北京历史博物馆解说词（20篇）

位于北京丰台区花乡大堡台，距市中心16公里。 公园整体布局按照五大洲版图划分景区，以世界上40个国家的109处著名古迹名胜的微缩景点为主体，荟萃了世界上最著名的埃及金字塔、法国埃菲尔铁塔、巴黎圣母院、美国白宫、国会大厦、林肯纪念堂、澳大利亚悉尼歌剧院等建筑，以及意大利式、日本式民居等。

园中还建有供餐饮、购物的国际街、充满异国情趣的国际民俗村及童话世界、激光喷泉等。 景点的建筑材料尽可能仿照原物 ，采用铜雕 、铜铸、鎏金、镀金、木雕等，工艺精湛、外观逼真，保持了原作风貌。公园的水系按照五大洲的版图、仿照四大洋的形状而设计、独具匠心。

四季皆可前往观览世界上著名的埃及金字塔、法国埃菲尔铁塔、巴黎圣母院、美国白宫、国会大厦、林肯纪念堂、澳大利亚悉尼歌剧院等建筑，以及意大利式、日本式民居等微缩景点

欢迎你来到北京故宫！这里又称紫禁城，是明朝两代的皇宫，为我国现在最大最富贵的古建筑群，面积达15500平方米，房屋9000多间。故宫四周围有10米高的城墙，墙外四角各有一座华丽奇特的角楼。

从午门进入紫禁城，然后沿着中轴线依次参观内金水桥，太和门，太和殿，中和殿，乾明宫，交泰殿，坤宁宫，御花园。参观完御花园，可以通过御花园左侧的门进入东六宫依次参观储秀宫，翎坤宫，永寿宫，咸福宫，长寿宫，太极殿，然后出内右门回到乾明广场，东行进入内左门，可依次参观延禧宫，永和宫，景阳宫，乘乾宫。参观完东六宫可沿东长庆门，然后再进入皇极门，可以参观皇极殿，宁寿宫，扮戏楼，畅音阁，养性殿，乾隆花园，贞妃井，最后出贞顺门西行出神武门就可以离开故宫了。

今天我能给你们当导游我感到非常荣幸，我跟着大家一起游览了美丽的北京故宫，高兴的度过了一天。希望你们再来北京故宫的时候再请我当导游，我会更好地讲解美丽的故宫的。

天坛是北京“天地日月”诸坛之首，是我国和世界上现存最大的古代祭祀性建筑群，始建于明永乐十八年，是一座典型坛庙，是明清两代皇帝祭天祈谷的场所。每年孟春祈谷、孟夏祈雨、孟冬祀天。无论从架构、力学还是美学角度来看，天坛都是出类拔萃、举世无双的建筑杰作。现已辟为公园开放，昔日的皇家坛庙现已成为北京市区富有特色的旅游公园。 天坛是圜丘、祈谷两坛的总称，占地273公顷，面积占整个崇文区的1/4。天坛建筑布局呈“回”字形，有垣墙两重，形成内外坛，坛墙南方北圆，象征天圆地方。有斋宫、圜丘坛、祈年殿、长廊、万寿亭、回音壁、三音石、七星石和古柏等名胜古迹。

天坛布局

天坛的主要建筑均位于内坛，从南到北排列在一条直线上。全部宫殿、坛基都朝南成圆形，以象征天。整个布局和建筑结构，都具有独特的风格。祈年殿是皇帝祈祷五谷丰登的场所，是一座三重檐的圆形大殿，高38米，直径32.72米，蓝色琉璃瓦顶，全砖木结构，没有大梁 长檩，全靠28根木柱和36根枋桷支撑，在建筑的造型上具有高度的艺术价值。

天坛被两重坛墙分隔成内坛和外坛，形似“回”字。两重坛墙的南侧转角皆为直角，北侧转角皆为圆弧形，象征着“天圆地方”。外坛墙周长6553米，原本只在西墙上开辟祈谷坛门和圜丘坛门，1949年后又陆续新建了东门和北门，并把内坛南面的昭亨门改为南门。

天坛的内坛墙周长4152米，辟有六门：祈谷坛有东、北、西三座天门，圜丘坛的南面有泰元、昭亨和广利门。主要建筑都集中在内坛，南有圜丘坛和皇穹宇，北有祈年殿和皇干殿，两部分之间有隔墙相隔，并用一座长360米、宽28米、高2.5米的“丹陛桥”(砖砌甬道)连接圜丘坛和祈谷坛，构成了内坛的南北轴线。

圜丘坛是皇帝举行祭天大礼的地方，始建于嘉靖九年(1530年)。坛平面呈圆形，共分三层，皆设汉白玉栏板。坛面原来使用蓝琉璃砖，乾隆十四年(1749年)重建后，改用坚硬耐久的艾叶青石铺设。每层的栏杆头上都刻有云龙纹，在每一栏杆下又向外伸出一石螭头，用于坛面排水。圜丘坛有外方内圆两重矮墙，象征着天圆地方。圜丘坛的附属建筑有皇穹宇及其配庑、神库、宰牲亭、三库(祭器库、乐器库、棕荐库)等。 站在圜丘坛最上层中央的圆石上面虽小声说话，却显得十分洪亮。因此每当皇帝在这里祭天，其洪亮声音，就如同上天神谕一般，加上祭礼时那庄严的气氛，更具神秘效果。这是因为坛面光滑，声波得以快速地向四面八方传播，碰到周围的石栏，反射回来，与原声汇合，则音量加倍。

圜丘坛

圜丘坛又称祭天台、拜天台、祭台，是一座露天的三层圆形石坛，为皇帝冬至祭天的地方，始建于明嘉靖九年(1530年)，清乾隆十四年(1749年)扩建。坛周长534米，坛高5.2米，分上、中、下三层，各层栏板望柱及台阶数目均用阳数(又称“天数”，即九的倍数)，符""之尊。坛面用艾叶青石砌就。坛面除中心石是圆形外，外围各圈均为扇面形，数目也是阳数。每层都有汉白玉栏板望柱，均为9的倍数。顶层中心的圆形石板叫做太阳石或者天心石，站在其上呼喊或敲击，声波会被近旁的栏板反射，形成显着的回音。

古代中国将单数称作阳数，双数称作阴数。在阳数中，数字9是“阳数之极”，表示天体的至高至大，叫作“天数”。古人认为九是阳数之极，表示至高至大，皇帝是天子，也至高至大，所以整个圜丘坛都采用九的倍数来表示天子的权威。圜丘坛的栏板望柱和台阶数等，处处是9或者9的倍数。顶层圆形石板的外层是扇面形石块，共有9层。最内一层有9块石块，而每往外一层就递增9块，中下层亦是如此。三层栏板的数量分别是上屋栏板72块，中层108块，下层180块，合360周天度数。三层坛面的直径总和为45丈，除了是9的倍数外，还暗含“之尊”的寓意。

圜丘坛外有两重围墙，内圆外方，四面各辟棂星门一座。西南角有望灯台三座(南北二座只余遗迹)，东南角有燔柴炉、瘗坎、燎炉和具服台。坛东还有神库、神厨、宰牲亭、祭器库、乐器库和棕建库等附属建筑。

皇穹宇

圜丘坛以北是皇穹宇，皇穹宇院落位于圜丘坛外壝北侧，坐北朝南，圆形围墙，南面设三座琉璃门，主要建筑有皇穹宇和东西配殿，是供奉圜丘坛祭祀神位的场所。祭天时使用的祭祀神牌都存放在这里。它始建于嘉靖九年(1530年)，初名泰神殿，十七年(1538年)起改称皇穹宇。乾隆十七年(1752年)重修后为鎏金宝顶单檐攒尖顶建筑，用蓝色琉璃瓦铺设屋顶，象征青天。大殿直径15.6米，高19.02米，由八根金柱和八根檐柱共同支撑起巨大的殿顶，三层天花藻井层层收进，构造精巧。殿正中有汉白玉雕花的圆形石座，供奉“皇天上帝”牌位，左右配享皇帝祖先的神牌。正殿东西各有配殿，分别供奉日月星辰和云雨雷电等诸神牌位。整个殿宇的外观状似圆亭，坐落在2米多高的汉白玉须弥座台基上，周围均设石护栏。另外，在皇穹宇殿前到大门中间的石板路上，由北向南的三块石板叫做三音石。在皇穹宇门窗关闭而且附近没有障碍物的情况下，站立于第一块石板上击掌，可听到回音一声;于第二块石板上击掌，可听到回音两声;于第三块石板上击掌，可听到回音三声。

回音壁就是皇穹宇的围墙。墙高3.72米，厚0.9米，直径61.5米，周长193.2米。墙壁是用磨砖对缝砌成的，墙头覆着蓝色琉璃瓦。围墙的弧度十分规则，墙面极其光滑整齐，对声波的折射是十分规则的。只要两个人分别站在东、西配殿后，贴墙而立，一个人靠墙向北说话，声波就会沿着墙壁连续折射前进，传到一、二百米的另一端，无论说话声音多小，也可以使对方听得清清楚楚，而且声音悠长，堪称奇趣，给人造成一种“天人感应”的神秘气氛。所以称之为“回音壁”。

祈年殿

祈年殿在天坛的北部，也称为祈谷坛，原名大祈殿、大享殿，始建于明永乐十八年(1420xx年)，是天坛最早的建筑物。乾隆十六年(1751年)修缮后，改名为祈年殿。光绪十五年(1889年)毁于雷火，数年后按原样重建。目前的祈年殿是一座直径32.72米的圆形建筑，鎏金宝顶蓝瓦三重檐攒尖顶，层层收进，总高38米。

祈年殿的殿座就是圆形的祈谷坛，三层6米高，气势巍峨。坛周有矮墙一重，东南角设燔柴炉、瘗坎、燎炉和具服台。坛北有皇干殿，面阔五间，原先放置祖先神牌，后来牌位移至太庙。坛边还有祈年门、神库、神厨、宰牲亭、走牲路和长廊等附属建筑。长廊南面的广场上有七星石，是嘉靖年间放置的镇石。

天坛的主体建筑是祈年殿，始建于明永乐十八年(1420xx年)。每年皇帝都在这里举行祭天仪式，祈祷风调雨顺、五谷丰登。祈年殿呈圆形，直径32米，祈年殿高38米，是一座有鎏金宝顶的三重檐的圆形大殿，殿檐颜色深蓝，是用蓝色琉璃瓦铺砌的，因为天是蓝色的，以此来象征天。

祈年殿在建筑上出色之处是，祈年殿用28根楠木大柱和36块互相衔接的榜、桷，支撑着三层连体的殿檐。这些大柱有不同的象征意义：中央四柱叫通天柱，代表四季;中层十二根金柱，代表十二个月;外层十二根檐柱，代表十二时辰;中外层相加二十四根代表二十四节气;三层相加二十八根，代表二十八星宿;加柱顶八根童柱，代表三十六天罡;宝顶下雷公柱，代表皇帝一统天下。其附属建筑有皇乾殿、祈年门、神库、神厨、宰牲亭、燔柴炉、瘗坎、具服台、走牲路及72间长廊等。长廊南面的广场上有七星石，石上镂刻山形云纹图案，是明嘉靖时放置的镇石。

