论文英文提纲怎么写（最新20篇）

研究生论文开题报告的基本结构

硕士论文开题报告的基本结构大致可以包括这样几个部分：

1、前言

简单介绍本研究的研究背景、本研究的问题的意义以及一些核心概念界定。

2、文献综述

应该是报告的重点。要将跟你的研究问题相关的研究现状都给予综述。一般可以采用由宽到窄的综述方法。就是逐渐focus down到你的问题上去。基本的格式是：主要观点综述归纳起来予以介绍之后加以评述，说明有那些研究上的不足和空白点。有了这些不足和空白点就可以提出你的问题了。你的研究就是要解决这其中的某个空白点和不足的。所以，文献综述的最后应当是你的研究问题。

3、基本理论框架和研究方法

你通过文献综述提出了问题之后，你要设计如何解决这些问题。大概的思路是什么?如何解题?如何去寻找这个问题的答案?为什么要这样的方法去找答案?

4、大致的提纲构想

最后，可以在你的报告里简单提出一个论文提纲来就可以了。如果这个提纲你没有办法做，你可以介绍一下你已经有的研究准备和前期研究成果，以及今后的大致时间安排。

这样，你通过以上四个方面就基本可以给别人说清楚你的学位论文要做什么事情了。

本科英语毕业论文(设计)开题报告范例

proposal for ba thesis

i.title: a study on the differences of topics and subjects in english and chinese

ii. introduction

chinese grammar system, in one sense, is basically an imitation of western grammar systems. but when we put into pratice , many chinese grammarians have found that the rules of the westernized languages do not hold water. therefore, many disputes and controversies have arisen,especially the differences of topics and subjects in english and chinese . it is necessary to combine the traditional research on chinese grammar with the contemporary western theory of grammar, so that it can help our chinese grammar research joint the mainstream of linguistics worldwide and bring the two way together---try to find the universal grammar. we believe that, the process in conformity is not always smooth and pleasant, but the results are supposed to benefit china and the world finally .

iii. literature review

subject and topic as two basic concepts in modern linguistics , their relationship is considered as the crucial research project and heated topic in linguistics.

1, subject is originated form the western grammar systems . in general linguistics , many scholars are trying to give a current concept to subject . according to the research on all kinds of languages around the world , keenan(1976) summerized the grammatical,semantic and textual features that subject has . the following are conclusion trask(1993:266) made from all kinds of documents including keenan(1976) (参见石毓智，):

subject is the noun phrase that probably has the most prominent feature in syntactic relation in sentence. subject has all kinds of features in grammar, syntatics and text , mainly consisting of:

1 subject represents independent substance;

2 subject restricts the co-reference in sentence, including pronoun, reflexive pronoun and null anaphor;

3 subject restricts the agreement in verbs;

4 subject is the topic with no mark;

5 subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun,and also can be focused.

6 subject is usually lack of morphological markers.

7 subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure.

his conclusion may be more suitable to describe the characters of western languages . concerning chinese, part of the descrition fail to reflect the linguistic fact in chinese. for example, trask thought that subject is the topic with no mark . he neglected of pragmatic feature of topic . because we can’t confirm whether the subject is equal to the topic in a single sentence. and he also thought that subject is ususlly considered as the actor of unmarked structure, which is not accord to the fact in our chinese .as in chinese , not only actor, but also patient, instrument, timing and location can act as subject in sentence.

2 , in , shi yuzhi tried to conclude about the subject ’s characteristers in form in chinese. his conclusion is as followed :

the form of the subject can be placed both in subordinate clause and sentence.

subject can be focused.

subject can be questioned by interrogative pronoun.

and its semantic characters are :

subject is the actor of behavior act.

subject is the main body of nature and state.

shi thought that the main difference butween subject and topic is that subject is the ingredient of grammatical structure while topic belongs to the discourse concept. the former one can be put into sentence and subordinate clause; the latter only can stay in sentence aspect. but his method to distinguish subject to topic seems to be a bit vague.as in chinese, there is a kind of sentence in unusual order, for example: “书小王看完了”. in shi’s opinion, that is a topic structure for it can not be placed in a clause. but in fact, it belongs to a classical subject-predicate sentence. “书” is either the subject, or the topic.

3 , since zhao yuanren introduced ‘topoc’ into our grammar study in chinese , the scholars in chinese home and abroad keep going with research on topic . li na & thompson are the representatives on this issue. they’ve done a systematic contract to subject and topic. they said that topic means what is about in the sentence while subject is what the verb predicates; topic can not be indefinite and generic but subject can ; topic have to appear at the front of a sentence while subject is allowed to appear in the sentence; there always be a pause between topic with other parts of a sentence.but in chinese , it is not necessary that the topic appear at the front of a sentence. for example: “老师，这件事让我来处理吧。” in this sentence, “这件事” is the topic ,but it doesn’t appear at the front of a sentence.

