彩，巨大的溜冰场、冰乐园、山地坦 克巡游等为您冬季游览增添了新的景象。京郊平谷县第一个由农民参股管理的旅游景区。冬季京东大溶洞的赏冰及冰乐园活动丰富多彩，巨大的溜冰场、冰乐园、山地坦克巡游等为您冬季游览增添了新的景象。

景点位置：黄松峪乡黑豆峪村东侧

景点交通：918路平谷新站转8路城乡风景线溶洞站下;自驾车从下京顺路到平谷县城，往东行驶大约12千米见路标左行即到

景点门票：38元

出游佳期：5-10月

附近景观：京东石林峡 京东大峡谷

游客们，大家好!此刻我们位于北京市崇文区天坛路，我想有的朋友已经猜到了，我们的下一个景点就是美丽的天坛。

天坛，在北京市南部，东城区永定门内大街东侧。占地约270万平方米，是中国现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群。南有天坛祭天，东有日坛祭太阳，西有月坛祭月亮，其中，天坛最光彩夺目。天坛始建于明永乐十八年，清乾隆、光绪时曾重修改建。为明、清两代帝王祭祀皇天、祈五谷丰登的场所。

同时，它也是中国木结构建筑的顶峰，全用木材就完成了这一惊世杰作。天坛另一美妙之处，是奇妙的回声。站在中心叫一声，你会听到从地层深处传来的明亮而深沉的回响，这声音仿佛来自地心，又似乎来自天空，所以人们为它取了一个充满神秘色彩的名字“天心石”。在皇穹宇的四周有一道厚约0。9米的围墙，你站在一端贴着墙小声说话，站在另一端的人只要耳贴墙面就能听得异常清晰，并且还有立体声效果哦!这就是神奇的“回音壁”。这证明500年前的中国人已经能够运用声学原理。

游客们，此刻请大家参观一小时，然后到门厅集合。

北京是有着三千年历史的国家历史文化名城。北京在历史上曾为六朝都城，在从燕国起的20xx多年里，建造了许多宏伟壮丽的宫廷建筑，使北京成为中国拥有帝王宫殿、园林、庙坛和陵墓数量最多，内容最丰富的城市。其中北京故宫，明朝时叫大内宫城，清朝时叫紫禁城，这里原为明、清两代的皇宫，住过24个皇帝，建筑宏伟壮观，完美地体现了中国传统的古典风格和东方格调，是中国乃至全世界现存最大的宫殿，是中华民族宝贵的文化遗产。天坛以其布局合理、构筑精妙而扬名中外，是明、清两代皇帝“祭天”。

四合院是以正房、倒座房、东西厢房围绕中间庭院形成平面布局的北方传统住宅的统称。北京四合院源于元代院落式民居，是老北京城最主要的民居建筑。一座座青瓦灰砖的四合院之间形成的窄巷，就是著名的老北京胡同。

北京的宗教寺庙遍布京城，现存著名的有：佛教的法源寺、潭柘寺、戒台寺、云居寺、八大处等。道教的白云观等。藏传佛教的雍和宫等，天主教西什库天主堂、王府井天主堂等。基督教的缸瓦市教堂、崇文门教堂等。

北京中轴线是指元、明、清时的北京城的中轴线，北京的城市规划具有以宫城为中心左右对称的特点。北京的中轴线南起永定门，北至钟鼓楼，长约7.8公里。从南往北依次为，永定门，前门箭楼，正阳门，中华门，天安门，端门，午门，紫禁城，神武门，景山，地安门，后门桥，鼓楼和钟楼。从这条中轴线的南端永定门起，就有天坛、先农坛；太庙、社稷坛；东华门、西华门；安定门，德胜门以中轴线为轴对称分布。中国著名建筑大师梁思成先生曾经说：“北京的独有的壮美秩序就由这条中轴线的建立而产生。”永定门、中华门、地安门都在中华人民共和国成立后被拆毁，而近年来又重新修建了永定门城楼。

朋友们，大家好：

欢迎大家来到这里，下面我来为大家介绍一下北京!

北京,是中国六朝古都,历史源远流长,保存着较为完整的古代建筑格局。北京,是中华人民共和国的首都,简称京,是中国的政治、文化和国际交往的中心,由此北京有着丰富多彩的古代、现代的人文景观,有着博大精深的文化底蕴。

北京全市面积16807.8平方公里,在北面有军都山,西面有西山,与河北交界的东灵山海拔2303米是北京市的最高峰。境内有密云水库、怀柔水库和十三陵水库;其他还有潮白河、北运河、永定河、拒马河和汤河五大河。

北京的气候属于温带大陆性季风性气候,季节分明:春季略有风沙,气温偏低。夏季炎热,有阵雨。秋季天气晴朗、温和,天高气爽,是旅游的黄金季节;但深秋早晚较凉,中午较热。冬季气候干燥、寒冷,雪较少。

现在大家已经来到了北京的远郊昌平区，我们即将进入的就是十三陵景区。利用这段时间，我来给大家讲解一下十三陵的历史背景和说明。

十三陵是世界上保存最完整，埋葬皇帝最多的墓葬群。位于北京北郊昌平区天寿山脚下。距京城约50公里。陵区面积约40平方公里。整个陵区四面群山环抱，山前流水潺潺，明堂广大、四周围以高墙，因山设险。因为这里埋葬有明朝的十三位皇帝，所以称明十三陵。十三位皇帝的陵墓以长陵为中心，错落有致的分部在群山绿树之间。

也许各位要问了，北京有那么多的名山胜水，为什么偏偏要选在这里建陵呢?明永乐五年朱棣的皇后徐氏去世。朱棣命礼部、工部及术士风水先生等人，在北京郊区寻找"吉壤"。先后曾指定潭柘寺、燕家台、屠家营等处，朱棣均不满意。后来江西术士廖均卿说，昌平北有吉壤，可做万年寿域，名黄土山，山前有龙、虎二山，形成一个小平原。朱棣视察后很满意，决定在此建造皇陵，并改黄土山为天寿山。

现在大家看到的这一座石牌坊，就是进入陵区的标志，牌坊为5门6柱11楼建筑形式，建于嘉靖年间。是国内现存最大、最精美的石牌坊，上边的图案装饰也都是云龙图案，反映了皇家建筑的特点。穿过石牌坊即大宫门，为陵墓区的正门。门前竖着“官员等人至此下马”碑。宫门后是碑楼，碑楼周围有四座精美的华表。碑楼中的“大明长陵神功圣德碑”。在碑的四面分别有：朱棣之子仁宗朱高 撰写的为其父歌功颂德的碑文，有清朝维修十三陵的经过，有记述明朝灭亡的教训，还有乾隆皇帝撰写的《哀明陵十三韵》。

从碑楼到火焰牌坊是长达780米的神道。神道两旁立有石像生，共24个石兽，12个石人，共计18对，36个。其中，狮子、獬豸、大象、麒麟、马各四只，分别是两立两卧。有武臣、文臣和勋臣各有四位。神路最北端是棂星门，因为三根柱子上各有一个火焰宝珠，所以这里也被叫做火焰牌坊。通过神路可以到达各个陵区。下面我们先去看看长陵。长陵是十三陵的首陵，位于天寿山主峰之下，埋葬着明成祖朱棣及皇后徐氏。在墓葬制度中被称为“一帝一后制”。整座陵区建有周长80华里的围墙。围墙中还设有东山口、老军堂等十六个关口。长陵祾恩殿是仿紫禁城的太和殿而建，于明永乐十四年建成，是供奉帝后牌位和举行祭祀活动的地方。九五开间，重檐庑殿顶，殿内有32根金丝楠木大柱。是明代帝王陵中唯一保存完好的祾恩殿。