这座大殿坐落在面积达5900多平方米的圆形汉白玉台基上，台基分3层，高6米，每层都有雕花的汉白玉栏杆。这个台基与大殿是不可分的艺术整体。当游人跨出祈年殿的大门，往南望去，只见那条笔直的甬道，往南伸去，一路上门廊重重，越远越小，极目无尽，有一种从天上下来的感觉。难怪一位法国的建筑专家在游览了天坛之后说：摩天大厦比祈年殿高得多，但却没有祈年殿那种高大与深邃的意境，达不到祈年殿的艺术高度。这座大殿在1889年(清光绪十五年)被雷击起火焚毁，据说，当时殿的大柱是用沉香木做的，燃烧时，清香的气味，数里之外都可以闻到。翌年，皇帝召集群臣商量重建祈年殿。因找不到图样，掌管国家建筑事务的工部便把曾经参加过祈所殿修缮事务的工匠们召集来，让他们根据记忆、口述制成图样，再施工建造。因此，现在的祈年殿是清代光绪年间的建筑，但是，基本建筑形式、结构，还保留着明代的样子。

九龙藻井

祈年殿内，天花板处是精致的“九龙藻井”，龙井柱则是描金彩绘。殿内中央有一块平面圆形大理石，石面上的花纹，是自然形成的龙凤花纹，一条行龙抱着一只凤凰，这便是“龙凤石”，即“龙凤呈祥”。 相传，这块石头上原来只有凤纹，而殿顶藻井内只有雕龙，年长日久，龙、凤有了灵感，金龙常常飞下来找凤石上的凤凰寻欢。不料有一天正遇见嘉靖皇帝来祭天，在石上跪拜行礼，金龙来不及飞回去，和石上的凤凰一起被嘉靖皇帝压进圆石里面，再也无法出来，从此才变成一深一浅的龙凤石。1889年祈年殿被焚烧时，这块龙凤石被烈火熏烧了一个昼夜，石块虽未被烧碎，但龙纹被烧成浅黑色，凤纹被烧得模糊不清。祈年殿前有东、西配殿各九间，称东庑和西庑，是收藏配神牌位的库房。明代祭天时，除祭祷皇天上帝外，还要配祭皇族朱氏祖先，以及日、月五星，东、西、南、北、中的五大岳，五小岳的五镇，四海四渎(河湖)、风云雷雨、山川、太岁、道教等各神祗和历代帝王等。

神乐署

神乐署原为天坛五大建筑之一，在圜丘坛西天门外西北，始建于明朝永乐十八年(1420xx年)。神乐署是管理祭天时演奏古乐的机关。明代叫神乐观，当时神乐观的乐舞官、舞生都由道士担任。

而现在的神乐署占地一万平方米，由三进大殿组成。演奏场是刚刚重建的———作为明清时期的最高乐舞学府，神乐署经过两年多修缮向游人开放。在专题展览室里，游人还可以亲自敲打编钟，感受古乐的魅力。凝视殿里，木廊柱下，现代灯光交织辉映，照亮了30位身穿古代华服的乐师———头戴垂绦冠，身穿黑锦衣，肩头、前襟和袖口绣着红黄织锦图案。他们是国内音乐界的古乐演奏家、民乐指挥家、音乐史学家。

雅乐是中华仪式音乐的代表，指皇家宫廷在进行祭祀等仪式时演奏的音乐。乐队的排列是琴瑟在中，笙箫在侧，钟、磬合围三面。雅乐的节奏较为舒缓，乐师一边演奏，一列歌者在旁配合演唱古文歌词。还有不配歌词的琴瑟合奏曲，以及《诗经?国风》的独唱。六支雅乐结束后，余音绕梁，台下掌声经久不息。一位首次弹奏“瑟”的乐手说，“瑟”之音比古琴清亮，比古筝柔和，百年不闻于世，实在可惜。

南神厨院

南神厨院建于明嘉靖九年(1530)，位于圜丘东，座北朝南，院门南开，主要建筑有神库、神厨、井亭，是圜丘冬至祭天大典之前制作圜丘坛各种祭品的场所。院门外有走牲道与圜丘东棂星门相连，祭时临时搭设走牲棚以运送祭品。建筑规整庄重，是我国祭祀建筑中仅存的几座神厨之一。

闲唠天坛

1420xx年，明永乐皇帝朱棣用工十四年与紫禁城同时建成了天坛。这个巨大的祭天神庙位于故宫正南偏东的城南。也许和那个时候还保留着一些相似，南城在今天仍是京城中比较后发展的区域。拜后发展之赐，南城鲜有鳞次栉比的高大建筑群用来遮天蔽地，从长安街中心地段往南即使是步行也不需要很久，就可以张望到高撑空中盖笠一样的祈年殿鎏金宝石蓝琉璃顶或是绵亘数公里素朴的灰砖围墙之一隅。

北方的园林不比江南建造的细巧雅致，多是宏大叙事，动辄占地数百公顷。有一种说法，天坛当年的设计者们顾忌天坛是祭天之所，皇帝既然自称是天之子，“老天”的居所自然要大过“天子”，因此天坛的占地面积比故宫要大两倍。大概出于同样的顾忌，天坛的主体建筑都以深蓝琉璃瓦敷顶，不敢僭越使用本属皇家园林专用的明黄色琉璃，而每年度的祭天大典开始前皇帝更要到丹陛桥东侧专设的具服台临时将黄袍换成蓝袍以向上天演示他虔诚的敬畏和顶礼膜拜。这样的祭典在这里延续了数百年，直到上个世纪的1920xx年，史称窃国大盗的袁世凯当上皇帝的时候又声势浩大地操办了一次之后就正式拉上了帷幕。

天坛的南北东西各有一门，其主要建筑集中在内坛中轴线的南北两端。对于匆匆的游客来说，最好从南门开始游览。从南门进园，依次先到寰丘坛，这座几何造型祭天坛的建筑充满奇思巧技，坛面、台阶、栏杆所用的汉白玉石块全是九的倍数，象征九重天;皇穹宇是放置皇天上帝牌位的地方，造型像是一个小号的祈年殿;在皇穹宇的外面，有一道圆形磨砖对缝的围墙，门向南开，就是很有趣的回音壁。在回音壁试回音要方法得当，如果同行两人，两人应面向北分别站在东西配殿后才能听见彼此的说话。回音壁北有祈年殿、皇乾殿，是北端的重要建筑，其间由一条宽阔的丹陛桥相连接。天高云淡的晚秋时节跨出祈年殿的大门，顺着这条三百米长笔直的甬道往南望去，门廊重重，越远越小，天地渺然雄浑似是极目无尽，令人不得不赞叹当年设计建筑的手法和灵感。天坛另有东侧的游廊、神厨、宰牲亭和西天门的斋宫等建筑和古迹。特别是斋宫，因为是皇帝典礼前沐浴焚香清心静养留宿斋戒的地方，不似天坛的其他建筑那么恢弘高远俨俨然天庭气概。暮春时分，斋宫内外两道护城河的河池铺满盛开的紫花沙参，榆叶梅绚烂的花枝隐现在红墙悬山顶绿琉璃瓦建造的重重回廊房舍和小小的月亮门上，透着庭院深深的人间气息。难以想象，八国联军那时候怎么就能把联军总司令部设在这样清幽净心之地而不得些感化。

其实对于把天坛当作自己生活空间向户外延展的市民来说，天坛的华美建筑只是他们在这里活动的一个大背景，更大的吸引力来自这是城区独有的森林公园。明清以来天坛广植松柏，至今已成森然巨林。

永定河上的卢沟桥，在北京附近，修建于公元1189到1192年间。桥长265米，整座桥由11个半圆形的石拱组成。每个石拱长度不一，短的只有16米，长的有21.6米。石拱之间有石桥墩，把11个桥拱连成一个整体。由于各拱相连，所以卢沟桥叫做连拱石桥。永定河发大水时来势很猛，以前两岸河堤常被冲毁，但是自从建成卢沟桥，再没有出过事，从这里可以看出它的设计很科学。桥宽约8米，路面平坦，几乎与河面平行。桥面用石板铺砌，两旁有石栏石柱。每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。有的母子相抵，有的相互戏耍，有的像倾听水声，有的像检阅桥上的车马，千姿百态，栩栩如生。

早在13世纪，卢沟桥就闻名于世界。那时候马可·波罗来过中国，他在游记里赞扬这座桥，说它是“世界上独一无二”的。他特别欣赏柱子上的狮子，说它是“美丽的奇观”。在国内，这座桥也历来为人们所称赞。

在我国人民抵抗帝国主义侵略战争的历史上，卢沟桥是值得纪念的。1937年7月7日，爱-民奋起抗战，揭开了抗日战争的序幕，在中国历史上写下了光辉的一页。

卢沟桥，亦称芦沟桥，在北京市西南约15公里处，丰台区永定河上。因横跨卢沟河(即永定河)而得名，是北京市现存最古老的石造联拱桥。桥身结构坚固，造型美观，具有极高的桥梁工程技术和艺术水平，充分体现了古代汉族劳动人民的聪明才智和桥梁建造的辉煌成就。

卢沟桥为十一孔联拱桥，拱洞由两岸向桥中心逐渐增大，拱券跨径从12.35米至13.42米不等，桥身中央微微突起93.5厘米，坡势平缓。河面桥长213.15米，加上两端的引桥，总长266.5米。桥身总宽9.3米。桥面宽7.5米。桥两侧雁翅桥面呈喇叭口状，入口处宽32米。桥面两侧设置石栏，北侧有望柱140根，南侧有141根。望柱间距约1.8米至2米，柱高1.4米。柱间各嵌石栏板，栏高约0.85米。

整个桥身都是石体结构，关键部位均有银锭铁榫连接，为华北最长的古代石桥。在《马可·波罗游记》中它被形容为一座巨丽的石桥，后来外国人都称它为"马可波罗桥"。1937年7月7日，日本帝国主义在此发动全面侵华战争。宛平城的中国驻军奋起抵抗，史称"卢沟桥事变"(亦称"七七事变")。中国抗日军队在卢沟桥打响了全面抗战的第一枪。

早在13世纪，卢沟桥就闻名世界。那时候有一个意大利人马可·波罗来过中国，他的游记里，十分推崇这座桥，说它"是世界上独一无二的"。并且特别欣赏桥栏柱上刻的狮子，说它们"共同构成美丽的奇观"!