4 , it is generally accepted that subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to pragmatics . but xu liejiong & liu danqing(1998) didn’t . in their thesis, they consider topic as a ingredient of syntactic structures. just like suject and object , the topic also share a position in a sentence. as an independent ingredient , each of them should has its own position and can not be overlapped. then, let’s analyze this following sentence “小张不来了。”. “小张” is the subject and topic at the same time. subject and topic have been overlapped, so it doesn’t work to consider topic as an ingredient of syntactic structures.

5 qu chengxi(1996), as a specialist of functional grammar, thought that if one only adopt his own theory when he is doing research on chinese grammal , he will always feel impractical. we should try to appreciate other’s thinkings or even accept them if available and no conflict arisen. and i think his opinion is quite fit to grammar study on chinese.

iv. methods and materials

through reading materials from library and the internet, i’ve acknowledged much about subject and topic in chinese and english and their differences . many scholars have defined the subject and topic in many different angles, such as the form, cognition,function and so on. i prefer to study subject and topic from functional grammar than from the others. at the same time , it will be basic on cognition and communication.

v. discussion

guided by the literature review, there is a point we should make sure, subject is a concept of syntactic structures while topic belongs to pragmatics whatever our research goals are and from different angles. at the same time , we have to accept that chinese is a language that is lack of morphological change and is very difficult to distinguish subject from topic. so when we are doing this kind of research , we should try our best to define it clearly ,especially formally.

vi. outline of the paper

1. introduction

2.subject and topic in english

2.1subject in english

2.1.1 dispute over subject in english

2.1.2 definition of subject in english

2.1.3 choice of subject and its semantic role

2.2topic in english

3. subject and topic in chinese

3.1subject in chinese

3.1.1importance of subject to chinese

3.1.2 choice of subject and its semantic roles

3.2topic in chinese

4. a comparison between chinese and english

4.1 subject in chinese and english

4.2 topic in chinese and english

5. conclusion

vii. references

[1]曹(cao)逢甫主题在汉语中的功能研究[m]. 北京: 语文出版社, 1995: 36

[2]屈(chu)承熹. 汉语认知功能语法[m].黑龙江: 黑龙江人民出版社，:2~5 .

[3]屈(chu)承熹. 汉语功能语法刍议[j]. 世界汉语教学. 1998,4:28-42

[4]屈(chu)承熹. 从汉语的焦点与话题看英语中的y-movement及其它倒装句[j]. 外语学刊. 1993.3

[5]石(shi)毓智. 汉语的主语与话题之辨f[j]. 语言研究. , 43(2): 82-91.

[6]徐(xu)烈炯&刘(liu)丹青. 话题的结构与功能[m].上海: 上海教育出版社, 1998: 43

[7]袁(yuan)毓林. 话题化及其相关的语法过程[j]. 中国语文. 1996, 4

[8]张(zhang)伯江&方(fang)梅. 汉语功能语法研究[m]. 南昌: 江西教育出版社, 1996

外贸合同范本英文

日期： 合同号码：

date: contract no.:

买 方： (the buyers) 卖方： (the sellers)

兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进，卖方售出以下商品：

this contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers; whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated hereinafter:

(1) 商品名称:

name of commodity：

(2) 数 量：

quantity:

(3) 单 价：

unit price:

(4) 总 值：

total value:

(5) 包 装：

packing:

(6) 生产国别：

country of origin :

(7) 支付条款：

terms of payment:

(8) 保 险：

insurance:

(9) 装运期限：

time of shipment:

(10) 起 运 港：

port of lading:

(11) 目 的 港：

port of destination:

(12)索赔：在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质，规格和数量与合同不附，除属保险公司或船方

责任外，买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。

claims:

within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at the destination, should the quality, specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable, the buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the c.c.i.c and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the sellers

(13)不可抗力：由于人力不可抗力的原由发生在制造，装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不

能交货者，卖方可免除责任,在不可抗力发生后，卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以

空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件，在上述情况下，卖方仍须负责采取措施尽

快发货。

force majeure :

the sellers shall not be held responsible for the delay in shipment or non-deli-very of the goods due to force majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. the sellers shall advise the buyers immediately of the occurrence mentioned above the within fourteen days there after . the sellers shall send by airmail to the buyers for their acceptancea certificate of the accident. under such circumstances the sellers, however, are still under the obligation to take all necessary measures to hasten the deliveryof the goods.