由于长陵的地宫没有发掘，所以我们在长陵的游览就先告一段落。不过大家不用着急，接下来我们将要去的定陵，在那里大家就可以参观到古代皇帝的地下宫殿了。

定陵是明朝万历皇帝和孝端、孝靖两位皇后的合葬墓。位于大峪山脚下，占地面积15万多平方米。 万历皇帝朱翊钧是明朝在位最久的皇帝，但是他贪婪、懒惰成性，在位的48年当中，竟然有28年不理朝政，导致国家处于瘫痪状态。但是他虽然昏君懒惰，却耗银800万两，历时6年修建了他的陵寝。因此后人评论，其实明朝灭亡的命运，在万历皇帝时就已经成为定局。由于定陵的地面建筑屡遭战火和人为损坏，所以残存不多。并且和长陵的规制完全相同，所以咱们就直接去地宫。

地宫距地面27米，总面积达到了1195平方米，整个建筑都是砖石结构，分为前、中、后、左、右五个殿堂。共7座券门。后殿的门用汉白玉建造，有门丁九九八十一颗。象征阳数之极。

南锣鼓巷是北京东城区的一条很古老的街道，南锣鼓巷街道不宽，仍保持着元大都街巷、胡同的规划。其南口在地安门东大街，北口在鼓楼大街。它始建于元朝，南北长约1000米，东西各有8条对称的胡同，整齐地排列在两侧，从外形看犹如一条蜈蚣，所以又名“蜈蚣街”，是北京市重点保护的四合院街道。从南至北，东侧的八条胡同是：妙豆胡同、板厂胡同、东棉花胡同、北兵马司胡同、秦老胡同、前圆恩寺胡同、后圆恩寺胡同、菊儿胡同。西侧的八条胡同是：福祥胡同、蓑衣胡同、雨儿胡同、帽儿胡同、景阳胡同、沙井胡同、黑芝麻胡同、前鼓楼苑胡同。

元代将大都城规划为50坊，今南锣鼓巷的位置正是“昭回坊”和“靖恭坊”两坊之间的分界巷。明代将北京内城分为28坊，将“昭回”“靖恭”二坊合并，称“昭回靖恭坊”，南锣鼓巷的位置正是该坊的南北中心线，巷名为“罗锅巷”。此名有可能是从元代沿袭来的。乾隆十五年(1750年)绘制的《京城全图》已将明代的罗锅巷改称南锣鼓巷，并将鼓楼东大街中段路北与南锣鼓巷相对的街道称为“北锣鼓巷”。北锣鼓巷在元代为“灵椿坊”与“金台坊”的交界，明代仍为两坊，此两坊的南半部在元代均为官署和寺院，且在明代没有大的变动。清初南、北锣鼓巷均属镶黄旗。清廷规定北京兵、民分城居住，八旗兵住内城，汉民等住外城。南北锣鼓巷的定名，应早于乾隆十五年，当在清初。

自清初至三四十年代，南锣鼓巷内的10多条胡同中由满族镶黄旗户逐渐发展而成。既有大户世家，也有不少小户市民，居民逐渐稠密。南锣鼓巷内的小商号也发展起来，有粮店、菜店、油盐店、猪肉铺、羊肉铺、切面铺、蒸锅铺、炸货屋子(制作焦圈、油炸鬼)小酒铺、饽饽铺、豆腐房、煤铺、井窝子、砖瓦麻刀铺、席箔铺、棚铺、黑白铁铺、喜轿铺、杠房、医馆、药铺、裱糊铺、理发铺、成衣铺、绱鞋铺、绒线铺、文具店、茶馆、当铺等。虽然规模都不很大，但近30种行业也比较齐全了。至于大的商号如绸缎店、茶店、大饭店、金店、银号等，则云集在地安门外大街、鼓楼。

南锣鼓巷南北走向，北起鼓楼东大街, 南止地安门东大街, 全长786米, 宽8米，与元大都(1267年)同期建成, 在元大都“左祖右社,面朝后市”的城市格 局中, 南锣鼓巷是“后市”的组成部分。元代, 以南锣鼓巷为轴线, 东侧地区属昭回坊,西侧地区属靖恭坊。明代属昭回靖恭坊。清代乾隆年间属镶黄旗, 光绪末年至宣统年间属 内左三区。民国时期属内五区。东西各有8条胡同整齐排列着， 呈“鱼骨状”,又如同一条“蜈蚣”。因此, 南锣鼓巷也称为“蜈蚣巷”。从南向北，西面的8条胡同是福祥胡同、蓑衣胡同、雨儿胡同、帽儿胡同、景阳胡同、沙井胡同、黑芝麻胡同、前鼓楼苑胡同;东边的8条胡同是炒豆胡同、板厂胡同、东棉花胡同、北兵马司胡同、秦老胡同、前圆恩寺胡同、后圆恩寺胡同、菊儿胡同。这些胡同在元朝时没有名称，名称是明朝以后逐渐演变来的。比如菊儿胡同，明代叫局儿胡同，后来改称橘儿胡同，清代宣统时才称菊儿胡同，后延续至今。她是我国唯一完整保存着元代胡同院落肌理、规模最大、品级最高、资源最丰富的棋盘式传统民居区。

里坊，是中国古代居住区组织的基本单位，也是城市规划建设的基本单位。在先秦称为“里”、“闾”或“闾里”。从北魏开始，出现了“坊”的称呼。唐长安，是当时世界上最大的城市，全城共建108坊。元大都规划设计时仍延续了里坊制，全城分为50坊，坊与坊之间是宽阔平直的街巷，犹如棋盘。

明朝时，将北京划为28坊，两坊合并称“昭回靖恭坊”。清代属镶黄旗。南锣鼓巷曾叫罗锅巷，乾隆20___年(1750年)绘制的《全城全图》改称为南锣鼓巷。

现在的南锣鼓巷街区北边是鼓楼东大街，南边是地安门东大街，西边是地安门外大街，东边是交道口南大街。由这4条街围合的这块长方形地块，正是元大都的两个坊。以南锣鼓巷为界，东面是“昭回坊”。西边是“靖恭坊”，南锣鼓巷是两坊间的分界巷。

唐朝长安的里坊早已无存，元大都里坊构造在800多年的历史变迁中，也已面目全非，但是，南锣鼓巷地区却还极为完整地保存着元大都里坊的历史遗存。胡同格局那么完整，胡同里各种形制的府邸、宅院多姿多彩。真可谓是北京古都风貌中一块保存完整的“碧玉”。

在北京炎热夏季中一个少有的细雨霏霏的凉爽午后，我又一次来到南锣鼓巷。南锣鼓巷在近几年被时尚人士和国外旅游者关注，是因为从新世纪开始，不经意间，许多酒吧在这条古老的小街上出现。现在这里已经成为继三里屯、什刹海之后，北京又一条酒吧街。

有人说三里屯酒吧街是彩色的，什刹海酒吧街是暗红色的，而南锣鼓巷酒吧街是翠绿色的。这样的评说可能不仅是指自然的色彩，或许还指向其不同的文化内涵吧。这里的每一条胡同都有丰厚的文化积淀，每一个宅院里都诉说着老故事。

THE FORBIDDEN CITY(紫禁城)

(Infront of the meridian gate)

This is the palace museum; also know as the Purple Forbidden City. It isthe largest and most well reserved imperial residence inChinatoday. Under MingEmperor Yongle, construction began in 1406. It took 14 years to build theForbidden City. The first ruler who actually lived here was Ming Emperor Zhudi.For five centuries thereafter,it continued to be the residence of 23 successiveemperors until 1911 when Qing Emperor Puyi was forced to abdicate the throne .In1987, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizationrecognized the Forbidden City was a world cultural legacy.