卢沟桥是在金世宗统治的大定二十八年(1188年)五月，决定修建的。不过当时尚未动工，金世宗就在第二年年初病逝了。卢沟桥始建于1189年六月，明昌三年(1192年)三月完工。两侧石雕护栏各有140条望柱，柱头上均雕有石狮，形态各异，据记载原有627个，现存501个。石狮多为明清之物，也有少量的金元遗存。"卢沟晓月"从金章宗年间就被列为"燕京八景"之一。因桥身跨越卢沟，人们都称它卢沟桥。早在战国时代，卢沟河渡口一带已是燕蓟的交通要道，兵必争之地。1153年金朝定都燕京(今北京市宣武区西)之后，这座浮桥更成了南方各省进京的必由之路和燕京的重要门户。

卢沟桥公元1444年重修。由于清康熙年间永定河洪水，桥受损严重， 不能再用，大量古迹在洪水中销声匿迹。1698年重修，康熙命在桥西头立碑，记述重修卢沟桥事。桥东头则立有乾隆题写的"卢沟晓月"碑。公元1920xx年，清光绪帝死后，葬于河北省易县清西陵，须通过卢沟桥。由于桥面窄，只得将桥边石栏拆除，添搭木桥。事后，又将石栏照原样恢复。

1937年7月7日在卢沟桥发生的"七七卢沟桥事变"，成为中国展开全国对日八年抗战的起点。中华人民共和国建立后，在桥面加铺柏油，并加宽了步道，同时对石狮碑亭作了修缮。1961年卢沟桥和附近的宛平县城被公布为第一批国家重点文物保护单位。1971年为保护卢沟桥减少其运输量而建立的卢沟新桥完工，但卢沟桥仍然继续承担交通运输任务。1986年卢沟桥历史文物修复委员会成立，目的在于恢复卢沟桥原貌，工程拆除了1949年后铺设的柏油和1967年加宽的步道，恢复了古桥的原貌，同时将机动车的通行移至紧邻的卢沟新桥与之后修建的京石高速公路。

建桥历史

明代自永乐十年(1420xx年)到嘉靖三十四年(1555年)共修桥6次。6次均无大工程。

清代自康熙元年(1662年)至光绪年间，共修桥7次，其中5次工程不大，只有两次工程稍大一些。

公元1920xx年，清光绪帝死后，殡葬于河北省易县西陵，须通过此桥。由于桥面窄，只好将桥两旁石栏临时拆除，在两侧添搭木桥，以便顺利通过棺椁。事后，又将石栏照原样恢复。

历史上有两个卢沟桥

最初的建于金朝大定二十九年(1189)，到清朝康熙年间毁于洪水。康熙三十七年重建(1698)，这才有了卢沟桥。因此，通常所说的卢沟桥有八百余年历史，是把新旧两个桥的时间算在一起，我们所看到的是康熙重建的卢沟桥，只有三百余年的历史。

文革期间的修缮工程

1967年8月，中央"文革领导小组"命北京市革命委员会(市政府)解决卢沟桥交通不畅问题。在这加宽400余米步道、建立59道混凝土挑梁的修缮工程中，由于正值"文革"，原工区主任和老工程师都在接受工人阶级再教育(参加劳动)，由一名青年工人任施工队队长，施工队中有一名贫农出身的老石工，自己做主大胆地更换望柱91根、栏板9块。在91根望柱上共雕出石狮164只。比原有91根望柱上的狮子总数多出5只。使全桥望柱上的狮子总数达到491只。

新建"卢沟新桥"

1971年，北京市在距卢沟古桥约一公里远处又新建了"卢沟新桥"。这是一座17孔跨河公路桥，全长54.99米，宽15.5米。

1985年又在旁边建了一座新桥，旧卢沟桥从此成为文物，不再通车。

全面修缮古桥

1986年，北京市政府专门成立了"卢沟桥历史文物修复委员会"，全面修缮了古桥。工程筹资355万元，拆除了1967年加宽的步道和混凝土挑梁，并清除沥青，中间空出印心，完全恢复了古桥原貌。

1988年9月3日是一雷雨天，一个霹雷将卢沟桥北侧东起第68根栏杆望柱击坏，望柱上的石狮也同时坏损。1997年又对部分被雷电击坏的石狮和望柱进行了补救。

卢沟桥的狮子数不清

民间有卢沟桥的狮子数不清之谓，各方说法不一，此处据卢沟桥文物部门数据。卢沟桥全长266.5米，宽7.5米，最宽处可达9.3米。有桥墩十座，共11孔，整个桥体都是石结构，关键部位均有银锭铁榫连接，为华北最长的古代石桥。而最有特色的，则是桥墩的造法。墩下面呈船形，迎水面砌作分水尖，外形像一个尖尖的船头，其作用则在于抗击流水的冲击。桥上的石刻十分精美，桥身的石雕护栏上共有望柱281根，柱高1.4米，柱头刻莲座，座下为荷叶墩，柱顶刻有众多的石狮。望柱上雕有大小不等、形态各异、数之不尽的石狮子。民间有句歇后语说:"卢沟桥的石狮子--数不清"，明代《帝京景物略》也有卢沟桥的石狮子"数之辄不尽"的记载。许多游人试图搞清数目，但数来数去，眼花缭乱，最后只有作罢。1962年有关部门专门派人搞了一次清点，逐个编号登记，清点出大小石狮子共485个，至此，应该说是"迷团冰释"了。孰料，在1979年的复查中，又发现了17个，这样，大小石狮子的总数应为502个，今后是否还会发现，谁也不敢来划这个句号。

石狮子姿态各不相同

卢沟桥的石狮子姿态各不相同。狮子有雌雄之分，雌的戏小狮，雄的弄绣球。有的大狮子身上，雕刻了许多小狮，最小的只有几厘米长，有的只露半个头，一张嘴。因此，长期以来有"卢沟桥的狮子数不清"的说法。据统计，望柱上有大石狮281个，小石狮211个，桥上石狮共492只，桥东端还有顶着栏杆的石狮，左右各1只。桥两头有华表各1对，华表顶部石兽各1对(东边为一对狮子，西边为一对大象)。总计石狮496个，两畔还各有石碑一座:一座碑上记载清康熙二十七年(1698)重修卢沟桥的经过。另一座是乾隆所写金章宗所题"卢沟晓月"四字。碑高4.52米，宽1.27米，厚84厘米，卢沟桥为燕京八景之一。1937年"七七事变"就发生在此。望柱上当年日军的弹痕犹斑斑可见。1981年建立卢沟桥史料陈列馆，1987年在桥南另建一座新公路桥，叫京石公路桥，全长1120米。卢沟古桥只准许行人步行通过。卢沟桥为全国重点保护文物。

坐落在桥西头的石碑

明崇祯十三年(1640年)建成此城。城东西长640米，南北长320米，城门分东西两座，东门为"顺治"西门为"永昌"，清代改为"威严"。东西城门建有城楼、瓮城和闸楼。原来城四角各有一座角楼。南北城墙正中有马道并在台上盖有楼和兵房。城墙周围有垛口、望孔，下有射眼，每个垛口都有盖板，古称"崇墉百雉，严若雄关"。

三狮齐吼

1937年7月7日，爆发了震惊中外的"卢沟桥事变"，从此中国人民开始了全面性的抗战。

桥东端伏地大石狮

抗战雕塑园:中国人民抗日战争纪念雕塑园，是由北京市政府投资兴建的爱国主义教育基地，是一个集历史、文化、艺术和革命传统教育于一体的观光胜地。她于1995年7月7日奠基，20xx年7月竣工，8月16日正式对社会开放。

抗战雕塑园位于丰台区宛平城与京港澳高速公路之间的三角地带，西临永定水，南望京港澳高速，北倚宛平城，占地二十公顷。园内有前亲笔题写碑名的中国人民抗日战争纪念碑;有以《国歌》为主题反映中国人民八年浴血抗战历史的雕塑群区以及下沉式中心广场、历史悠久的宛平城墙等主要景区。园中还种植了雪松、合欢、珍珠梅等十余种乔灌木和名贵草坪，林草相映成趣。置身于雕塑园中，举目眺望，纪念碑巍然高耸，雕塑群凝重悲壮，宛平城墙岁月沧桑，不禁令观众浮想联翩，万千感受油然而生。

雕塑群区由日寇侵凌、奋起救亡、抗日烽火和正义必胜四个部分共计三十八尊铜铸雕塑。

大家好!欢迎你们来到颐和园，我是你们的导游，希望我们可以一起度过一段美好的时光。我先自我介绍一下，我叫，大家可以叫我小X。

颐和园，位于北京西北郊，原是清代的皇家园林和行宫。颐和园主要由万寿山和昆明湖组成，占地290.8公顷，其中水面占地四分之三。清朝乾隆皇帝诗曰“何处燕山最畅怀，无双风月属昆明”来赞美昆明湖。颐和园的构思之巧妙，建筑之精致，集我国园林艺术之大成，有“皇家园林博物馆”之称颐和园导游词稿导游。

我们现在来到的是颐和园的长廊。这条长廊有七百多米长，分成273间。每一间的横槛上都有五彩的画，分别画着人物、风景和动植物，几千幅画，没有哪两幅是相同的。

请到这边来，这就是万寿山。看，立在半山腰上的八角宝塔形的三层建筑，那就是佛香阁，黄色的琉璃瓦还在闪闪发光呢!下面的一排排金碧辉煌的宫殿，就是排云殿

大家小心上山。现在我们到了佛香阁了，从这里向下看，那葱郁的树丛，掩映着黄的绿的琉璃瓦屋顶和朱红的城墙。现在大家向正前方看，昆明湖静的多像一面镜子，绿的多像一块碧玉呀!游船、画舫在湖面上慢慢滑过，几乎一点痕迹都不留。大家再向东远眺，是不是隐隐约约可以望见几座城楼和城外的白塔呢?

现在我们就来到昆明湖了。大家看那座横跨湖上的石桥，桥上有十七个桥洞，所以叫十七孔桥;桥栏上的石柱有几百根，大家有兴趣的话可以数数，每根柱子上都雕刻着小狮子，栩栩如生，活灵活现。

清代皇室为了显示他们的特殊地位和便于管理，清代王府一般都设在内城。

“铁帽王府”。清初对入关有功的8家王爵，封为世袭罔替，俗称“铁帽王”，他们的王府就叫铁帽王府，共有8处，5处在西城，三处在东城。

以后又封了几个铁帽王，共12个世袭罔替王爵。

北京有两个恭亲王，一个是顺治皇帝的第五子常宁，府址在今东四十条。

另一个是道光皇帝的第六子奕*，1852年将原庆王府转赐奕*，此处原是和珅宅，位于前海西街17号，这个恭王府是保护得最好的一个王府。

恭王府位于前海西街17号，是清代规模最大的一座王府，据说恭王府总面积为一百多亩。相当于中山公园，这是至今保存最好的一座王府，曾是和珅的宅邸。

1996年10月起开放的只是恭王府的后花园，占地9亩，但其规模已经是非常可观的。

恭王府分中东西三路，分别由多过四合院组成，后为长160米的二层后罩楼。

恭王府假山，此假山是用糯米浆砌筑成的，非常坚固，山上置两口缸，缸底有管子通到假山上，通过往缸中灌水的办法来增加院中的湿度，过去整个假山上都长满了青苔。

假山正中有一康熙皇帝为其母祝寿写的“福”字碑，这是恭王府的“三绝”之一，碑石长7.9米，贯穿整修假山。

垂花门，因门上有两个倒垂的花卉而得名，门前的两棵龙瓜槐在和珅居住时就有，这种树比较珍贵。

垂花门内的牡丹院，院中有紫藤萝架。 院子正中造形呈蝙蝠形状的小湖。

在清代的北京，往住宅中引入活水，是要经皇帝特批的，恭亲王府是少有的几个享此殊荣的王府之一。

西式门，据说在当时在北京只有3个。这也是恭王府的三绝之一，另一绝是戏楼和福字碑。

花院门内的假山石，起到影壁的作用，名称为“独乐峰”。

各位游客大家好!