(14）仲裁：凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决，如协商不能解决，则将分歧提

交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁，仲裁将是终局的，双方均受其约

束，仲裁费用由败诉方承担。

arbitration :

all disputes in connection with the execution of this contract shall be settled friendly through negotiation. in case no settlement can be reached, the case then may be submitted for arbitration to the arbitration commission of the china council for the promotion of international trade in accordance with the provisional rules of procedure promulgated by the said arbitration commission . the arbitration committee shall be final and binding upon both parties. and the arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing parties.

买方： 卖方:

--------------------- ---------------------

（授权签字） （授权签字）

2015如何写入党申请书提纲

如何写入党申请书提纲

【提纲书写步骤】

1、写一下自己为什么要入党。主要写自己对党的认识和入党动机;要明确表示：我志愿加入中国共产党，承认党的纲领和章程，履行党员义务，执行党的决议，严守党的纪律，保守党的机密，按时交纳党费，对党忠诚，愿意参加党的一个组织并在其中积极工作，为共产主义奋斗终身。

2、写一下自己对党的性质、宗旨、指导思想、奋斗目标、组织原则、纪律和党的路线、方针、政策及党风方面的认识。同时，表明自己对党的态度。

3、写一下自己的政治信念和思想、工作、学习、作风等方面的主要情况;要剖析自身存在的不足，表明对入党的态度和决心，以及今后如何以实际行动争取入党。并明确表示愿意接受党组织对自己的教育和考察。

【提纲模板】

敬爱的党组织：

我志愿加入中国共产党，愿意为共产主义事业奋斗终身。中国共产党是中国工人阶级的先锋队，是中国各族人民利益的踏实代表，是中国社会主义事业的领导核心。党的最终目的是实现共产主义的社会制度。

我们党是以马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”为指导思想的。 .......

我之所以要加入中国共产党，是因为.......

目前，我坚持在业余时间学习有关理论知识，思想上有了极大进步.......

同时，我在自己的本职工作中踏实肯干，起到了模范带头作用.......

此外，我还担任了...的社会工作，成绩也是不小的.......

在自己有了一些优点的同时，我还经常作自我批评，发现自己在以下方面还有不足之处.......

不过我会尽快改正的，同时还请组织给与指导和帮助。

今天，我虽然向党组织提出了入党申请，但我深知，在我身上还有许多缺点和不足，因此，我希望党组织从严要求我，以便使我更快进步。

今后，我要用党员标准严格要求自己，自觉地接受党员和群众的帮助与监督，努力克服自己的缺点和不足，争取早日在思想上，进而在组织上入党。请党组织在实践中考验我!

此 致

敬 礼!

【提纲书写注意事项】

1. 在写提纲前，要认真学习党章，掌握基本精神，加深对党的性质、宗旨、任务、党员的权利、义务等基本知识的理解。

2. 在写提纲时，要联系自己的思想实际谈对党的认识和入党动机，不要以旁观者身分一味评论别人。

3. 态度端正，对党忠诚者实，向党组织反映真实思想情况。

4. 最后，申请书提纲尽量朴实、庄重，不要追求华丽的辞藻，夸夸其谈。对基本写法正文中各部分的内容可根据自己的实际情况掌握。

April 10, 20xx

Dear Margaret,

Today I heard you had lost your father. I know the suddenness of it must have been a dreadful shock; and I just can’t tell you how sorry I am.

I wish there were something I could do or say to soften your grief.

With the deepest sympathy to you and all your family.

Affectionately,

Bob

[译文]

亲爱的玛格丽特：

今天听说您的父亲去世了，我知道这件意外的事情对您一定是一个沉重的打击，我无法表达自己难过的心情。

我真希望我能做些什么或说些什么来减轻您的痛苦。

向你们全家致以最深切的慰问。

您亲爱的，

鲍勃

20xx年4月10日

毕业论文课题研究方案的结构与写法

课题研究方案主要包括以下几个方面：

课题名称

课题名称就是课题的名字。这看起来是个小问题，但实际上很多人写课题名称时，往往写的不准确、不恰当，从而影响整个课题的形象与质量。这就是平常人们所说的“只会生孩子，不会起名字”。那么，如何给课题起名称呢？

名称要准确、规范。

准确就是课题的名称要把课题研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，比如我们现在有一个课题名称叫“佛山市教育现代化进程研究”，这里面研究对象就是佛山市，研究的问题就是教育现代化问题。有时候还要把研究方法写出来，比如鸿业小学的“小学生心理健康教育实验研究”，这里面研究的对象是小学生，而不是中学生或者大学生，研究的问题的心理健康教育，研究的主要方法是实验研究，这就说的很清楚，别人一看就知道这个课题是研究什么。而有些课题名称则起的不是很准确，比如，“学科教学中德育渗透的研究”这个名称，就没有把研究的对象、问题说清楚，你是中学生或者说是小学生、大学生，是所有的学科或者是单指语文、数学等。再比如，“集中识字口语突破”这个名称，我想，别人只看题目，就无法看出研究的是什么问题，好象是语文，又好象是英语，是中学或者是小学，是小学高年级或者是小学低年级更没办法看出来。后来我看了一下内容，知道是小学英语教学方面研究，我想能不能改为“集中识字口语突破”小学英语教学模式研究。总之，课题的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。