It is believed that the Palace Museum, orZi Jin Cheng (Purple ForbiddenCity), got its name from astronomy folklore, The ancient astronomers divided theconstellations into groups and centered them around the Ziwei Yuan(North Star).The constellation containing the North Starwas called the Constellation ofHeavenly God and star itself was called the purple palace. Because the emperorwas supposedly the son of the heavenly gods,his central and dominant positionwould be further highlighted the use of theword purple in the name of hisresidence. In folklore, the term ”an eastern purple cloud is drifting” became ametaphor for auspicious events after apurple cloud was seen drifting eastwardimmediately before the arrival of anancient philosopher, LaoZi, to the HanghuPass. Here, purple isassociated with auspicious developments. The word jin(forbidden) isself-explanatory as the imperial palace was heavily guarded andoff-explanatoryas the imperial palace was heavily guarded and off-limits toordinary people.

The red and yellow used on the palace wallsand roofs are also symbolic. Redrepresents happiness, good fortune and wealth.Yellow is the color of the earthon the Loess Plateau, the original home of the Chinese people. Yellow became animperial color during the Tang dynasty, whenonly members of the royal familywere allowed to wear it and use it in their architecture.

The Forbidden Cityis rectangular in shape. It is 960 meters long from northto south and 750meter wide from east west. It has 9,900 rooms under a total roofarea 150,000square meters .A 52-meter-wide-moat encircles a 9.9-meter―high wallwhich enclosesthe complex. Octagon ―shaped turrets rest on the four corners ofthe wall.There are four entrances into the city: the MeridianGate to the south,the Shenwu Gate(Gate of Military Prowess) to the north, andthe Xihua Gate(Gateof military Prowess) to the north, and the Xihua Gate(Western Flowery Gate )tothe west ,the Donghua (Eastern Flowery Gate) tothe east.

Manpower and materials throughout thecountry were used to build theForbidden City.A total of 230,000 artisans and one million laborers wereemployed. Marble wasquarried from fangshan Country Mount Pan in Jixian County inHebei Province.Granite was quarried in Quyang County in Hebei Province. Pavingblockswere fired in kilns in Suzhou in southernChina. Bricksand scarletpigmentation used on the palatial walls came from linqing in Shandong Province.Timber was cut ,processed and hauled from the northwestern and southernregions.

The structure in front of us is the Meridian Gate. It is the main entranceto the forbidden City. It is also knowsas Wufenglou(Five-Phoenix Tower). Mingemperorsheld lavish banquets here on the 15th day of the first month of theChinese lunar year in hornor of their counties .They also used this place forpunishingofficals by flogging them with sticks.

Qing emperors used this building toannounce the beginning of the new year.Qing Emperor Qianglong changed the original name of this announcement ceremonyfrom ban li(announcement ofcalendar)to ban shou(announcement of new moon )toavoid coincidentalassociation with another Emperor` s name, Hongli, which wasconsidered a tabooat that time. Qing Dynasty emperors also used this place tohold audience andfor other important ceremonies. For example,when the imperialarmy returnedvictoriously from the battlefield ,it was here that the Emperorpresided overthe ceremony to accept prisoners of war.

(After entering the Meridian Gate andstanding in front of the Five MarbleBridges on Golden Water River)

now we are inside the Forbidden City.Beforewe start our tour, I would liketo briefly introduce you to the architectural patterns befour us .To completethis solemn, magnificent and palatial complex,a variety of buildings werearranged on a north-south axis, and8-kilometer-long invisible line that hasbecome an inseparable part of the Cityof Beijing. The Forbidden City coversroughly one ?third of this central axis. Most of the important building in theForbidden City weree arranged along this line. The designand arrangement of thepalaces reflect the solemn dignity of the royal courtand rigidly ?stratifiedfeudal system.

The Forbidden Cityis divided into an outer and an inner count.We are nowstanding on the southern most part of the outer count. In front of us lies theGate of supreme Harmony .The gate is guarded by a pair of bronze lions,symbolizing imperial power and dignity. The lions were the most exquisite andbiggest of its kind.The one on the east playing with a ball is a male, and ballis said to represent state unity. The other one is a female. Underneath one ofits foreclaws is a cub that is considered to be a symbol of perpetual imperialsuccession. The winding brook before us is the Golden Water River. It functionsbothas decoration and fire control .The five bridges spanning the riverrepresentthe five virtues preached by Confucius :benevolence, righteousness,rites,intellence and fidelity. The river takes the shape of a bow and thenorth-southaxis is its arrow. This was meant to show that the Emperors ruled thecountryon behalf of God.

(In front of the Gate of Supreme Harmony)

The Forbidden Cityconsists of an outer countyard and an inner enclosure.The out count yardcovers a vast space lying between the Meridian Gate and theGate of HeavenlyPurity. The “three big halls” of Supreme Harmony, CompleteHarmony and Preserving Harmony constitute the center of this building group.Flanking themin bilateral symmetry are two groups of palaces: Wenhua (ProminentScholars)and Wuying (Brave Warriors) . The three great halls are built on aspacious“H”-shaped, 8-meter-high, triple marble terrace, Each level of thetripleterrace is taller than the on below and all are encircled by marblebalustradescarved with dragon and phoenix designs. There are three carved stonestaircases linking the three architectures .The hall of supreme Harmony is alsothetallest and most exquisite ancient wooden-structured mansion in all ofChina.From thepalace of Heavenly Purith northward is what isknown as the inner court,which is also built in bilaterally symmetrical patterns. In the center are thePalaceof Heavenly Purity, the Hall of Unionand Peace and Palace of EarthlyTranquility, aplace where the Emperors lived with their families and attended tostateaffairs. Flanking these structures are palaces and halls in whichconcubinesand princes lived. There are also three botanical gardens within theinnercount, namely, the imperial Garden, Caning garden and Quailing garden. Aninner Golden Water Riverflows eastwardly within the inner court. The brook windsthrough three minorhalls or palaces and leads out of the Forbidden City.It isspanned by the White Jade Bridge.The river is lined with winding, marble ?carvedbalustrades.

Most of thestructures within the Forbidden City haveyellow glazed tileroofs.

Aside from giving prominence to thenorth-south axis, other architecturalmethods were applied to make every groupof palatial structures unique in termsof terraces, roofs, mythical monstersperching on the roofs and colored, drawingpatterns. With these, the grandcontour and different hierarchic spectrum of thecomplex were strengthened.Folklore has it that there are altogether 9,999room-units in the Forbidden City. Since Paradiseonly has 10,000 rooms, the Sonof Heaven on earth cut the number by half aroom. It is also rumoured that thishalf ?room is located to the west of the Wenyuange Pavilion (imperial library).As a matter of fact, although the Forbidden City has more than 9,000 room-units,this half-room is nonexistent.The Wenyuange Pavilion is a library where “Si KuQuan Shu”- China `s first comprehensive anthology-was stored.

(After walking past the Gate of SupremeHarmony)

Ladies and Gentlemen, the great hall we are approaching is the Hall ofSupreme Harmony, the biggest and tallest of its kingin the Forbidden City. Thisstructure covers a total building space of 2,377 square meters, and is know forits upturned,multiple counterpart eaves . The Hall of Supreme Harmony sits on atriple“H”-shaped marble terrace the is 8 meters high and linked by staircases.The staircase on the ground floor has 21 steps while the middle and upperstairways each have 9.