我是快旅游社的导游，我叫陈凯瑶，大家叫我小陈好了，当然也可以叫我陈导。

在接下来的几天中，我将陪伴大家一起游览北京的名胜风景区。

希望通过我的讲解，能够使您对北京故宫有个美好的印象，同时也希望您能对我的工作提出宝贵的意见。

好，我们就开始今天的游览行程。

今天我们要参观的故宫，非常雄伟。

它占地72万平方米，其中建筑面积为16.5万平方米，南北长961米，东西宽753米，周围有10米高的城墙围绕。

还有穿52米的护城河，在四角都建有一座精美的角楼。

根据1973年的统计，故宫有大小院落90多座，房屋有980座，共计8704间。

按照这种布局建筑而成的故宫就是明清两代24位皇帝的皇宫，其中明朝有14位，清朝有10位，统治时间共长达五个世纪。

好了，现在大家自己慢慢游玩!注意，大家在游览时不要乱丢瓜果皮。

祝大家玩得愉快。

Dear tourists, we are now here to Tiananmen Square, the largest city centersquare in the world, with an area of 440000 square meters. Moreover, thegeographical location of Beijing in the world is determined by the longitude andlatitude of the square (east longitude: 116 ° 23 ′ 17 ″, north latitude: 39 ° 54′ 27 ″),. It is located in the center of Beijing and has been watching thehistorical changes of Beijing since ancient times. In the Ming Dynasty, it wasonce called chengtianmen square. There was a T-shaped square. Of course, it isno longer there. In the Qing Dynasty, it was changed to Tiananmen Square. Afterthe revolution of 1911, Tiananmen Square became the best gathering place formass movements. The famous May 4th movement, the 129 student movement and so ontook place here. The most famous event here, I believe you all know, was thefounding ceremony on October 1, 1949, when 300000 people gathered here tocelebrate the founding of new China. After liberation, the T-shaped square wasdemolished and large buildings such as the monument to the peoples heroes, theGreat Hall of the people, the history museum and the revolutionary museum werebuilt. In 1976, after the death of the president, the memorial hall of thepresident was built on the original position of the Chinese gate, thus formingthe architectural pattern of the square today. In the 50th anniversary of thenational day, Tiananmen Square has undergone a series of renovation, making thesquare more beautiful, spectacular and clean. You must be looking forward to theTiananmen Square I described. It doesnt matter. I will introduce it to you oneby one in the next tour.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, it was called Chengtian gate.It was just a wooden archway, which means "to carry out the transportation fromheaven, to be ordered by heaven". However, it was burned down in the MingDynasty. Later, the city building with nine wide faces and five deep faces wasbuilt, which truly reflected the emperors respect of 95. But at the end of MingDynasty, it was destroyed again. During the reign of emperor Shunzhi of the QingDynasty, after the reconstruction of the city tower, it was renamed Tiananmen,the other three imperial city gates were renamed daian, and the three mainhalls of the Forbidden City were renamed daihe, which reflected the good wishesof internal and external security. This is what we are looking at now. It iscomposed of three parts: the foundation, the platform and the tower. The base iswhite marble xumizuo, which is the highest level base in ancient China, with aheight of 1.59 meters. The platform is 14.6 meters high. And the double eaves ofthe city tower rest on the top of the mountain, which was also the highest levelof the temple roof at that time. The whole building is 33.7 meters high. After70 years of renovation, it has risen by one meter.

This is a very high-grade building, and its role is also very important. Inthe Ming and Qing Dynasties, whenever there was a national ceremony, theceremony of "Jinfeng imperial edict" was held on the city tower. After theimperial edict was announced, a wood carved Golden Phoenix was put on the yellowsilk thread machine. The Golden Phoenix carried the imperial edict down thewall. The officials of the Ministry of rites caught it with a cloud tray, andthen put it into the Dragon Pavilion to praise the Ministry of rites, and thenpromulgated it. )And whenever the emperor went out of the palace to sacrifice,this was the only way. The most important moment for new China was also bornhere. The chairman solemnly announced the founding of new China on the TiananmenGate Tower, and personally angered the first five-star red flag of new China.The portrait of the chairman on the city floor is replaced every year before thenational day.

The river in front of Tiananmen tower is called Jinshui River. Then why isit called Jinshui River? Because this river is drawn from the northwest ofBeijing, and in the Yin Yang and five elements, the West belongs to Jin and theNorth belongs to water, so this river is named Jinshui River, and the sevenwhite jade bridges on the river are Jinshui bridge. The two bridges next to themare called Gongsheng bridge, which correspond to the Taimiao temple and thesheji altar, which are now the Cultural Palace of the working people andZhongshan Park. The one in the middle is the royal road bridge, which isspecially used by the emperor and queen. The two bridges beside it are royalbridges, which are used by the royal princes. The two bridges beside them aregrade bridges, which can only be passed by officials above grade three.

In front of Jinshui bridge, there is a stone lion on the left and right.The one on the left is the master, and the one on the right is the lioness. Howcan we tell the male from the female? Because the male masters foot is on thehydrangea, while the female lion is the cub. Now in order to protect thecultural relics, the lions have been fenced up. There were a pair of Huabiaobefore and after Tiananmen Square. In fact, the original name of Huabiao was FeiMu. It was set up by the emperor to show that he could accept and acceptopinions, and gradually evolved into todays Huabiao. The monster at the top ofit is called Hou. The one on the North China watch is called wangjunchu, whichmeans to let the emperor go out of the palace to observe the peoples feelings.The one on the south end is called wangjungui, which means that the emperorshould not be nostalgic for the world outside the Palace, but should go back tothe palace in time to deal with government affairs.

Now please turn back. Behind us is Tiananmen Square. In the Ming and QingDynasties, it was T-shaped, with a north-south royal road in the middle. On bothsides of the royal road, there were Qianbu corridor, with 110 corridors on bothsides. On the south side of Changan Street, with the red wall extending to theEast and West, there were 34 corridors, so Qianbu corridor had 228 corridors. Atthe southernmost end of the imperial Road, damingmen was in the Ming Dynasty,but it was changed to daqingmen in the Qing Dynasty; The gates on the East andwest sides are Changan left gate and Changan right gate, which are also calledLongmen and Humen respectively. After the scientific examination, Huang Bangannounced in the left gate of Changan that the Jinshi in the examination wouldenter the imperial city from here, so they are called Longmen. The reason forHumen is that after the frost falls every year, the imperial court has toexamine the prisoners, and the prisoners who are examined and approved are takenout of the right gate of Changan, which is tantamount to falling into thepalace Hukou is called Humen. These are all related to the five elements.

In ancient China, there was a saying of "wendongwuxi", so on the East andwest sides of qianbulang is the location of Wufu Liubu. On the east side of thesquare, the area around the present history museum is basically the centralcivilian organs, while on the west side, that is, the area around the Great Hallof the people, are the five army governors office and the secret service royalguards. In order to facilitate these officials to enter the Imperial City, anorth-south gate, donggongsheng gate and xigongsheng gate, were built outsideLongmen Humen.

Now we cant see the trace of that time. Instead, we have modern buildingswith more historical significance and political characteristics.

On the west side of the square is the Great Hall of the people. It startedconstruction in October 1958 and lasted for one year. It was completed beforethe National Day in 1958, covering an area of 171800 square meters. The wholebuilding is like a "mountain". The highest point in the center is 46.5 meters,which is the highest building in Tiananmen Square. The great hall is dividedinto three parts: in the center is the auditorium of the ten thousand peoplesCongress, with a total area of 36000 square meters and 10000 seats. There is ahuge red five pointed star on the top of the auditorium, giving off 70 to 70rays of light. The decoration layout of the whole dome is not only magnificent,but also a symbol of the unity of the people around the Party Central Committee;in the north is the banquet hall, with a total area of more than 7000 squaremeters, which is the largest banquet hall in China; In the south is the officebuilding of the National Peoples Congress, which includes the conference hallsof 37 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the centralgovernment, such as Chongqing hall, Hong Kong hall, etc.

In the northeast of the square is the Museum of the Chinese revolution,which was officially opened to the public on July 1, 61. The main exhibits arerevolutionary materials since the May 4th movement, and the contents of theexhibits in the museum are extremely rich. Southeast of the square is theChinese history museum. Its predecessor is the Beijing History Museum. In 26, itwas changed into the National History Museum. Four years later, it was changedinto the Beiping History Museum of Academia Sinica. In April 34, it was changedinto the Preparatory Office of the Central Museum and the Beiping HistoryMuseum. Its exhibits cover more than 300000 pieces of cultural relics, coins,pictures, etc. with thousands of years of history from the slavery society ofXia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty.

Facing the Tiananmen Gate Tower is the monument to the peoples heroes.According to the resolution of the first plenary session of the Chinese peoplesPolitical Consultative Conference in September 49, the monument to the peoplesheroes was built in Tiananmen Square. More than 240 design schemes werecollected from the whole country, and three schemes were selected. Finally, itwas decided that Liang Sichengs design scheme should be taken as the main one,and the other three schemes should be integrated. Thats what we see today.52.8.1 was officially built, completed in 58.4 and ceremoniously unveiled in5.1. The 100 ton core stone was transported from Qingdao to Beijing. After aseries of processing and carving, the finished product is 14.7 meters high, 2.9meters wide, 1 meter thick and weighs 60 tons. The body of the stone is composedof 413 pieces of granite. The base of the stele is composed of more than 17000pieces of granite and white marble, covering an area of more than 3000 squaremeters.

The front of the monument faces Tiananmen Square and is inlaid with goldplate. The chairman wrote "the peoples heroes are immortal". On the back is a158 character inscription drafted by the chairman and written by Premier Zhou(over the past three years, the peoples heroes who died in the peoplesLiberation War and the peoples revolution are immortal) Over the past 30 years,the peoples heroes who died in the peoples Liberation War and the peoplesrevolution are immortal, which dates back to 1840 years. Since then, in order tofight against internal and external enemies, strive for national independenceand peoples freedom and happiness, the peoples heroes who died in previousstruggles are immortal. There are eight reliefs around the pedestal, 2 metershigh and 40.68 meters long. From the East, the order is: Humen tobacco, thedestructed opium, the Wuchang movement, the 54 Movement, the May 30 movement,the Nanchang uprising, the Anti Japanese War, and the victory across the river.On both sides of the victory crossing, there are two decorative patterns, whichare: supporting the front line and welcoming the peoples Liberation Army. Thereare 180 characters in all the reliefs.

To the south of the monument to the peoples Heroes is the chairmansmemorial hall. The construction of the memorial hall started on November 24,1976, and it took only six months to complete. Officially opened on the firstanniversary of the chairmans death. In front of the north gate of the memorialhall are two groups of clay sculptures, both of which are based on revolutionaryepics. The South Gate of the main building is to inherit the will of thepresident and show the confidence of the people of all ethnic groups. The 30 redflags outside the South Gate represent 30 provinces and autonomous regions inChina. The platform foundation of the memorial hall is built with jujube redgranite from the Dadu River. Around the foundation stone are stones from MountEverest and water from the Chinese Taiwan Strait. The main building of the memorial hallis composed of three parts: one enters the stele hall, facing a three meter highstatue of the chairman, where commemorative activities are held; one enters fromthe golden Phoebe gate on the south side of the North Hall, where the chairmansbody is placed; the South Hall is on the south side of the hall, where thechairmans poem "Manjianghong" is engraved. On the East and west sides of thethree halls are the rest hall and the memorial room of the old revolutionary.Now the memorial room of Deng Xiaoping has been added.

Behind the chairmans memorial hall is the main gate of the inner city,Zhengyang gate. In the past, Zhengyang gate was the tallest building in thecountry, which meant that the LORD was in the sun, the sun was in the sky, andall nations were looking forward to it. Now its the only complete preservedtower and arrow tower in Beijing.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the traffic hub between Xicheng andNancheng was Qipan street. Now it is probably located in the square between thechairmans memorial hall and Zhengyangmen tower.