规范就是所用的词语、句型要规范、科学，似是而非的词不能用，口号式、结论式的句型不要用。因为我们是在进行科学研究，要用科学的、规范的语言去表述我们的思想和观点。这里有一个课题名称叫“培养学生自主学习能力，提高课堂教学效率”，这个题目如果是一篇经验性论文，或者是一个研究报告，我觉得不错，但作为课题的名称，我认为不是很好，因为课题就是我们要解决的问题，这个问题正在探讨，正开始研究，不能有结论性的口气。

第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。

不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。这次各个学校课题申报表中，我看名称都比较简洁，我就不再多说了。

（二）课题研究的目的、意义

研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本课题的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写课题的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。不要都写成是坚持党教育方针、实施素质教育、提高教育教学质量等一般性的口号。这里我给大家介绍一下我认为写得不错的一份，佛山市三中吴勤老师在课题申请表中对它的课题意义是这样说的：“实施了解3+x方案后，化学学科作为一门选考科目，其教育、教学必将受到一定影响。如何在当前的形式下进一步提高高中化学教学和教育水平，这是化学工作者所面临的一个急待解决的问题。本课题正是以3+x对高中化学教学的影响为引线，以1999届至于XX届为观察样本，运用观察、统计、访问等现代教育科学研究方法，……研究如何在3+x实施过程中调整教学模式,提高学生综合素质等问题,为在教学改革的新形式下提高高中化学教学水平进行有益的探讨”。这样有针对性地写使别人一看就觉得的确有价值，科学性、实用性比较强。

共3页，当前第1页123

Dear Tom,

I am afraid that I cannot pick you up at the airport tonight, and I’m really sorry for not doing as what I promised. I know there is no excuse for my fault, but I hope that after I tell you the reason, you can forgive me once.

The new boss of my company urgently called all of the staffs together to have a meeting tonight, no one can ask for leaving. So I cannot get out of our company at the time when you arrive in our city.

To make you smoothly get back to your hotel, I rent a taxi to pick you up, so please just wait for the call from the taxi driver, and we will meet each other tomorrow morning.

Sincerely yours,

Mary

Dear Mary,

My colleague Jenny will go to the Department of Language and Linguistics to work as a visiting scholar for three months at your renowned university.I have always expected the two of you to meet, and this seems to be a perfect opportunity.

I have given your phone numbers to her and she may call you if she needs your help.I think she will have no trouble with her registration and accommodation.Perhaps you can show her around the campus or even the city when you have time.

I am sure that you will find an outgoing and intelligent girl in her just as you.You will become good friends in no time. Your kindness will always be appreciated and remembered.

Sincerely yours,

Linda

.安慰友人考试落榜(To Those Who Could not Pass the Entrance Examination)

June 29, 20__

Dear Bill,

What shocking news to me when I was told by Mr. Lewis that you could not pass the entrance examination. This means you have to wait for another year to attend the next entrance examination. I quite understand how you feel now. Still you have many more chances to try. So I hope that you will not take this to heart, and will get ready to try again. I am sure you will easily succeed next

Yours,

Elizabeth

英文邀请函格式

如何写英文邀请函？其格式如何？本文介绍5种常见的英文邀请函予以参考：

五种常见的英文邀请信之一

Dear sir/madam:

Im delighted that you have accepted our invitation to speak at the Conference in [city] on [date].

As we agreed, youll be speaking on the topic... from [time] to [time]. There will be an additional minutes for questions.

Would you please tell me what kind of audio-visual equipment youll need. If you could let me know your specific requirements by [date], Ill have plenty of time to make sure that the hotel provides you with what you need.

Thank you again for agreeing to speak. I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely yours,

[name]

[title]

五种常见的英文邀请信之二

Dear sir/madam:

Thank you for your letter of [date]. Im glad that you are also going to [place] next month. It would be a great pleasure to meet you at the [exhibition/trade fair].

Our company is having a reception at [hotel] on the evening of [date] and I would be very pleased if you could attend.

I look forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely,

[name]

[title]

五种常见的英文邀请信之三

Dear sir/madam:

[organization] would very much like to have someone from your company speak at our conference on [topic].