The construction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony began in 1406. It burneddown three times and was severely damaged onceduring a mutiny. The existingarchitecture was built during the Qing Dynasty.On the corners of the eaves aline of animal-nails were usually fastened to thetiles. These animal-nails werelater replace with mythical animals to ward offevil spirits. There arealtogether 9 such fasteners on top of this hall. The number nine was regarded bythe ancients to be the largest numeral accessibleto man and to which only theemperors were entitled.

There was a total of 24 successive emperorsduring the Ming and Qingdynasties who were enthroned here. The ball was alsoused for ceremonies whichmarked other great occasions: the Winter Solstice,The Chinese Lunar New Year,the Emperor` s birthday, conferral of the title ofempress, the announcement ofnew laws and policies, and dispatches of generalsto war .On such occasions, theEmperor would hold audience for his courtofficials and receive theirtributes.

This area is called the Hall of Supreme Harmony Square, which covers atotal of 30,000 square meters, Without a single tree or plant growing here, thisplace inspires visitors to feel its solemnity and grandeur. In themiddle of thesquare there is a carriageway that was reserved for the Emperor.On both sides ofthe road the groud bricks were laid in a special way sevenlayers lengthwise andeight layers crosswise, making up fifteen layers in all.The purpose of this wasto prevent anyone from tunneling his way into thepalace. In the count yard thereare iron vats for storing water to fight fires.In the whole complex there arealtogher 308 water vats. In winter time, charcoal was burned underneath the vatsto keep the water from freezing .

Why so vast asquare? It was designed to impress people with the hall` sgrandeur andvastness. Imagine the following scene. Under the clear blue sky, theyellowglazed tiles shimmered as the cloud-like layers of terrace, coupled withthecurling veil of burning incense, transformed the hall of supreme Harmony intoafairyland. Whenever major ceremonies were held, the glazed,crane-shapedcandleholders inside the hall would be it, and incense and pinebranches burntin front of the hall. When the Emperor appeared, drums were beatenand musicalinstrument played. Civilian officials and generals would kneel knowinsubmission.

The last Qing emperor Puyi assumed the throne in 1908, at the age of three,His father carried him to the throne. At the start of the coronation, thesuddendrum-beating and loud music caught the young emperor unprepared .He wassoscared that he kept crying and shouting,"I don’t want to stay here."

Ich bin ein Reiseführer von der Reisebüro. Mein Name ist Song. Heute binich hier, um Ihnen den Sommerpalast, den k?niglichen Garten der Qing-Dynastie zuzeigen.Ich hoffe, meine Erkl?rung kann Sie befriedigen und uns diese wunderbareZeit zusammen verbringen.

Jetzt gehen wir zum Sommerpalast. W?hrend dieser Zeit m?chte ich kurz dieGeschichte und aktuelle Situation des Sommerpalastes vorstellen.

Schon bei den Liao- und Jin-Dynastien hatte der Kaiser begonnen, k?niglicheG?rten in Peking zu bauen.Zu dieser Zeit wurde im Gebiet des Kunming Lake imheutigen Wanshou-Berg Jinshan und Jinshampo Palast gebaut.In der Yuan-Dynastiewurde sie in Wengshan und Wengshanpo umbenannt.In der frühen Ming-Dynastie wurdesie in West Lake umbenannt und Yuanjing-Tempel wurde gebaut, der Haoshan-Gartenhie?.Im 16.Jahr von Wanli, das hei?t 1588, hat es eine bestimmte Skala vonGarten, genie?en den Ruf von "in der Malerei von zehn li grünen Bergen, diedoppelfliegenden wei?en V?gel sind wie Jiangnan".Aber es war die Qing-Dynastie,die es zu einem echten k?niglichen Garten machte.W?hrend der Herrschaft desKaisers Kangxi wurde hier der Palast gebaut. In 1749-1764, vom 14ten bis zum29ten Jahr des Kaisers Qianlong, wurde Qingyi Garden auf der ursprünglichenBasis gebaut. Der See wurde Kunming Lake genannt und der Berg wurde Wanshougenannt.Und es ist zu einem der berühmten drei Berge und fünf G?rtengeworden.Wie die meisten k?niglichen Geb?ude im alten China, war es nicht in derLage, der Verfolgung der Eindringlinge zu entkommen. In 1860, wurde esgeplündert und von den britischen und franz?sischen verbündeten Kr?ftenverbrannt.Nach einigen Jahren nutzte die Kaiserin-Witwe Cixi die Mittel derNavy, um den Ort wieder aufzubauen, und Kaiser Guangxu Xiazhao umbenannte ihn inden Sommerpalast.In den 1900-er Jahren wurde der Sommerpalast von den Alliiertender acht L?nder (Russland, Gro?britannien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Italien,Japan, den Vereinigten Staaten und ?sterreich) erneut ernsthaftbesch?digt.Seitdem ist der Hinterberg wegen des Mangels an finanziellen Mittelnlange Zeit nicht mehr repariert worden.In 1912 war der Sommerpalast nach denbevorzugten Bedingungen der Qing-Dynastie immer noch in den H?nden von KaiserPuyi.Nach zwei Jahren wurde es einmal als Privatbesitz ge?ffnet, aber wegenunbequemer Bef?rderung und teuren Tickets kamen nur wenige Leute.Nachdem Puyi inden 1920er Jahren aus dem Sommerpalast ausgewiesen wurde, verwandelte dieBeiyang-Regierung ihn offiziell in einen offenen Park.Nachdem die Volksregierungsie im Dezember 1948 angenommen hatte, behielt sie nach umfassender Verwaltungden Stil ihres k?niglichen Gartens.Darüber hinaus ist es der vollst?ndigste undam besten erhaltene Royal Garden der Welt geworden.

Der Sommerpalast, den wir gleich sehen werden, umfasst eine Gesamtfl?chevon 290 Hektar, mit einem Viertel des Landes und drei Viertel des Wassers.Nachdem Gebrauch und den Merkmalen des k?niglichen Gartens kann der Sommerpalast indrei Teile unterteilt werden: politischer Aktivit?tsbereich, Kaiser und KaiserinWohnbereich und landschaftlich.

Als wir am Ostpalast ankamen, begann unsere Tour offiziell.

Au?erhalb des Ostpalastes gibt es einen Torbogen von "Hanxu" und"Yanxiu".Unter ihnen ist die Bedeutung von Hanxu, dass die Welt offen ist, dieBerge klar sind und das Wasser sch?n ist, alles umarmend.Es bedeutet, sch?neLandschaft zu erfassen.Das ?stliche Palasttor ist auch das Haupttor desSommerpalastes.Die an der Tür h?ngende Tafel des Sommerpalastes ist dieHandschrift von Kaiser Guangxu.Das Wort "Yi He" bedeutet "Yi Yang Geist" und"Seelenfrieden".

Beim Eintritt ins Ostpalast kamen wir zuerst in den politischenAktivit?tsbereich des Sommerpalastes.Auf der Südseite sind die R?ume von Jiuqingim Norden und Süden symmetrisch angeordnet, was der Ort ist, an dem die sechsAbteilungen von Jiuqing in der Qing-Dynastie im Dienst waren.Auf dem Weg nachvorne kommen Sie zu Renshoumen. Die fünf Taihu-Steine, die Sie sehen, werdenFengxu Wulao genannt, was Langlebigkeit bedeutet.Auf dem wei?en Jadethron vonXumi, ist dieses bronzene Monster, bekannt als Qilin und Sibuxiang, einer derneun S?hne des Drachen, symbolisiert Glück und Reichtum.Vor dem Saal befindensich zwei Bronze-Zenserpaare in der Form von Drachen und Phoenix, die benutztwerden, um R?ucherwerk zu entzünden und die Atmosph?re in den Aktivit?ten desChaos zu übertreiben.Nach dem alten Ritualsystem symbolisiert das Drachenhausden Kaiser, und der Phoenix auf beiden Seiten symbolisiert die K?nigin.Hier istder Drache jedoch auf beiden Seiten, was mit der Tatsache zu tun hat, dass dieKaiserin-Witwe Cixi am Ende der Qing-Dynastie auf die Regierung hinter demVorhang h?rte und den Status der Phoenix hervorhob.