In fact, Tiananmen Square also has a very famous landscape, which is theflag raising and flag lowering ceremony. Tens of thousands of people come towatch the ceremony every day. Zeng Liansong, the designer of Chinas nationalflag design, is the first national flag maker. This super large national flag ismore than 5 meters long and 3 meters wide. At the founding ceremony, thepresident personally raised this national flag, which symbolizes the birth ofnew China.

The original flagpole base of Tiananmen Square was closed, which made itinconvenient to raise and lower the flag, and the equipment was old. So the newbase and flagpole were rebuilt on February 25, 1991. The plane of the new baseis three layers. The first layer is made of white marble, and there arepassageways all around. The second layer is reddish brown granite, whichsymbolizes the red of the people. The third layer is green belt, whichsymbolizes the prosperity of the socialist motherland. In addition, there are 56golden copper separation piers around, which symbolize the unity of 56nationalities hand in hand and heart in heart under the national flag.

The new flagpole is made of seamless steel pipe made by Shougang. It isdivided into four sections, weighing 7 tons and 32.6 meters high. It will notrust in 20 years.

The flag raising and lowering ceremony should be held on the first day ofevery ten days or important national celebrations, and the flag raising andlowering ceremony should also be held on other days. Every day, the time ofraising the flag is based on sunrise, and the time of lowering the flag is basedon sunset. The national anthem is played. During festivals, the military bandplays live, while at ordinary times, the recording is played. If you areinterested, you can also watch this important landscape at your convenience.

各位旅客朋友们：

大家好!

魏嘉平二年(250年)征北将军刘靖驻守蓟城时，命军士千人在桑乾河上修戾陵堰，开车箱渠、导高梁河水灌溉。高梁河水系下游即今什刹海一带。

13世纪，蒙古灭金在的宫殿毁于大火，元世祖忽必烈决定另建一座新的都城。什刹海是元大都规划设计的最基本的依据之一。[2]全城自北向南的中轴线是紧傍积水潭而选定的;大都城四面的城墙位置是依积水潭东南岸的距离而建的。元朝曾依托这一片水域在东岸确定了都城建设的中轴线，什刹海始成为元、明、清三代城市规划和水系的核心。[3]元代名海子，为一宽而长的水面，明初缩小，后逐渐形成西海、后海、前海，三海水道相通。

明中叶什刹海水面稻田增加而湖面锐减，在德胜桥东南，开挖一条直通下游水面的渠道岔河)，与后海隔开，积水潭水由岔河直流到前海，南经西压闸入皇城，同时向西北，过银锭桥倒流入后海，形成“银锭观山水倒流”的景观。

顺治元年(1644年)清朝定都北京，内城由各旗分别管辖，今什刹海地区属正黄旗。康熙二十七年(1688年)疏浚什刹海。

1949年新中国成立后，北京市政府对什刹海进行了清淤工作，又在岸边上建立了水泥栏杆。

1992年北京市政府将其定为历史文化风景区。

亲爱的旅客朋友们，你们好!我是这次旅程的导游，我姓张，你们可以叫我张导，今天我们要去的地方是北京故宫。

现在我们在的位置是在故宫的门口，故宫位于北京市中心，也称‘紫禁城’。这里曾居住过二十四个皇帝，是明清两代的皇宫，现为‘故宫博物院’。

现在请大家顺着我的右手往这边走，这里是故宫的宫殿建筑。你们知道吗?故宫的宫殿建筑是中国现存最大的.最完整的古建筑群，总面积达九万多平方米，有殿宇宫室9999间半，被称为‘殿宇之海’。这建筑群气魄宏伟，富丽堂皇，极为壮观，无论是平面布局还是立体效果，都是无与伦比的。现在大家可以在这里休息一下，拍下照片，过个30分钟再走。

好了，大家跟着我继续向前走。故宫由一条中轴贯通南北，这条中轴又在北京城的中轴线上。三大殿.后三宫.御花园都位于这条中轴线上，现在我们所在的位置是故宫的角楼，角楼建造精巧美观。角楼周围环绕着高10米，长3400米的宫墙，墙外有52米宽的护城河。大家仔细地看看。

朋友们，因为时间仓促，这次对故宫的介绍就到此结束。下次有机会再带大家详细的参观。谢谢合作!

亲爱的游客们，这天由我来当大家的导游，我感到十分荣幸。期望在这完美的一天给大家带来快乐。

游客们，此刻我们来到的是长廊，你看它多美呀!红漆的栏杆，绿漆的柱子一眼望不到头，这条长廊有700多米长，分成273间。每一间的横槛上都有五彩的画，画着人物、花草、风景，几千幅画没有哪两幅是相同的。说到这儿，你有点不信了吧，但是这的确是真的，这能表现出多少劳动人民的智慧才修建成这美丽的长廊。

走完长廊，如果大家想到昆明湖中心的小岛上玩，就务必透过一座石桥。这座石桥有十七个桥洞，叫十七孔桥;桥栏杆上有上百根石柱，柱子上都雕刻着小狮子，姿态不一，没有哪两只是相同的。

颐和园的旅程就到那里了，亲爱的游客们，再见。

各位游客：

大家好，我是你们的导游，曹宇翔。

下面我要给大家讲讲天坛的传说，现在大家抬头看一下这就是美丽的天坛，从远出看是个八角形宝塔。

天坛是王屋的主峰，高峰耸寺深古纵横，一峰突起，万峰臣伏，唯我独尊，从南向北看中间高，两边低，好似屋顶像王者之屋，称王屋山。天坛原名叫琼林台，因皇帝在山顶设坛祭天，后人为了纪念，该为天坛。为了纪念皇帝老师华盖对皇帝指点，把天坛峰前的山叫华盖峰。

我们走过天坛，又来到了望景寺，这里可以这人观赏天坛的风景。

天坛是世界文化遗产，国家5A级旅游景区，全国重点文明保护单位。于北京正阳门，东南方自，为明清两朝皇帝祭天，求雨和祈，寿年专用祭坛，是世界上现在规模最大，最完美的古代祭天建筑群。总面积273平方米。1920xx年作为公园正式对外开放。

坛为三层圆形石台，坛区占地20万余平方米。因此;明清时期北京的天坛与历朝代郊坛有一脉相承的渊源。

天地坛遂改称为天坛。消沿明制，天坛一称沿用至今。从乾隆八年1743年起，对天坛建筑进行了多次修理，天坛终于形成了南北两坛，规制严谨的盛郎风貌。

天坛到处有美丽的风景，说也说不尽，希望你有机会细细游赏。

亲爱的游客朋友：

今日，由我带领大家来游览故宫。

故宫位于北京市中心，是明、清两代的皇宫，又称紫禁城。故宫始建于明永乐四年至十八年，也就是此刻说的1406年至1420年。北京故宫为世界五大宫殿之首，其它四殿分别是法国凡尔赛宫、英国白金汉宫、俄罗斯克里姆林宫和美国白宫。故宫南北长961米，东西宽753米，面积约为725，000平方米。建筑面积15。5万平方米。故宫够大吧!

相传故宫有9999。5间房，有人做过形象比喻：如果有人从刚出生就开始住，要住到27岁才能够住完。实际据1973专家现场测量故宫的房间有8704间。

故宫有四个门，正门名为午门。午门有五个洞。其平面为凹形，宏伟壮丽。午门后有五座精巧的汉白玉拱桥通往太和门。东门名东华门，西门名西华门，北门名神武门。故宫的四个城角都有精巧玲珑的角楼，角楼高27。5米，十字屋脊，三重檐迭出，四面亮山，多角交错，是结构奇丽的建筑。

后门“神武门”，明朝时为“玄武门”，玄武为古代四神兽之一，从方位上讲，左青龙，右白虎，前朱雀，后玄武，玄武主北方，所以帝王宫殿的北宫门多取名“玄武”。清康熙年间因避讳改称“神武门”。神武门也是一座城门楼形式，用的最高等级的重檐庑殿式屋顶，但它的大殿仅有五开间加围廊，没有左右向前伸展的两翼，所以在形制上要比午门低一个等级。神武门是宫内日常出入的门禁。现神武门为故宫博物院正门。

东华门与西华门遥相对应，门外设有下马碑石，门内金水河南北流向，上架石桥1座，桥北为三座门。东华门与西华门形制相同，平面矩形，红色城台，白玉须弥座，当中辟3座券门，券洞外方内圆。城台上建有城楼，黄琉璃瓦重檐庑殿顶，城楼面阔5间，进深3间，四周出廊。

前三殿是全宫最大的建筑群，占地面积有达8。5万平方米，是宫城的12%，后三供则为前三殿的25%，期于宫殿依次递减，主要突出前三殿、后三宫的主要地位。1961年定位中国第一批全国重点文物保护单位。

好了，大家能够自由活动了，游玩时注意安全，注意坚持景点卫生，祝大家玩得愉快。

我们有时候还把故宫叫做紫禁城，而它的名称是怎样得来的呢?我国古代天文学家把天上的主要恒星分为三垣、四象和二十八星宿。三垣是太微垣、紫微垣和天市垣。其中紫薇垣居中，是天上皇帝所居住的地方，称为紫宫。封建帝王自称是天帝的儿子，所以他们也把自己居住的皇宫象征为天上的紫宫。而且皇帝居住的地方戒备森严，不许庶民百姓接近，是绝对的禁地，又称为禁宫，所以这里也被叫做紫禁城。这里共有四道门，分别是午门、神武门、东华门和西华门。而紫禁城的正门就是午门，因为在罗盘上，上午的代表正南，所以午门也是南大门的意思。它的平面呈“凹”字型，从汉代的门阙形制演变过来。下端有高12米的墩台，正中的墩台上面有门楼，两侧还设有钟鼓亭，东西两侧突出的部分叫观，上部各有廊庑13间，两端还建有重檐攒尖方亭。中央的广场叫阙。在明清两代，这里是朝廷举行颁朔大典和献俘典礼的地方。正中开了三道门，两侧都有掖门，这种做法称为“明三暗五”。五个门洞都有各自的用途：中门是皇帝专用的，或者皇帝大婚的时候，皇后可以从这里入宫，科考三甲也可以从这里入宫;平时，文武百官走左门，宗室王公走右门;掖门只有在大型活动的时候才开，三品以下的官员按照文东武西分别通过东西掖门，外国使节要从西掖门才可以入宫;在殿试的时候，考生分单双号，从东西掖门中通过。

走过由汉白玉雕琢的永安桥、穿过堆云牌楼，您就来到了琼华岛。琼华岛上树木苍郁，殿宇栉(zhì)比，亭台楼阁，错落有致，白塔耸立山巅，成为公园的标志。走进永安寺的山门，拾阶而上您可以登上白塔。关于永安寺的壮丽景观我将在您到达时详细介绍。您走下白塔沿岛步行，你可以欣赏到又一些美景。西侧，那里有著名的"阅古楼"内存有三希堂法帖，它是享誉世界上最著名的书法作品集成。西北面被一组沿湖长廊所环抱，北面山坡上，可见到相传为秦汉时期的文物"铜仙承露盘";东侧山脚下是琼岛春阴碑，它是老北京著名的燕京八景之一。"半月城"亦称般若香台,在东坡依山而建;下面是"般若香台牌楼",过"陟山桥"折而向北就来到东岸景区。

沿湖建有北京目前历史最悠久的船坞;环湖的垂柳掩映着东岸的著名景点--濠濮间、画舫斋。濠濮间是一处马蹄形小山围成的水潭，在这座人工建造的皇家园林中现出它独特的野趣。由濠濮间向北就是画舫斋，著名的古树--唐槐就在其中，画舫斋以其宁静、幽雅的园林意境名扬中外。出画舫斋西门就可看到清代"先蚕坛"的大门。从先蚕坛北过桥向西而行就到达北岸景区。