As you may be aware, the mission of our association is to promote . Many of our members are interested in the achievements your company has made in .

Enclosed is our preliminary schedule for the conference which will be reviewed in weeks. Ill call you [date] to see who from your company would be willing to speak to us. I can assure you that well make everything convenient to the speaker.

Sincerely yours,

[name]

[title]

五种常见的英文邀请信之四

Dear sir/madam:

We would like to invite you to an exclusive presentation of our new [product]. The presentation will take place at [location], at [time] on [date]. There will also be a reception at [time]. We hope you and your colleagues will be able to attend.

[company] is a leading producer of high-quality . As you well know, recent technological advances have made increasingly affordable to the public. Our new models offer superb quality and sophistication with economy, and their new features give them distinct advantages over similar products from other manufacturers.

We look forward to seeing you on [date]. Just call our office at [phone number] and we will be glad to secure a place for you.

Sincerely yours,

[name]

[title]

五种常见的英文邀请信之五

Dear sir/madam:

On [date], we will host an evening of celebration in honor of the retirement of [name], President of [company]. You are cordially invited to attend the celebration at [hotel], [location], on [date] from to p.m.

[name] has been the President of [company] since [year]. During this period, [company] expanded its business from to . Now its our opportunity to thank him for his years of exemplary leadership and wish him well for a happy retirement. Please join us to say Good-bye to [name].

See you on [date].

Yours sincerely

Im feel very sad to know that there was a heavy earthquake in your country,a lot of people lost their lives and also many people lost their home.

We can understand your feelings because our country also suffered the same events .Our best wishes will always with you .

Take good care of yourself and the people anound with you.

Looking back four years of university life, like a flash over, but thanks to this platform for a university so I have a strong work, self-study, research capabilities.

Politically, I have a good moral cultivation, and a firm political direction, the ideological requirements of active progress, is now the object of study to join the party. I abide by the law, love public property, care and help others, and in a pragmatic and enthusiastic about the spirit of enthusiasm to participate in school publicity and patriotic activities. I always to improve their overall quality for the purpose of the overall development of the struggle for the individual direction, establish a correct outlook on life and values.

In learning, I am in addition to their own professional interest, but also spare time specializing in computer expertise, so I can easily operate a variety of network and office software. Has received college scholarships.Computer maintenance level, computer grade examination, iso9000 quality management system, internal auditors and other aspects of the certificate. In addition to the expertise in the area of excellence, usually I also dabbled a lot of network management and maintenance, web design and advertising design knowledge, especially for office automation software has a strong interest in the year college organized by the Chinese and English entry game b Group first prize. I believe that in the future theory and practice, which can have a greater increase.

Through social practice, internship in the company, to the community to learn the philosophy of life, narrowing the distance between me and society, but also opened up a vision, increased ability to further clarify the future for me more intense competition A more solid foundation. I deeply understand: the persons life, the school is we lay a solid foundation of the platform, and society is always the University, adhere to the practice of learning from the practice of learning.

University time is coming to an end, thanks to help my mentor, thanks to the brothers and sisters struggle together. In the future life path, I will put right attitude, correct positioning, study hard, continuous efforts to improve their overall quality, meet the needs of the times, to do a useful to society.

Looking back at four years of college life, like a flash over, but thanks to this platform for a university so I have a strong work, self-study, research capabilities.

Politically, I have a good moral cultivation, and a firm political direction, the ideological requirements of active progress, is now the object of study to join the party. I abide by the law, love public property, care and help others, and in a pragmatic and enthusiastic about the spirit of enthusiasm to participate in school publicity and patriotic activities. I always to improve their overall quality for the purpose of the overall development of the struggle for the individual direction, establish a correct outlook on life and values.

In learning, I am in addition to their own professional interest, but also spare time specializing in computer expertise, so I can easily operate a variety of network and office software. Has received college scholarships.Computer maintenance level, computer grade examination, iso9000 quality management system, internal auditors and other aspects of the certificate. In addition to excellence in professional knowledge, the usual I also dabbled a lot of network management and maintenance, web design and advertising design knowledge, especially for office automation software has a strong interest in the annual college organization in the English entry contest b Group first prize. I believe that in the future theory and practice, which can have a greater increase.

乔布斯英文辞职信

To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community:

I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apples CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.

I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit, as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.

As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.

I believe Apples brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.

I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.