Das pr?chtige Geb?ude vor uns ist die Renshou Halle.In der Tat, w?hrend derHerrschaft des Kaisers Qianlong, wurde festgelegt, dass die Haupthalle dergegenw?rtigen Dynastie "flei?ige Regierungshalle" genannt werden sollte, wasbedeutet, dass, wenn Sie den Garten besuchen, sollten Sie nicht vergessen,flei?ig in Regierungsangelegenheiten zu sein.Als wir im Sommerpalast ankamen,verwandelten wir ihn in die Renshou-Halle, die vom Konfuzius Analects"wohlwollend Shoushou" genommen wird, was bedeutet, dass Menschen, dieWohlt?tigkeit verwalten, ein langes Leben führen k?nnen.Nun, die Darstellung derRenshou Halle ist im Grunde der gleiche wie der ursprüngliche Zustand.Es gibteinen Kowloon-Thron auf dem Boden im Flur.Es gibt auch einen roten SandelholzJiulong Bildschirm dahinter. Der Bildschirm ist von roten Sandelholz eingerahmtund mit neun Drachen geschnitzt. In der Mitte ist ein Glasspiegel mit 226Zeichen der Langlebigkeit auf verschiedene Weisen geschrieben.Um den Thron herumgibt es auch Palmfans und Eckenden.Unter ihnen ist Jiaoduan ein legend?res Tier,und seine eigentliche Verwendung ist R?ucherbrenner.Der warme Pavillon aufbeiden Seiten der Halle ist der Ruheplatz für Cixi Guangxu und diePalastminister. Unter ihnen ist ein Kesi-Handwerk mit einem Bild von hundertFlederm?usen, und in der Mitte gibt es das Wort Shou geschrieben von Cixiselbst. Da Fledermaus und Fu sind homonym, wird dieses Handwerk auch hundertSegnungen mit Shou genannt.Diese Glaswand ist aus Eisfischfedern. Sie k?nnensehen, dass die Farbe dieser Arbeit w?hrend der Regierungszeit des KaisersQianlong noch dieselbe ist, obwohl sie mehr als 200-Jahre zurückliegt.

Nachdem wir an der Renshou-Halle vorbeigegangen sind, kommen wir an denOrt, wo Kaiser Guangxu und Kaiserin-Dowager Cixi die Oper - Dehe-Garten sahen.Es wird von der linken Seite genommen "Herren h?ren sie mit Ruhe und Frieden desGeistes", was bedeutet, dass sie nach einer sch?nen Melodie Ruhe haben und dasReich der hohen Moral erreichen werden.Deheyuan Opernhaus ist das grte derdrei Opernh?user in der Qing-Dynastie. Seine Struktur ist streng undspektakul?r. Es ist 21 Meter hoch und 17 Meter breit. Es ist in drei Etagenunterteilt. Von oben nach unten, es ist Futai, Lutai und Shoutai.Es gibt aucheinen tiefen Brunnen und vier trockene Erdbrunnen auf dem Shoutai Boden.AlleEtagen k?nnen ge?ffnet und geschlossen werden.Wenn es ge?ffnet wird,kommuniziert der Patio mit dem unterirdischen Brunnen, und es gibt WindeTraktion auf der Oberseite, die die G?tter und Geister im Spiel in die Welt aufder Bühne. Der Brunnen unter Shoutai kann auch die Rolle der Klangresonanzspielen, so dass die Stimme des Schauspielers sonorous. Der Brunnen kann auchverwendet werden, um Longkou Wasser Spraying und andere Landschaftendurchzuführen.Darüber hinaus gibt es auch ein Theater für Schauspieler zuerfinden.Jetzt ist der Ort, an dem wir die Kostüme und den Mercedes Benz vonCixi sehen, das Theater zu dieser Zeit.

Auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite der Bühne befinden sich die Yile-Halle unddie Ost- und Westfassaden. Dies ist der Ort, wo die Kaiserin und diePalastminister die Oper sahen.In der Mitte der Halle befindet sich ein goldenerEmailthron von V?geln und Phoenix, der von Cixi benutzt wird, wenn siegratuliert wird. Phoenix ist der K?nig der V?gel. Dieser Bildschirm in Yile Hallzu setzen impliziert die Autorit?t der Kaiserin-Witwe Cixi.Die Galerie, in derdie Minister des k?niglichen Palastes die Oper besichtigten, wurde nun alsAusstellungsraum für kulturelle Relikte des Sommerpalastes er?ffnet. Auf derOstseite befinden sich die Kostüme der Kaiserin-Witwer Cixi und die t?glichenNotwendigkeiten, und auf der Westseite sind exquisite Handarbeiten.

Im alten China schrieb ein Gedicht: "Berge sind schwer, Wasser ist bedeckt,es gibt keine Stra?e, und es gibt ein anderes Dorf mit verborgenen Weiden undhellen Blumen".Wenn wir in die Rockerei hinter Renshou Hall kommen, k?nnen wirseine Bedeutung verstehen.Dieses Papier verwendet die Methode derLandschaftsunterdrückung in der chinesischen Gartenkunst.Zuerst scheint es, alsg?be es hier keinen Weg, aber mit dem kontinuierlichen Fortschritt wirdpl?tzlich klar, dass es vor uns tausend grüne Kunming Lake gibt.

Kunming Lake war früher ein See, der von Quellwasser gebildet wurde,genannt Xihai See. Sein Gebiet ist nicht halb so gro? wie jetzt.Als die G?rtenw?hrend der Herrschaft des Kaisers Qianlong gebaut wurden, wurde sie in denheutigen See umgewandelt.Dies ist, weil in der westlichen Han-Dynastie, vor mehrals 20__ Jahren, gab es ein kleines Land namens Kunming in Dianchi Lake, ProvinzYunnan. Um dort zu erobern, Kaiser Wu der Han-Dynastie graben einen Kunming Lakeimitiert Dianchi Lake in Changan, die Hauptstadt, um die Wasserarmee zubohren.Nach dieser Anspielung ?nderte Kaiser Qianlong das Westmeer in KunmingLake und folgte dem Beispiel des Kaisers Wu der Han-Dynastie, um hier die Marineauszuüben. Dies ist der Ursprung des Namens Kunming Lake.Als Kaiser Qianlong denGeburtstag seiner Mutter feierte, baute er den Tempel von Dabaoen Yanshou aufdem Gel?nde des Yuanjing-Tempels auf dem Berg und gab Wengshan den Namen desWanshou-Berges, was Langlebigkeit bedeutet.Auf einer Insel, nicht weit entfernt,sind alle Pflanzen Pfirsich Weiden. Es gibt einen Pavillon namens ZhichunPavilion auf ihm. Die Antiker sagten: "Es gibt drei oder zwei Pfirsichblütenau?erhalb des Bambus, und die Ente Prophet ist warm im Frühling Fluss. WennFrühling kommt jedes Jahr, ist dies der früheste Ort im Sommer Palast, umFrühling zu berichten.