北岸景区从东到西布满景点：东侧有静心斋--人称"乾隆小花园"、大西天景点有西天禅林喇嘛庙建筑群，"华藏界"牌楼、"天王殿"、金丝楠木建成的"大慈真如宝殿"、九龙壁等建筑;九龙壁西南是"快雪堂""铁影壁"，再往西您就看到了北海五龙亭、阐(chǎn)福寺、小西天等众多著名景点。

从小西天极乐世界殿出来向南，可以从北海公园西门出园，也可乘游艇回到琼华岛由南门出园。

大家好！

我是今天的导游员小A，很荣幸带领大家来度过一段愉快的时光。今天我们要参观的是美丽的北京植物园。它是一个集科普、科研、游览等功能于一体的综合性植物园，是国家重点建设的植物园之一。

首先，我来向大家介绍一下我们今天的行程安排及注意事项。我们的游览路线是：首先参观植物展览区的大温室，然后前往卧佛寺，最后去曹雪芹纪念馆。在参观的过程中，请大家不要采摘植物园中的植物，不要随便碰、摸植物，有的植物具有剧毒，千万不要品尝植物的花、果等。整个参观过程中，请大家紧跟队伍，不要走丢，而且要保管好自己的随身物品。

在开始游览之前呢，我先就北京植物园的基本情况向大家做一个简单的介绍。

北京植物园位于海淀区香山公园和玉泉山之间，1956年经国务院批准建立。规划面积400公顷，现已建成开放游览区200公顷，由植物展览区、名胜古迹区，科研区和自然保护区组成。园内引种栽培植物10000余种近150万株。收集栽种植物7000余种，是目前我国北方最大的植物园。

北京植物园由植物展览区、名胜古迹人文景观、自然保护区和科研区组成。

植物展览区包括观赏植物区（专类园）、树木园、盆景园、温室花卉区。名胜古迹游览区由卧佛寺、樱桃沟、隆教寺遗址、“一二·九”纪念亭、梁启超墓、等组成。

在20xx年1月，北京植物园被评为首批国家AAAA级旅游景区，以其优美的环境、优良的秩序、优质的服务和优秀的文化迎接着国内外宾客。

好了，现在咱们到达了我们的第一个目的地——植物展览温室。

植物展览温室是北京植物园的一个中心展室，动工兴建始于1998年3月28日，20xx年1月1日开始接待游人，它的建筑面积9800平方米，占地5.5公顷，是目前亚洲最大，世界单体温室面积最大的展览温室。

它划分为四个主要展区：热带雨林区、沙漠植物区、四季花园和专类植物展室。展示植物3100种60000余株，为群众提供观赏丰富多彩的植物景观、学习科学知识、具有较高品位的游览点。

下面大家有半个小时的自由参观时间，里面有导游会对其中的植物进行讲解，咱们半个小时后出口见。

除了展览温室以外，植物展览区还有很多其他的园，如：观赏植物区有牡丹园、月季园、碧桃园、丁香院、海棠园、盆景园、木兰园、集秀园（竹园）、宿根花卉园、芍药园和正在筹建中的梅园等11各专类园；树木园有银杏松柏区、槭树蔷薇区、椴树杨柳区、木兰小檗区和悬栎区、泡桐白蜡区等。

现在咱们达到卧佛寺了。

卧佛寺是一座唐代保存至今的古刹，全寺倚山而立，主要建筑有天王殿、三世佛殿和卧佛殿。卧佛殿是全寺的精华，殿内有一尊巨大的铜卧佛。佛身长5米多，重约54吨，作卧睡状，侧身躺在高榻上，相传这是释迦牟尼在印度涅盘时的姿势。旁边站着十二尊泥塑小佛像，表现释迦牟尼向他的弟子嘱咐后事的情景。在三世佛殿的前面，有一株古老的娑罗树，据说是从印度移植来的，是佛国三宝树之一，象征释迦牟尼涅盘于娑罗树下。由于佛寺内部不允许讲解，那么下面大家自由参观吧！30分钟后后我们在门口集合，去往下一个景点。

现在，我们到达今天的最后一站，也就是曹雪芹纪念馆了。

大家都知道曹雪芹是我国伟大的文坛巨匠，而这一组低矮院墙环绕的长方形院落则被部分专家认为是他撰写不朽著作《红楼梦》的地方，后以此为基础建成了纪念馆。纪念馆前后两排共18间房舍，仿清代建筑，前排展室陈列有清代旗人的生活环境、曹雪芹在西山生活创作环境的模型等。后排6间展室内容为曹雪芹的生平家世、《红楼梦》的影响两部分。此外，纪念馆还另辟专室展出对曹雪芹研究的成果及各种版本的《红楼梦》。感兴趣的游客朋友可以自由进去参观，我们半小时后在门口集合。好了，咱们今天的旅行就到这了，感谢大家的配合和支持，如有什么做的不好的地方还请多多包涵，希望大家旅途愉快，并且期待我还能成为您下一次旅行的导游。谢谢！

各位游客：

你们好，欢迎你们来到北京旅游，我是你们的导游。

恭王府花园为位于恭王府后的一独具特色的花园，又名萃锦园，位于柳荫街甲14号，建于1777年，据考证是在明代旧园上重修的。全园占地面积2.8万平方米，有古建筑31处。恭亲王为重建花园调集百名能工巧匠，增置山石林木，彩画斑斓，融江南园林艺术与北方建筑格局为一体，汇西洋建筑及中国古典园林建筑为一园，建成后曾为京师百座王府之冠，是北京现存王府园林艺术的精华所在，堪称"什刹海的明珠"。其中园中的西洋门、御书"福"字碑、室内大戏楼并称恭王府"三绝"。某些红学家认为此园可能是曹雪芹笔下《红楼梦》中大观园的原型。

王府是北京规模最大、保存最完整的清代王府，位于什刹海西北角，前海西街17号，现为全国重点文物保护单位。恭王府始建于十八世纪末，早期为乾隆年间大学士和珅宅第，嘉庆四年(公元1799年)和珅获罪，宅第被没收赐与庆郡王，咸丰元年 (公元1851年)改赐给恭亲王爱新觉罗·奕?。

清代王府有严格的规制，规定亲王府有大门五间，正殿七间，后殿五间，后寝七间，左右有配殿，形成多进四合院，不少府邸有后花园。但许多王府经历沧桑，早已面目全非，只有恭王府是北京现存最完整、布置最精的一座清代王府。著名学者侯仁之先生称之为"一座恭王府，半部清代史"。

恭王府分为平行的东、中、西三路，是世界最大的四合院。中路的三座建筑是府邸的主体，一是大殿，二是后殿，三是延楼，延楼东西长一百六十米，有四十余间房屋。东路和西路各有三个院落，和中路建筑遥相呼应。王府的最后部分是花园，二十多个景区各不相同。

恭王府花园在造园手法上既有中轴线，也有对称手法。全园分为中路、东路、西路三路，成多个院落。中轴上依次是园门、飞来峰、蝠池、安善堂、方池、假山、邀月台、绿天小隐、蝠厅。中路建筑和山水基本对称，东、西两路只是山体对称，建筑不对称。整个园林由六条山龙围合:南面、东面、西面各有两山，中路后部有一山为中龙。

东路以建筑为主。东有两山南北奔趋，两山各在东南和东北转折成围合状。建筑分三个小院。，南面靠东院入，抬头是一精致垂花门，入内为狭长院落，院内当年种竹，正厅为大戏楼之后部，西厢为中路明道堂之后卷，东厢为一排厢房，院西为另一个狭长院落。入口月洞门，曰:吟香醉月。北面是东路的主体建筑大戏楼，戏楼自成一个小院，面积达685平方米，院内有前厅、观众厅、舞台、扮戏房等，厅内装饰豪华，是王府的观戏处。

西路以山水为主。西路的起始部分从飞来峰西走，在南端是两山之间的一个雄关。关名曰:榆关，榆关即长城的山海关，是长城的象征，素有天下第一关之美称，当年，清代皇帝就是从此入关，在园中设此关足以表示园主不忘记清祖从山海关入主中原的丰功伟绩。榆关之前是西路的中心大方池，方池东南角出细流折东与福河相连，大方池之中有一个方形小岛，岛上是观鱼台，以此来喻庄子濠上观鱼之乐的典故;池西是西山;池前有五间堂屋。东出抄手廊与中路滴翠岩的曲廊相接。

全园以福字贯穿，表明主题明显。山势围合有新意，榆关雄峙也有新意，但东部建筑较多，中部曲廊的围合也不够有机，特别是理水较差。从堆石、建筑、植物、格局上看仍有北方园林特点。

恭王府位于什刹海北岸的恭王府是世界最大的四合院，也是今日北京城里，60余座清代王府中保存最完整的一个。分为平行的东、中、西三路。中路的3座建筑是府邸的主体，一是大殿，二是后殿，三是延楼。延楼东西长160米，有40余间房屋。东路和西路各有3个院落，和中路遥相呼应。王府的最后部分是花园，20多个景区各不相同。

恭王府是清道光帝第六子恭忠亲王府第。前身为乾隆时大学士和砷的邸宅。嘉庆四年(1799年)和砷获罪，邸宅入官，嘉庆帝将其一部分赐给其弟庆僖亲王永磷，是为庆王府。以后咸丰市将庆王府收回，转赐其弟奕沂，是为恭王府。咸丰、同治年间曾整修，并在府后添建花园。

由于恭王府有着某些《红楼梦》中所描绘的景物，因此有人说恭王府花园是大观园的蓝本。但是，许多人又提出了不同的意见。

王府的主人奕诉，是一等贵族，所以他的府邸不仅宽大，而且建筑也是最高格制，显示其不可逾越的等级，明显的标志是门脸和房屋数量。亲王府有门脸5间，正殿7间，后殿5间，后寝7间，左右有配殿。低于亲王等级的王公府邸决不能多于这些数字。房屋的形式、屋瓦的颜色也是不能替越的。

恭王府以前的主人是大0相和坤，他修建的庆颐堂模仿了皇帝的宁寿宫，皇帝“加恩赐令自尽”时，这就是其中的一条罪状。

恭王府的建筑，可分为府邸和花园两部分。府邸占地46.5亩，分为中东西三路，各由多进四合院组成，后面环抱着长160余米的通脊二层后罩楼。楼后为花园，占地38.6亩，园内建筑也约略形成中东西三路，园中散置了叠石假山，曲廊亭榭，池塘花木。

中路前部是面阔3间的大门和面阔5间的二门，门里原有正殿银安殿，已毁，现存后殿，即嘉乐堂;东路由三进四合院组成，是恭亲王奕折的起居生活用房;西路正房为锡晋斋，院宇宏大，廊点周接，气派非凡。在三路院落之后，环抱东西长160米的40余间两层后楼，东边名瞻雾楼，西边名宝约楼。楼后即花园--苹锦园，俗称恭王府花园，占地2.8万平方米。园内建筑分中东酉三路，也有约略的轴线，散置叠石假山、曲廊亭榭、水池花木。主要建筑有蝎殿、邀月台、大戏台、沁秋亭等。

恭王府花园为全国重点文物保护单位。

所谓四合，“四”指东、西、南、北四面，“合”即四面房屋围在一起，形成一个“口”字形的结构。经过数百年的营建，北京四合院从平面布局到内部结构、细部装修都形成了京师特有的京味风格。

北京正规四合院一般以东西方向的胡同而坐北朝南，基本形制是分居四面的北房(正房)、南房(倒座房)和东、西厢房，四周再围以高墙形成四合，开一个门。大门辟于宅院东南角“巽”位。房间总数一般是北房3正2耳5间，东、西房各3间，南屋不算大门4间，连大门洞、垂花门共17间。如以每间11-12平方米计算，全部面积约200平方米。

北京四合院中间是庭院，院落宽敞，庭院中莳花置石，一般种植海棠树，列石榴盆景，以大缸养金鱼，寓意吉利，是十分理想的室外生活空间，好比一座露天的大起居室，把天地拉近人心，最为人们所钟情。四合院是封闭式的住宅，对外只有一个街门，关起门来自成天地，具有很强的私密性，非常适合独家居住。院内，四面房子都向院落方向开门，一家人在里面和和美美，其乐融融。

由于院落宽敞，可在院内植树栽花，饲鸟养鱼，叠石造景。居住者不仅享有舒适的住房，还可分享大自然赐予的一片美好天地。

Prince Gongs residence is located in Qianhai West Street, XichengDistrict, Beijing. It is the largest palace in Qing Dynasty. It was successivelyused as the residence of the corrupt official and Prince Qing. Later, it wasgiven to Prince Gong Yixin, hence the name of Prince Gongs residence, which isstill in use today. Prince Gongs residence has gone through the historicalprocess of the Qing Dynasty from its heyday to its decline, so there is a sayingthat "a Prince Gongs residence, half of the history of the Qing Dynasty".