Steve

中文翻译

致苹果董事会和苹果团体：

我曾经说过，如果有一天我不再能够胜任，无法满足你们对我作为苹果首席执行官的期待，那么我将主动让你们知道。非常不幸的是，这一天已经来临。

从此之后，我将辞去苹果首席执行官一职，但是，如果董事会认为合适的话，我仍将继续担任苹果董事会主席、董事以及苹果员工等职位。

就我的继任者而言，我强烈建议公司按照我们的继任计划进行，并任命蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)为苹果新任首席执行官。

我相信，苹果将迎来最光明、最具创新的时代。我也希望能够看到这一切，并在新的角色上继续为苹果的成功贡献一份力量。

在苹果，我已经结交了一些最好的朋友，感谢你们所有人，感谢你们多年来能和我一起工作。

乔布斯敬上

国际专利许可合同(附英文)

on_____________ day of____________，by and be-tween __________，organized and existing

under the laws of the people’s republic of china. with rehistered office at (hereinafter

referred to as party a) of the first part and __________，organized and existing under

the laws of ____________，with its principal office at________________.

witnessth

whereas the patent right which said in the contract os owned by party b.

whereas party b has the right and agreed to grant paryt a the rights to use，

manufac-ture and sell the contract products of the ppatented technology;

whereas party a hope to use the patented technology of party b to manufacture and sell

thecontract products;

both parties authorized representatives， through friendly negotiation， have agree

to en-ter into this contract under the ertms as stipulated below;

artide 1 definitions

for the purpose of this contract， the following terms have the following meanings;

1.1.‘patented technology’means those letters patent， and applications therefor

presently owned or hereafter acquired by party b and/or which party bhas or may have the

rigt to control or grant license thereof during the term hereof in any or all countries

of the world and which are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of cotract

products.

1.2. ‘contract products’mians the products described in appendis2 annexed hereto，

to-gether with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect

there-to.

1.3. ‘patty a’means____________. or his legal representative， agent and inhetitor

共21页，当前第6页123456789101112131415161718192021

Mr. Cheung,

Thank you again for giving us your feedback for it is only through such input from our value customers that we are able continuously improve our standards of service. We hope you will indulge us on this occasion and allow us to redeem ourselves by welcome you back in the near future.

May the year of the Rabbit bring you joy and prosperity.

Yours Sincerely,

Alfred Zhuang

Front Office Manager

英文论文的致谢范文

论文致谢一:

This thesis would never have materialized without the help and support frommany parties.

First, Id like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor in China ForeignAffairs University, Professor Zhang Xiaoli, who gave me a lot of useful andconstructive advice on my thesis. With his professional and academic knowledge, hetaught me how to do research, how to revise the thesis. Whenever I sent him ane-mail concerning my thesis, he replied soon. He spent a lot of time reading andcorrecting my thesis. Only under his guidance and encouragement could I finish thisthesis.

I am also indebted to all my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University. As a teacher myself, I learned a lot about interpretation,translation, culture and teaching methods from them, which is helpful to my job.

I wish to express my thanks to my leader, dean of the Department of AppliedLinguistics, Capital Medical University. She encouraged me constantly to finish thestudy.

At last, I want to thank my husband and other family members and relatives,who showed their concern and support when I pursued my study.

论文致谢二:

This thesis would not have been possible without the guidance and help fromseveral individuals who contributed and extended their valuable assistance in thepreparation and completion of my study.

First and foremost, my utmost gratitude to my supervisor at China Foreign AffairsUniversity, Dr. Lu Xiaohong, for her guidance, understanding, patience, and most ofall, her support during my writing of the thesis paper. She has spent so much of hertime giving me direction and reading, correcting my thesis paper. Without her advices,I would have been lost in a wrong field.

I would also like to thank all of my teachers in the English Department of ChinaForeign Affairs University, especially to Professor Shi Yi, Professor Sun Jisheng,Professor Song Aiqun, Professor He Qun and Professor Cui Changqing. I have learneda lot from them during my time at this university, and I will always miss the time Ihave spent together with them in the classroom.

I would like to express my thanks to all faculty members who have provided usnumerous support and help.

Finally, and most importantly, I would like to thank my parents. Their support,encouragement, quiet patience and unwavering love are the driving power of my work.

I thank my son, Gao Zizheng, who always cheers me up and brings inspirations to me.

论文致谢三:

First and foremost, I would like to extend my deeply sincere gratitude to my respectablesupervisor,Professor Yan Jinglan, who has guided me to the world of InterculturalCommunication Studies and inspired me greatly in the study, and encouraged me to make abold attempt in writing this thesis. Her profound learning, inspiring inculcation and constantstrictness have stimulated my enthusiasm for working on the subject and thesis. Without herenlightened instruction and patient revision,it would be impossible for the accomplishment ofmy thesis.