Wir k?nnen sehen, dass diese Gruppe von Hof mit einzigartiger Architekturund eleganter Umgebung Yulan Hall genannt wird. Es stammt aus dem Vers von LuJi, einem Dichter der Jin-Dynastie: "Yuquan sprudelt mit leichten Wellen." Diesist der Ort, wo Kaiser Guangxu im Sommerpalast lebte.Dennoch ist es notwendig,die Reformbewegung von 1898 zu erw?hnen.Aixinjueluo Tsai Tian war der neunteKaiser der Qing-Dynastie, der Neffe von Cixi, Kaiser Guangxu.Nach dem Tod vonKaiser Tongzhi, Kaiserin Cixi, um weiterhin an der Macht zu sein, lie? sieZaidian, einen Vierj?hrigen, zum Kaiser werden, und sie h?rte wieder auf dieRegierung.Als Guangxu im Alter von 19.Jahren an der Macht war, gab es einenpolitischen Konflikt zwischen den Konservativen und den Reformern im Gericht.In1898 führten Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao und Tan Sitong, die Vertreter derReformer, die Reform durch Kaiser Guangxu durch, der als "Reformbewegung von1898" bekannt war. Da die Reformbewegung nur 103 Tage dauerte, wurde sie von denKonservativen erwürgt, die von der Witwe Cixi vertreten wurden, so dass sie auch"Hundert Tage der Reform" genannt wurde.Nach dem Scheitern der Reform wurdeGuangxu unter Hausarrest auf der Yingtai Insel im Südchinesischen Meer gestellt.Jedes Jahr kam Cixi in den Sommerpalast, er musste mit ihm kommen und inYulantang leben.Um Guangxu s jeden Schritt zu kontrollieren, befahl dieKaiserin-Witwe Cixi Ren, eine Menge Ziegelmauern um die Yulan-Halle zu bauen,und es gab Eunuchen, die das Tor bewachten. Damals schien die Yulan-Halle einOrt zu sein, der von der Welt isoliert war, aber jetzt wurden die ursprünglichenZiegelmauern im Grunde abgerissen und im Grunde auf das ursprüngliche Aussehenwiederhergestellt.Die ?berreste der Reform sind für Besucher zu besuchen.In derYulan-Halle gibt es das flache Bett, den Thron, den Schirm, den R?uchertisch undso weiter in Qianlong s Zeit gemacht. Der Ost-warme Pavillon ist GuangxusFrühstücksraum, der West-warme Pavillon ist das Schlafzimmer, die Ostseite desFlurs ist das Arbeitszimmer, und die Westseite ist die Toilette, Bad undAnkleidestelle.Der k?nigliche Fall in der Halle ist ein roter Sandelholz-Rahmen,mit Agarwood als Mittelpunkt, und die Verarbeitung ist sehr exquisit.DerBildschirm besteht aus zwei Glasschichten. Es gibt sowohl chinesischeLandschaftsmalereien als auch westliche Landschaftsmalereien auf dem Bildschirm.Das Pigment ist mit natürlichen Edelsteinen gemahlen und die Farbe ist immernoch wundersch?n.Die Rückseite des vorderen Glases ist mit Vorder- undMittelansicht bemalt, w?hrend die Vorderseite des hinteren Glases mit mittlererSicht und langer Sicht lackiert wird. Zwischen den beiden Schichten gibt eseinen Abstand, so dass der dreidimensionale Sinn sehr stark ist.Die Tafel von"Fu Dian Liu Jing" in der Halle bedeutet, dass der Kaiser von Shegming im tiefenPalast lebt.

Hinter der Yulan-Halle befindet sich die Yiyun-Bibliothek, die für dieBuchsammlung geeignet ist.Die Haupthalle ist, wo Guangxu s Kaiserin Longyu lebt,und die Westseite Halle war einst die Residenz der geliebten Konkubine ZhenfeiGuangxu.Nach dem Scheitern der Reformbewegung von 1898 befahl Cixi der KaiserinLongyu, in den ersten der vier nordwestlichen H?user von shizhangting zu lebenund lie? Prinzessin Zhenfei in der zweiten leben. Danach war es für KaiserGuangxu sehr schwierig, seine Frau zu sehen.

Aus Yiyun Hall kamen wir nach Leshoutang.Leshou stammt aus der Analogie vonKonfuzius, was bedeutet, dass dies der Ort ist, wo wohlwollende und weiseleben.Leshoutang ist das Hauptgeb?ude im Wohnbereich. W?hrend der Regierungszeitdes Kaisers Qianlong war es die Residenz der Mutter von Qianlong, der NeuenKobaltfamilie Lu. W?hrend der Herrschaft des Kaisers Guangxu lebte hierKaiserin-Witwe Cixi.

Durch Shuimu Ziqin, das Haupttor von Leshoutang, betraten wir den Hof.Mankann viele Dinge im Hof sehen.Kupfer Hirsche, Kupferkran und Kupfervase leihensich die Homophonie von Hirsch, Kran und Vase, was "Sechs Harmonien und Frieden"bedeutet, was Frieden in der Welt bedeutet.Yulan, Haitang und Pfingstrosenwerden auch im Garten gepflanzt, was bedeutet "Yutang ist reich".Der Taihu-Steinin der Mitte wird "qingzhixiu" genannt, weil er wie Ganoderma lucidumaussieht.In der Tat, es wird auch der schwarze Schafstein genannt. Dies ist,weil in der Ming-Dynastie, gab es einen Mann namens Mi Wanzhong, der den Steinsehr mochte. Er nahm eine Phantasie auf den Stein in Fangshan und wollte ihn inden L?ffelgarten Haidian. Jedoch, wegen verschiedener ungünstiger Faktoren,versuchte er, das Geld zu laufen und lie? es auf der Seite der Stra?e. Sp?tersah Kaiser Qianlong den Stein auf seinem Weg zurück in die Hauptstadt deswestlichen Mausoleum s,Also wurde es nach Leshoutang transportiert.In der Hallevon Le Shou Tang befindet sich ein roter Sandelholz-Sieb mit einem Glasspiegelals Mittelpunkt, und auf ihm sind Muscheln-Schnitzereien eingelegt.Golden neunPfirsich Begasungsofen wird verwendet, um Sandelholz zu verbrennen, die dieInnenluft regulieren kann.Die beiden gro?en blauen und wei?en Porzellanplattenauf dem Tisch sind repr?sentative Werke der Qing-Dynastie blaues und wei?esPorzellan, die verwendet werden, um Früchte für Cixi zu beobachten und zuriechen.In der Halle auf beiden Seiten des Ostens und des Westens gibt eshundert V?gel, Pfauenschirm zwei Sitzschirm, sind Guangdong StickereienProdukte.Der bunte Glasleuchter, der auf der Oberseite der Halle hing, wurde ausDeutschland in 1903 importiert. Es war eine der frühen elektrischen Lampen inChina. Der Generator wurde in der N?he von Wenchang Pavilion installiert.Wenndie Kaiserin-Witwe Cixi Snacks und Tee isst, kann sie auch den Fischtischbeobachten. Er besteht aus Venus-rotem Sandelholz und mit einem Glastischeingelagert. Der Tisch ist auch mit Landschaftsfiguren und Pavillons mitwertvollen Materialien geschnitzt.Die Tafel von "Cihui Yizhi" in der Hallebedeutet, die tiefe Freundlichkeit der Kaiserin zu empfangen und ihr den gro?enSegen anzuvertrauen.