&This is the description of Prince Gongs residence in historicalbooks. In terms of its location, it occupies an excellent position in thecapital. The ancients paid great attention to Fengshui in building houses andgardens. It is said that there are two dragon veins in Beijing. One is the EarthDragon, which is the dragon vein of the Forbidden City; the other is the waterdragon, which refers to the line between Houhai and Beihai. Prince Gongsresidence is just on the connecting line between Houhai and Beihai, which is thedragon vein. Therefore, Fengshui is very good. The ancients took water as theirwealth. They found water everywhere in Prince Gongs mansion. The water of thelargest pavilion in the center of the lake was introduced from Yuquan lake, andit only entered but did not flow out. Therefore, it is more in line with thetheory of geomantic omen. Chinas top ten marshals and Guo Moruo and others alllived near Prince Gongs residence and lived a long life. It is said that theplace with the largest number of long-lived people in Beijing is near PrinceGongs residence. This place is really a treasure land of geomantic omen.

Prince Gongs mansion is composed of two parts: Mansion and garden. It isabout 330 meters long from north to South and 180 meters wide from east to west.It covers an area of 61120 square meters, including 32260 square meters ofmansion and 28860 square meters of garden. The mansion is not only spacious, butalso the highest standard of architecture. The obvious signs are the front doorand the number of houses. There are five front rooms, seven main rooms, fiveback rooms, seven back rooms, and a side room on the left and right. There mustbe no more royal mansions than these. The form of the house and the color of thetiles should not exceed the standard. There are three courtyards in the middle,East and West roads of Prince Gongs mansion, and the back two courtyards ofeach road are the main areas for people to visit.

The mansion building is divided into East, middle and West roads, each ofwhich is composed of multiple courtyard buildings running through the strictcentral axis from south to north.

The main buildings on the middle road are yinan hall and Jiale hall. Theroof of the hall is green glazed tiles, which shows the majesty of the middleroad and the identity of the prince. The front courtyard of East Road is calledduofuxuan. In front of the hall, there is a vine that has been growing for morethan 200 years. It is still growing very well. It is extremely rare in thecapital. The main room of the backyard on East Road is called "ledotang", whichwas the living place of Prince Gong Yi Xin. The siheyuan on the west road isrelatively small and exquisite. The main buildings are Baoguang room andxijinzhai. The most exquisite work is xijinzhai, which belongs to thehigh-profile school. There are exquisitely carved sections of Nanmu in the hall,which is in the style of ningshou palace in the Forbidden City (this is one ofthe "twenty crimes" of Hezhens being condemned to death). In the deepest partof the mansion, there is a two-story back cover building, 156 meters long fromeast to west. There are 88 windows on the back wall. There are 108 rooms in thebuilding, commonly known as "99 rooms and a half", which means "when you getthere, you will get rich".

Its called "Langrun garden" or "cuijin garden". Its commonly known asGongwangfu garden. Wandering in the garden is like walking in the mountains andrivers. Echoing the residence, the garden is also divided into East, West andEast. The entrance of the middle road is a white marble arched stone gate withwestern architectural style, centered on the stele of "Fu" written by EmperorKangxi, with dulefeng and bat pool in front and green sky Xiaoyin and bat hallin the back. The layout is memorable. The Grand Theater Hall on the east road isdecorated with fresh and beautiful decoration. The purple flowers of twigs andvines are in full bloom, making people feel like watching the Opera under thevines. At the south end of the theater, the Ming daozhai, the winding pathleading to seclusion, the hanging green Yue, the singing fragrance and thedrunken moon, and the Liubei Pavilion constitute the garden in the garden. Inthe garden, there are towering ancient trees, lots of strange rocks, wateraround the mountains, pavilions, pavilions and corridors. The landscape of thegarden under the moonlight is ever-changing, with a unique cave. Many Chineseand foreign tourists come here, looking for the past of green mountains, clearwaters and winding paths.

Prince Gongs residence, located in Qianhai West Street, was built in 1776& mdash; 1785. It was originally the private residence of He Li, a favoriteMinister of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. After he Li was killed in Jiaqing forcorruption, the private residence here was given to King Qing. During the reignof Tongzhi, because Prince Gong Yixin cooperated with Cixi to launch a coup,Empress Dowager Cixi gave the house to him and became Prince Gongsresidence.

The hall of silver Luan is the main building of Prince Gongs residence. Asthe main hall of the palace, it can only be opened when there are importantevents and festivals, which plays a role of etiquette. In the early years of theRepublic of China, due to an accidental fire, the main hall was burned togetherwith the East and west side halls. Now the courtyard of yinan hall isrebuilt.

The architecture in the period of Hetao. There is a plaque on the side ofJiale hall. It is suspected that the plaque was given to Hezhen by EmperorQianlong, but there is no money and seal on the plaque, so there is no reason toconfirm it. However, Hezhen has jialetang poetry anthology, which indicates thatit is the room name of Hezhen. In the period of Prince Gong, Jiale hall wasmainly used as the sacrificial place of the Royal Palace, where the tablets ofancestors and gods were offered, and Shamanism was the main ritual. PrinceGongs mansion covers an area of about 60000 square meters. It is divided intotwo parts: the mansion and the garden. It has more than 30 buildings of varioustypes, with exquisite layout and extraordinary style. Its garden, also known asjincui garden, has a high artistic level in layout and design. The gardenimitates the palace of peaceful longevity in the imperial palace. The park issurrounded by rockeries in the shape of "mountain". In the East, South and West,there are mounds of earth and stone. In the middle of the road, there are cavesand gullies made of Fangshan stone. The top platform becomes the highest pointof the whole garden. From a high position, you can see the whole garden. PrinceGongs mansion was rebuilt on the basis of the officials residence. Among the20 major crimes he convicted in that year, there was the problem of "potentialwaste and overstepping the system" about the decoration of the eaves. Forexample, the 13th section of the article "found that the house of he had a nanmuhall, and its multi box structure and partition doors and windows imitated thesystem of ningshou Palace";. Therefore, the decoration of the eaves of PrinceGongs residence is unique in the culture of Prince Gongs residence

1、 It has the highest specifications and can be compared with the palacebuildings

The decoration of the eaves of the main halls of Prince Gongs mansion isnot only duobaoge and partition, but also xianlou and the sacrificial stove withPilu hat in the temple. And has the indoor rockery pool, the decoration becomesthe indoor small garden, is ingenious.

2、 There are many forms

From the leitu, we can see that there were more than 20 buildings decoratedwith inner eaves in those years, and there were many types, such as taishibi,throne bed, blue gauze cabinet, sacrificial stove, Wanzi Kang, several legscover, floor cover, Kang cover, true and false door, xianlou, shuge, duobaoge,shunshan Kang, front and back eaves Kang, etc.

3、 Flexible demarcation and rich space:

The main halls of Prince Gongs mansion are composed of solemn and solemnopen space, private space, symmetrical space, asymmetric space and flexiblespace. Some are suitable to receive senior guests, some are used for Shamanismsacrificial activities, some are suitable for daily life, and some are used assleep, so different space needs are appropriate.

4、 Exquisite workmanship and superb skills:

It can be seen from the decoration remains of Prince Gongs mansion thathardwood is used. The processed wood can be made into small sections, and thecarving patterns are undulating accurately. Moreover, various kinds of wagonscan be made by using circles or curves. Only on the basis of fine processing canit be completed. The construction difficulty is amazing. Unfortunately, most ofthe original eaves decoration of Prince Gongs mansion has disappeared. Today,through the study of the culture of Prince Gongs mansion, we should furtherexcavate it, combine with the future exhibition requirements of the Museum ofPrince Gongs mansion, and reproduce the glory of that year.

In 1776, the 41st year of Emperor Qianlongs reign, He Lin began to buildhis luxurious house, which was called "he di";. It is said that during the reignof emperor Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty, Li Guang, the great eunuch, was onceplaced here. On the third day of the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing,Emperor Hongli returned to heaven. On the next day, Jiaqing stripped theMinister of military aircraft and the governor of Jiumen from his home. It isestimated that his total wealth is about 800 million taels of silver, which isequivalent to the fiscal revenue of the Qing government for 15 years. Therefore,there is a saying that "when he falls, Jiaqing is satisfied.". On February 22,1799, on the 18th of the first month of the same year, he was ordered to commitsuicide;. The house itself, however, is owned by Prince Qingyu, his youngerbrother.

At the same time, Qianlongs daughter and Princess Xiao, who were marriedto the son of Hetao, still lived in half the house. In 1851, the first year ofXianfeng, Prince Gong Yi, an important political figure in the late QingDynasty, became the third generation owner of the house and changed its name toPrince Gongs house, which is still in use today. &"A Prince Gongs mansion,half of the history of Qing Dynasty" is the evaluation of Prince Gongs Mansionby Hou Renzhi, a historical geographer. In the early years of the Republic ofChina, the palace was sold to the church by Prince Gongs grandson Pu Wei for400000 yuan. Later, it was redeemed by Furen university with 108 gold bars andused as a school for girls. After the founding of new China, Wangfu has beenused by dormitories of the Ministry of public security, fan factories,conservatory of music and other units.

Prince Gongs mansion is the most complete preserved building complex inChina, which is divided into two parts: the mansion and the garden, with themansion in the front and the garden in the back. The opening of Prince Gongsresidence was put on the agenda as early as 30 years ago. In 1975, Premier Zhouentrusted Gu Mu with three unfinished tasks in his hospital bed, one of whichwas the opening of Prince Gongs residence.

Prince Gongs residence was built in the reign of Emperor Qianlong of theQing Dynasty. It was the private residence of Heshi, a bachelor.

In the early years of Tongzhi, Yixin, the third generation of the hosthere, was the king of politics and the leader of the military plane. He was verypowerful and distinguished for a time. He built the mansion and renovated thepart of the mansion. It was at that time that the architectural scale andpattern of Prince Gongs mansion was finally formed.