I am also obliged to Professor Wang Zhiqin, Professor Yang Huimin and Professor ChenLi, who asked me enlightening questions during thesis proposal defense and inspired me toretrospect my study on discourse analysis. My special thanks are due to those teachers,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Yu Jianguo, and Professor Wang Jianguo,whose classeslead me to learn more about translation theories,linguistic corpus knowledge, which alsoenlighten my construction on the thesis. Besides, my gratitude also goes to all other teacherswho have offered me help in the School of Foreign Languages at East China University ofScience and Technology during my two and a half years study.

Finally,I am also deq?ly grateful to my family for their love,understanding andencouragement. It is the mental,spiritual and financial support from my parents to keep meinsisting on completing the thesis; especially I wish to dedicate this thesis to my dear motherwho contributed herself to my life and study through the past twenty-four years.

2017论文开题报告范文

本课题试图以系统科学作理论支撑，以现代质量管理理论(iso9000质量管理系统和ipmp项目管理系统理论)为具体指导，以我省教育科学规划课题管理的具体实践过程为主

要研究对象，探索省级教育科学规划课题现代管理的规律，建构省级教育科学规划课题全面质量管理的体系，并在其试行过程中不断地调整和改进，提高教育科学规划课题的管理水平和效益，从而推动省级教育科学规划课题管理的现代化、规范化、标准化。

探索省级教育科研课题全面质量管理体系，不仅对我省省级教育科学规划课题研究质量与管理水平的提高有重要的现实意义，而且，还可以为我国教育科学规划课题管理改革与发展提供新思路。我们将当代最新的管理科学——全面质量管理理论引入教育科学规划课题管理，结合教育科学规划管理活动的特殊性，在引入、消化、应用这一管理理论的过程中，无疑也会发展和丰富全面质量管理理论。

开展本课题的研究具备了较好的基础。一是课题由省教育科学规划办牵头，研究内容与承担的工作要求相一致，具有联系紧密的特点，因而有完成本课题研究任务的内在动力，研究条件和研究时间均有足够的保证。二是本课题得到全国教育科学规划办、省教育科学规划领导小组和有关专家的重视和支持，全国教育科学规划领导小组办公室金宝成副主任，华东师范大学博士生导师熊川武教授，湖南省教育科学规划领导小组副组长申纪云、王健、张作功副厅长、张学军院长是本课题组顾问。主持课题的是教科院分管科研课题工作的副院长，能有效地保证课题研究的协调、实施;三是参与研究的人员有中小学、职业学校、大学的教师、校长，有省、市、县教研管理机构的研究人员、领导，有网络计算机专家，研究力量雄厚，大家都曾在不同层面上主持和参加过国家级、省级多类教育科研课题的研究，具有丰富的课题研究和管理经验，有的已有不少科研成果。

共2页，当前第2页12

服装设计毕业论文开题报告

毕业设计(论文)题目

水中漾女性时装设计

毕业设计(论文)的研究目的：

该系列的服装设计是以人的因素为主要方面，注重人自身的生活方式、需求和个性审美要求，其目的在于通过衣服本身整体风格的传达与服饰内涵的传递或服饰形象的建立来满足人们精神需求。

毕业设计(论文)的主要内容、研究的可行性、创新点

研究的主要内容：该内容包含2部分：1是单一产品的设计，2是着装状态的设计，前者由设计师完成，后者由消费者或设计师完成。

单一产品的设计就是服装产品的造型设计，是单件套设计。但在消费市场上，这种设计能满足消费者的需求，但随着人们生活水平和审美情趣的提高，人们开始崇尚完美的衣着形象，这种单一产品的设计已经逐渐适应不了社会发展和大众的需求。

服饰整体着装状态的设计主要考虑到服饰之间纵向系列化关系，服装与人之间最佳搭配的组合设计，这是一个人的社会层次与着装品位的外化。它是祈求一种主观意识的创意，这对设计师的综合素质将提出更高的要求。

研究的可行性：据市场需求及价格的调查分析和预测，产品进入市场的能力以及预期的市场渗透、竞争情况的研究,该系列服装适合演出，但由于经济水平的提高，人们精神的需求，审美观的不同，适合为中高消费者生产，不再只是单件生产。

主要参考资料及使用的原始资料(参考资料不得少于15册)

著作类：《快速服装放样板》、《服装裁剪三维活动标尺》、《教学服装模型》、《服装折纸打样法》、《服装裁剪》、《服装裁剪与缝纫》、《服装特殊体型》、《外国文学名著丛书》、《服装材料与服装设计的关系》、《服装材料的再创造在服装设计中的运用》