Der Westkreuzhof von leshoutang hei?t yangrenfeng. Die Architektur im Hofhat die Eigenschaften des Jiangnan Garten.Auf dem zentralen Hang im Norden desGartens befindet sich eine Ventilatorenhalle. Der Boden vor der Halle bestehtaus wei?en Marmorlüfterknochen und Bergachse. Der ganze Saal ist wie ein offenerKlapplüfter.

Von hier aus gingen wir durch den Korridor, der Wanshou Berg und KunmingLake verband.Es beginnt vom Tor des einladenden Mondes im Osten und endet imShizhang Pavilion im Westen, mit einer Gesamtl?nge von 728 Meter und 273Zimmer.Da die Grundlage des Korridors mit dem Gel?nde des Wanshou-Bergesschwankt, ?ndert sich der Trend des Korridors mit der Beugung der Nordbank vonKunming Lake. Am Verbindungspunkt des Gel?ndes und der sich ver?nderndenRichtung gibt es vier Pavillons, die Frühling, Sommer, Herbst und Winterdarstellen, die Liujia, Jilan, Qiushui und Qingyao sind. Das Design ist sehrgenial.Gallery ist der l?ngste Korridor im chinesischen Garten, auch als Galeriebekannt.Das liegt daran, dass es mehr als 14000 sowjetische Stilmalereien in derGalerie gibt, und sie werden selten wiederholt.Unter ihnen gibt es 546-Gem?ldeüber die Landschaft des Westsees. Als Qianlong den Korridor im fünfzehnten Jahrbaute, befahl er den Leuten, nach Hangzhou zu kommen, um sie zu kopieren.Diemeisten der Bildmalereien nehmen chinesische klassische literarischeMeisterwerke an, wie die Reise nach Westen, die Romantik der drei K?nigreiche,der Traum von Red Mansions, usw. die Zeitspanne des Inhalts ist sehr gro?, vonden drei Kaisern und fünf Kaiser bis zur Qing-Dynastie, oben und unten5000-Jahre, die als Miniatur der chinesischen Kulturgeschichte bezeichnet werdenk?nnen. In 1900 wurde sie von Guinness World Records als die Top-Galerie derWelt bewertet.

Nachdem wir aus dem Korridor gegangen sind, kommen wir zu derGeburtstagsfeier-Bereich zentriert auf Paiyun Point, die die sch?nste Gruppe vonGeb?uden vor dem Wanshou Berg ist und bildet die zentrale Achse des WanshouBerges.Vom Seeufer bis zum Weisheitsmeer auf dem Gipfel des Berges, wird dieZentralachse mit Hauptgeb?uden wie Paiyun Gate, Paiyun Hall, buddhistischenPavilion, Zhongxiang K?nigreich, Weisheitsmeer usw. verteilt.

Die Paiyun-Halle wurde auf dem Gel?nde der Daxiong-Halle in Dabaoen YanshouTempel w?hrend der Regierungszeit des Kaisers Qianlong gebaut. Dort wurde dieKaiserin-Witwe Cixi offiziell zu ihrem Geburtstag gratuliert.Paiyun stammt vonGuo Pu, einem Dichter der Jin-Dynastie, der ein Gedicht schrieb: "Dieunsterblichen paiyun kommen heraus, aber sehen Sie die goldene und silbernePlattform."

In der Halle, neben der herk?mmlichen Einrichtung wie dem Thron und derLeinwand, gibt es auch einige spezielle Einrichtungsgegenst?nde, um dieAtmosph?re zu verleihen, wie der mit Chinese Taiwan Ebenholz geschnitzte Bildschirm, derLanglebigkeit Charakter mit Agarwood, der runde Spiegel Bildschirm, das goldeneLack Pflaumenbaum und die Birkenwurzel Schnitzerei.W?hrend der Geburtstagsfeierknieten Beamte oberhalb der Klasse zwei im Paiyun-Tor nieder, w?hrend jeneunterhalb der Klasse drei vor dem Tor niederknieten. Kaiser Guangxu knietemitten im Tor des zweiten Palastes nieder, w?hrend Cixi auf dem Jiulong-Thron imHaupthaus sa?, um die Glückwünsche zu empfangen.

(die Tafel von "Fanli Jingwei" bedeutet grenzenloses Glück)

Der buddhistische Weihrauch-Pavillon, die Gemeinde des Weihrauchs und dasMeer der Weisheit waren Teil des Tempels w?hrend der Herrschaft des KaisersQianlong

Gebaut in 1758 im zwanzigsten Jahr der Herrschaft des Kaisers Qianlong,wurde der FOXIANG Pavillon im 17.Jahr der Herrschaft des Kaisers Guangxu wiederaufgebaut. Es kostete mehr als 780000-Silber-Taels, das teuerste Projekt imSommerpalast.Es ist das Zentrum des ganzen Gartens

Chinese food is divided into four big cuisines sichuan, guangdong, shandong, jiangsu, and dozens of branch of major cuisine, there are thousands of different flavors, each branch work different famous manufacturer, food culture is means all the world, impressive.

Beijing capital, brought together the national cuisine, is to eat what you crave. Not only that, in recent years in Beijings western cuisine also in Kyoto, French food, Russian western food, Italian food, American fast food, has become Beijing on-off taste delicious. Since long, however, came to Beijing, you have to taste the first genuine Beijing cuisine. Kyoto today, it is the delicacy of the foreign administrative, even all over the country, people can enjoy almost any kind of cuisines of China all over the world the best flavor, so, for the guests to Beijing today, seize the opportunity, and are indeed very lucky.

Beijing roast duck is regarded as "world a delicious", also is the representative work of Beijing flavor. One of the best places to eat roast duck, when Beijing front door, the peace arch, wangfujing quanjude roast duck restaurant. The shop was founded 130 years ago, if from the ancestor of roast duck restaurant Yang Ren operating ducks, that is going to push for 30 years.

Palace cuisine is one of the pillars of the Beijing cuisine, reflect the historical characteristics of Beijing 800 for all, a real blue blood. Today, imperial dishes into folk already, although strictly keeping his aristocratic demeanor. Because of Beijing winter cold, hot pot is from Beijings pet on the table. Flavor snack is a feature in Beijing, as a result of destinations ethnic characteristics snacks, breed is very rich.

The street there are many snack bar, night market and the free market also have snacks stalls, in the Spring Festival, temple fair, flowers at the meeting - always the most attractive places. At present, can eat snacks in Beijing have a cake, soy milk, rice cakes, Fried cake, soybean curd, tea soup, roast sweet potato, wonton, baked wheat cake, etc.