The first half of Prince Gongs mansion is a magnificent mansion, and thesecond half is a deep and beautiful classical garden, covering an area of nearly60000 square meters. The mansion is dignified and solemn, simple and elegant,with bright corridors and ridges. It is second only to the imperial palace. Thecuijin garden at the back of the mansion is surrounded by water and mountains,with towering ancient trees, winding corridors, pavilions and pavilions.

According to the existing literature, in this Fengshui treasure land on theWest Bank of Qianhai in the capital, surrounded by "panlongshui", there was alarge-scale temple in the yuan and Ming Dynasties, which was full of incense andfull of visitors. Even the emperor came here to worship the Buddha. It was onlyin the middle of the 16th century that the temple was gradually abandoned andreduced to a supply factory of the Ming Dynasty. After the Qing Dynasty came toBeijing, a number of courtyards of different sizes were built here for ordinarybanners such as the house of internal affairs.

Around the 40th year of Emperor Qianlongs reign, He Lin, who was red andpurple in front of the emperor, fell in love with this Fengshui treasure land,which is surrounded by water, connected to the western mountains, and not farfrom the emperors home. He bought many properties here at a high price andbuilt them into famous "and" Di ";.

Prince Gongs residence is known as "half of the history of Qing Dynasty",which is closely related to the three generations of owners living here. As weall know, the first generation of government leader he Lu was a Zaifu and abachelor in the late Qianlong period. He was also a famous corrupt official inhistory. He attracted peoples attention in the history of the Qing Dynasty, andthere were so many legends about him. In particular, his son, Fengshen Yin De,later married the youngest daughter of Emperor Qianlong, Gu Lun, and PrincessXiao, which made the mansion a real princess house for a while;

In the fourth year of Jiaqing, he Zhen died for his crime, so the emperorof Jiaqing gave the house to his younger brother Yongzhen, the king of Qingjun.Yongli is probably the most beloved of all the owners of this mansion. As earlyas when he Lin was in power, all the princes of Qianlong agreed that no matterwho became emperor in the future, he would be killed. But the 17th PrinceYonglin said: "no matter which elder brother becomes emperor in the future, Iwill be satisfied if he Lins mansion is awarded to me!";

When it comes to Yongyao, many people are not familiar with him. But whenit comes to his grandson, Yizhe, the prince of Qing who signed the "Treaty ofsorrow and Disgrace" with Li Hongzhang and the Allied forces of the eightcountries, Im afraid everyone knows about him. Yi Zhe is also a famous corruptofficial in modern Chinese history, but compared with the cowardly andincompetent Bailey in the late Qing Dynasty, he is still a man who dares to beresponsible and can entrust heavy responsibilities. Therefore, since the TongzhiDynasty, Yi zhe has been favored by Empress Dowager Cixi. Before Xianfengchanged his residence to Prince Gong, he lived here as a general of theauxiliary country.

As for Prince Gong Yixin, he was one of the most important politicalfigures in modern Chinese history. He participated in the second Opium War andalmost all the major political activities after it (1853-1898). During the"Xinyou coup", he helped Cixi to the throne of "hanging curtain to listen topolitics"; It is no exaggeration to say that without Yi Xin, the whole modernChinese history, and even the later Chinese history, would have beenrewritten.

If all things in the world are spiritual, then this beautiful buildingsurrounded by "panlongshui" is destined to be a miserable garden full of sadtemperament and ill fated from the day it was born.

In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), after he was executed, EmperorJiaqing gave the west half of the mansion to his seventeen younger brotherYongyu, who only wanted to live in hes house but not in the emperors seat. Thereason why they only gave him half of them was that the Emperor Qianlongs tenprincesses and their son-in-law, Fengshen Yinde, lived there at that time.

Princess Hexiao is the most legendary princess in the whole history of QingDynasty. Her biological mother is Wangs favorite concubine in the late years ofEmperor Qianlong. In the first month of Qianlongs 40th year, when the youngestdaughter came to the world, whose temperament and appearance all resembled herfathers, the emperor was already 65 years old. Although the ten princesses werewomen, they were born with divine power. They could open ten strong bows andoften rode with their father in hunting. As a result, Qianlong loved her morethan all his children. He sighed more than once: "if you are an elder brother,the throne will belong to you in the future!" indeed, the ten princesses werenot only excellent in martial arts, but also had an extraordinary mind. When hewas happy, his son-in-law relied on his father-in-law and behaved delicatelyEven though, the princess once sternly reprimanded him: "you, Amar, have beengracious to my father. You dont want to repay him, but you only know how totake bribes. Im worried about you. On the day when my wealth is not guaranteed,even I will be affected by you“

Although the ten Princesses words were unfortunately right, EmperorJiaqing still remembered his brother and sisters love and did not deprive himof the title of his younger sister husband. The princess and his wife stilllived in their original home. Therefore, the house was divided into two parts:QingWangs house in the West and princesss house in the East. It was not untilSeptember 1823, when the tenth Princess died, that the whole house came underthe name of QingWang. At that time, Yongyu had been dead for more than threeyears;

After 1911, according to the regulations of the government of the Republicof China on preferential treatment of Qing Dynasty, the palace became theprivate property of the owner. Later, because of the political turmoil and thedifficulties of livelihood, the posterity kings and grandchildren came intobeing one after another

天安门城楼上挂着毛主席的像，人民英雄纪念碑庄严地伫立在广场中央。还有纪念堂和人民大会堂，广场的武警战士，护着迎风飘扬的五星红旗。

穿过天安门，进入午门，然后就进入了古老的故宫。导游告诉我们，故宫就是以前皇帝住的皇宫。里面看到最多的就是城墙，那里的房子都建得差不多，金黄色的瓦，赤红色的柱子，还有在门框上面画了很多古代的图案。我印象最深的是太和殿.当我走出故宫时，一直有一个问题让我困惑：为什么除了御花园,整个皇宫没有一棵树呢?导游告诉我们，原来这是皇帝害怕有人躲藏在树后突然袭击他。

俗话说得好，“不到长城，非好汉”。走完故宫，第二天我们又来到了八达岭长城。因为下起了朦朦细雨，路很滑，所以我们只好坐览车到达第七层，然后再爬了一段，登到八达岭的最高点。这时候，像云一样的雨雾越来越浓厚了。稍微远一点的长城和树木都隐隐约约看不清。虽然看不见雄伟、绵延的长城，但是我们仿佛在仙境中行走，抬头看到的是云雾，周围也还是云雾把我们包裹着。

北京古老的建筑太多了，我们又去了美丽的颐和园，神圣的天坛，还有北海公园。不过，北京不仅有历史悠久的古代建筑，还有闻名世界的现代建筑。

中华世纪坛有一颗神奇的火种，不管风雨一直不会熄灭;水立方、鸟巢两个巨大的建筑，也让我大开眼界;看完降旗仪式，我们又欣赏了夜晚的长安街灯火通明，真得像课本上描写的那样。我还觉得他像一条彩色的长龙。旅游车在长安街慢慢行驶时，我都情不自禁地背诵起课文《北京亮起来了》，我觉得我看到的比课文里写得还要精彩。

我们在全聚德吃了正宗的北京烤鸭，在繁华的西单商业街和王府井逛街时，还吃了酸酸甜甜的糖胡芦，还在迷宫一样的北京地铁站里坐地铁。。。。。。

北京四合院里拉三轮车的叔叔，告诉我们一句当地的俗语：爬长城，吃烤鸭，不坐三轮不回家。”最后一天，我们真得坐着三轮黄包车，在北京的老胡同里闲逛了一圈。那么多胡同名，其中有一个叫“口袋胡同”，原来就是指“死胡同”，真得很形象耶!

北京城的历史真丰富呀!我真得很舍不得离开，最主要的是，我看到了王老师说过的北京大学和清华大学，妈妈告诉我，那是中国最有名的大学，我好向往，我也能来这里读书。

大家好!我叫朱芮娴，是大伙的导游，大伙可以叫我朱导。今天，我们要观光世界遗产----北京故宫。

故宫又称紫禁城，在北京城中心。占面积72万多平方米，宫殿有楼阁9900余间。是明、清两代皇帝的住所。城四周各设一门，南面的正门是午门，北门叫神武门，东门叫东华门，西门叫西华门。据说，造就故宫就召集了全国著名的工匠23万人左右，民夫100万人，由此可以知道故宫多少大，有多少壮观。故宫整个院落分为两大部分，即“前朝”和“后寝”。“前朝”是皇帝举行盛大典礼的地方，以太和殿、中和殿、保和殿及东西两侧的文华殿及武英殿为主。“后寝”是皇帝及后妃、未成年的子嗣们居住的地方，主要以乾清宫、交泰殿、坤宁宫及东西六宫为主。

大家请看，这座建筑物就是午门，午门又称五凤楼。明代，每年正月十五，午门都要悬挂灯赐食百官。到了清代，这个活动就取消了，此外，国家凡有征战凯旋时，皇帝都要在此接受献俘典礼，皇帝亲征也从午门出驾。关于戏曲舞台上“推出午门斩首”的说法，实际上是明代朝廷命官犯罪在午门廷杖，好，我们再往前走。

现在我们已来到了太和殿广常这是铜香炉，这里一共有18 个，代表清朝18个剩东西两侧各有一只铜制的仙鹤和龟，是代表长寿的象征。看，现在展现在我们眼前的是太和殿，是整座紫禁城内级别最高的建筑，只有皇帝举行盛大典礼时才使用，象征皇权的至高无上，。太和殿俗称金銮殿，太和殿正面有12根大柱，东西约63米，高35米。整个大殿雕梁画栋，一条条巨龙蜿蜒盘旋在大红柱子上，这些龙姿态不一，刻画的栩栩如生。整个宫殿也非常豪华富贵。殿内有2米高的平台，上面雕刻着9条金龙的宝座。后面有金漆围屏，前面有御案。殿顶形式为最高等级的重檐庑殿顶，就连大殿正脊上的吻兽也是我国目前最大的，总之处处显示“第一”。

看完了太和殿，我们再来看中和殿。大家请看!中和殿是皇帝在大典前等待吉时、稍事休息的地方。下面，请大家跟我来一起参观当时的国宴厅--保和殿。各位朋友，这座大殿是故宫前朝三大殿中的最后一座大殿，叫保和殿。这座大殿被称为清代的国宴厅及科举考常

现在我们来到了乾清宫，这是皇帝在紫禁城中居住和处理日常政事的地方。乾清宫分为中殿、东暖阁及西暖阁三个部分。正殿是皇帝处理日常政务、临时按见大臣的地方，殿中设有皇帝宝座及御案，正中挂着一块“正大光明”匾，那是清朝皇帝的祖训，作为治国、修身、平天下的基本准则。东、西暖阁是皇帝晚上住宿的地方。

现在请各位随我去参观交泰殿。各位请看，这座四角攒尖顶的大殿叫交泰殿，这座建筑是明清两朝皇后过生日时举行寿庆活动的地方。在大殿后墙匾额上有“无为”二字，那里是康熙皇帝的御笔，意思是希望后代能够以德制国，施以仁政，以图国家长治久安。

各位朋友，现在我们来到了紫禁城的后花园--御花园，这里是帝后们的休闲娱乐的场所。大家可以在此拍照留念。

很高兴今天能为大家讲解，那么接下去的时间就交由你们各自安排。另外，请爱护我们的文化遗产，不要随意破坏他们，谢谢。