北京密云司马台长城旅游

司马台长城位于北京东北部120公里的险关重镇古北口境内，此段长城始建于明洪武初年，是一段偏离原北齐长城基础的明长城，也是至今仍保留代长城原貌的一段古长城。

司马台长城，全长5.4公里，敌楼35座。整段长城构思精巧、设计奇特、构思新颖、形态各异，它集万里长城众多特色于一地，形成一段“奇妙的长城”。

综观司马台长城，可用“险、密、全、巧、奇”五字概括。险：司马台长城沿刀削斧劈似的山脊修筑，蜿蜒曲折，惊险无比，尤其是天梯和天桥两段，更是险中有险。天梯是单面墙长城，坡陡墙窄，最窄处不足半米，呈直梯壮沿山体上升，两侧更是陡峭悬崖，置身其上，俯首下望，令人目眩。天梯顶端，便是天桥，长不逾百米，宽只有一砖，约40厘米左右，两侧又是悬崖绝壁，令人不寒而栗，英雄气短，游客把这儿称作咫尺天涯。虽然名为天桥，但到这里的人们却都说：“过桥难，难于上青天”，这里可说是明长城中依山设险，险上加险的最险要地段之一。密：是司马台长城又一特点，两敌楼相距最近仅43.8米，最远600米，一般都在100-------200米之间，若按当时明代筑长城的规定，每500米修敌楼一座的话，可见此段长城是一例外。全：是指敌楼和城墙的建筑形式奇特多样。从外观来看，敌楼有单眼楼、双眼楼、三眼楼、四眼楼和五眼楼，有单层楼，上下相通的双层楼和三层楼。它们均为空心敌楼，大小不一、形态组合各异，是按驻军的官衔等级，驻防人数以及地势险要程度分别来建造的。从内部结构来看，有砖结构、砖木结构、砖石结构；又有单室、双室、多室之分；房间布局有“田”字、“井”字；楼顶变化多端，有平顶、穹窿顶、八角藻井顶、覆斗顶；就连门窗也新颖别致，有边门、中间门、有砖券和石券，还有技艺精湛的雕花花岗岩石门。这是长城史上不可多得的珍贵文物。司马台长城东段的仙女楼和望京楼就是两种具有代表性的敌楼，望京楼是司马台长城的制高点，海拔986米，为空心三眼楼，二层砖石结构。这里视野开阔，隐约可见北京城轮廓，故称望京楼。望京楼头，东观“雾灵积雪”、“蟠龙卧虎”、北看“燕山叠翠”、南瞧“水库明珠”、壮丽关山，尽收眼底。仙女楼是敌楼中建造得最美的一座，掩映在老虎山腰的树丛中，下部条石合缝，上部磨砖达顶。内部用青砖砌成两道大拱，三条甬道，十个券门。顶部正中心砌成蜘蛛网状的八角藻井，四边砌四个砖柱，游人在里面轻轻放歌便能发出悦耳的回音。门券上还有并蒂莲花浮雕，整个敌楼处处给人以精巧、细腻、秀丽之感。仿佛它不是人间战争的防御设施，而是一座仙境楼阁。此外、城墙的构造更是匠心独运，富于变化。因地形和军事上的需要，城墙又分为单边墙、双边墙和障墙，有砖砌、石砌及砖石混合砌，城墙上的箭孔疏密也从几十个直到上百个。巧：体现为进可攻，退可守，步步为营的障墙。而小天梯上的障墙，可谓登峰造极，在20多米的垂直落差内从最顶上的障墙箭孔，一直可以通过所有障墙的射孔，到达最下的射孔，精巧之至，另人赞叹。由此可以想像昔日戌边将士苦战御敌的战争场面。奇：构筑在溶洞上的长城，洞与城的巧妙组合，在整个明长城中绝无仅有，令人称奇叫绝。

司马台长城虽以山势险陡、长城雄奇为主景，却不乏碧波荡漾、湖光帆影的优美环境，长城角下的鸳鸯湖赋予了这段长城以灵性，清澈的湖水，是由水量充沛、四季凉爽的冷泉和冬季热气喷涌、水温常年在38℃的温泉汇聚而成的，湖水冷暖各半，经东历夏，从不结冰。夏季里荡舟湖上，清风徐来，让人神清气爽，心旷神怡。

司马台长城不仅有奇丽的风光，亦是一座文化遗产的宝库。今年来，在这段长城上发现了许多长城文物，其中：有石刻“题名碑”，碑上记载着当年修建长城时的情况以及与建城有关的官员的名字，同时这里还发现几处城墙和敌楼上有带戳印文字的砖，上面刻的都是参加修建长城的军队名称和年代，如“万历五年山东左营造”、“万历五年宁夏营造”等等。长城砖上带有戳印文字，在其它长城上也是及为少

见。在修复这段长城清基过程中，又清出一批出土文物：有当年守城将士使用过的各种武器，其中有铁炮、石炮、铁镞铁铳、手雷、三眼铳。铁弹丸、火药勺等，还有守城战士用过的生产生活用具，其中有锄头、铁铲、菜刀、铁灯碗等等，以上这些文物很珍贵，它为研究明代长城及明代历史提供了价值很高的事物资料。

长城是中国也是世界上非常重要的文化遗产，司马台长城则是这份遗产中的一颗明珠，为了更好地保护这段长城，并满足广大中外游客更好地领略长城的风采，司马台长城景区一手抓文物保护工作，一手抓旅游开发建设，使司马台长城这一世界文化瑰宝无愧于时代，无愧于著名长城专家罗哲文教授的评价：“中国长城是世界之最，而司马台长城是中国长城之最。”

司马台还为游客提供登城隐形索道、游览峡谷索桥、鸳鸯湖上泛舟、游泳、垂钓、住宿、小型会议、山寨野味等服务。6月举办司马台长城国际滑翔节、8月举办文化节、9月举办登城比赛。

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北京龙庆峡被人们誉为北京的“小漓江”。龙庆峡水库高耸的大坝相连着两座山，其宽有四五十米，大坝犹如一把白色的巨锁把龙锁住了。登上大坝俯瞰北面，墨绿色的水面倒影着山峦和白云。东西的两座山，峭壁直立，象刀切似的，足有几十丈高，“龙庆峡”可能由此峡而得名。当你划船而渡，大有“山重水复疑无路”、“柳暗花明又一村”之感。水似飘罗带，曲曲弯弯，山不转水转，仿佛永无尽头，每转一山就是一景。那千姿百态的山和石，有的像出鞘的剑，有的像举起的大锤，有的像昂首的虎，有的像扭着头的象……因此人们根据它们的形状取名为“震山如来”、“鸡冠子山”、“金缸山”等等。

两边的崖岸之上，有镇山如来、石熊跳岩、九连洞、鸡冠山、金刚山、马蹄潭、将军岩、金刚寺遗址等奇峰怪石，堪称“塞外一绝”。它既有塞外的雄奇，又兼有江南的秀丽，可与桂林的漓江、长江的三峡相媲美。是北京十六景之一。

来自世界各地的游客们：

你们好!

欢迎来到“世界遗产”之北京故宫，我是来自河北的袁导游，下面我就带大家去细细游赏一番吧。

中国明清两代的皇宫，又称紫禁城，地点位于北京城中心。开始建造与明永乐四年至十八年，也就是现在说的1406年至1420年，后来经过多个朝代的劳动人民细心修改，变成富丽堂皇，但仍保持着原来的布局和规模，是世界上保存的最完整、规模最大的古代木构架宫殿建筑群。

我们说完了北京故宫的历史，现在该说说外观和排列顺序了吧!

这座城设四个门，南门正中面是午门、北边是神武门、东为东华门、西为西华门，四门各建有重檐庑殿顶门楼。这座城的四个角都还布有一些结构精巧、外观秀丽的角楼。外面的墙有10米多高呢!还有护城河宽52米，够宽的吧!长3800米，整个建筑群按南北中间的中轴线为对称布局，层次分明，主次有序。

听完了一以上那些，你应该对北京故宫有些了解了吧!可能你还不知道吧，连皇帝的住所都是那么井井有条!

文化殿，武英殿是面阔九间的但檐歇山顶建筑。文化殿是皇帝听大臣讲书的地方，武英殿是皇帝吃饭、居住和召见大臣的地方。后三宫、东西六宫和乾清宫和坤宁宫通直御花园。坤宁宫和乾清宫是内廷的正殿、正寝，是皇帝、太后和皇后的正式居住场所，平均面积宽九间，为重檐庑殿顶。

前三殿是全宫最大的建筑群，占地面积有达8.5万平方米，是宫城的12%，后三宫则为前三殿的25%，期于宫殿依次递减，主要突出前三殿、后三宫的主要地位。1961年定位中国第一批全国重点文物保护单位，已被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产。