《西洋服装史》、《纸艺设计与制作、《服装造型学》

论文类：黑白搭配女装设计中的应用》、《苏州玖姿高级服装技术培训中心》、《中国风在现代西方服装设计中的应用与启示》、《浅谈服装设计》、《中韩影视服装设计研究》

毕业设计(论文)整体构思设计

毕业设计(论文)的整体构思设计：该系列服装最大特点是具有体积感与雕塑感，它受到强调理性、冷峻、简约艺术风格观念的极简主义与强调直线型裁剪的东方风格的影响，并糅合了西方的窄衣文化，使服装的结构具有了创意性的特点。将面料进行有序折、叠加或堆砌，使得二维平面的面料具有一定的三维立体效果。款式的形态构造与服装各部位裁片的几何形状之间的组合是从平面到立体转变过程中的重要环节。本系列表面蒙纱受启于折叠痕迹，用皮革能够塑形，类似折纸，又类似荡漾的碧波。

毕业设计(论文)的主要研究手段、方法(含学校实验室条件)：

研究方法：该系列运用打褶的手法，外表用纱做成碎褶来表现折纸的褶皱感，绿色的褶皱又代表了碧浪，恰好又能表现主题《水中漾》。成衣做里料，衣片是几何形，外面包纱，边缘成光边。

预计毕业设计(论文)的主要工作难度：该系列服装用皮革制成，每套服装裁片重叠很多，在缝纫过程中衣服厚实，很难踩线。还有皮革本身就很难在缝纫机上踩线，只能涂蜡或者先做里料把皮革置于里料下面踩线。

护理专业硕士学位论文开题报告的撰写

下面是第一范文网小编收集的护理专业硕士学位论文开题报告的撰写，欢迎阅读!

学位论文开题报告是研究生在完成文献调研后写成的关于对学位论文的选题与如何实施的论述性报告。撰写的目的是请老师和专家帮助自己判断所选的研究问题是否有研究价值，所提出的研究方法是否可行，科研设计是否科学合理。同时，它也是研究生实施课题研究的前瞻性计划和依据，是监督和保证研究生课题研究质量的重要措施。对护理学专业硕士学位论文开题报告的撰写拟从以下几方面探讨。现报告如下。

1、资料与方法

1.1 资料与方法统计 - 年 116 篇在本院实习的本科护生毕业论文，按文献内容分析法对资料进行分析，主要分析指标包括：论文研究的主要领域、论文选题的主要类型、指导教师职称分布、毕业论文存在的主要问题等。

1.2 统计学处理

应用 spss13.0 统计软件对数据进行统计分析,所有数据以相对数表示,各构成比间差异用卡方检验,以p

2、结果

2.1 论文研究的主要领域论文研究的主要领域为:护理管理、护理教育、心理护理、专科护理、社区护理和其他等，具体分类情况见表 1。

2.2 论文选题的主要类型

论文选题的主要类型为：经验性、研究性、综述和个案护理，具体分类见表 2。

2.3 指导教师职称分布情况

指导教师的技术职务分别为：中级、副高级和正高级(从他院聘请部分指导教师)，具体分布情况见表 3。

3、论文开题存在的主要问题、原因及对策

3.1 论文开题存在的主要问题论文开题存在的主要问题为：选题、查新、设计问题和报告问题，具体分类见表 4。从表 4 中分析发现，论文选题方面的问题较多，占 36.21%，学生选题未体现护理专业特点，选题的广度、深度把握不准，存在文题大而全、空而泛、旧而陈的问题。如有位护生的选题是“活体肝移植术后护理进展”，活体肝移植术后的护理包括：基础护理、专科护理、生活护理、心理护理等等，选题面面俱到，导致没有具体的切入点。有的选题是前辈早已研究过且已在临床应用的，无需再次进行研究和论证，如“重症监护室护士压力分析”，李晓琳等[1]在这方面已于 年进行了研究。

3.2 原因分析

3.2.1 学生因素学生自身的科研水平和能力较薄弱，对论文的选题、设计、开题和实施等过程不熟悉，缺乏理论知识;分析问题、判断问题能力较弱，不会从实践中找课题;从思想上没有高度重视论文开题工作，没有意识到论文开题是毕业论文设计的关键一环，有的护生在开题前不积极主动进行科研设计，存在被动和应付的现象，另外，学生的精力有限，白天进行临床实践，晚上忙于准备 4 级、6级英语考试和研究生考试，还有的学生忙于找工作，其精力和时间开始偏移，没有将主要的精力放在论文的开题上。

3.2.2 导师因素

指导教师对学生疏于管理，不重视对学生独立、分析解决问题和创新能力的培养;有些导师缺少与学生的沟通和交流，不能定期检查学生的工作进度和质量;有些导师对学生较新、较偏的选题所投入的精力较少，缺乏整体、科学和规范的指导。

3.2.3 管理因素

从表 3 分析发现，指导教师技术职务层次与学生人数成反比，随着学生人数的增加，高级技术职务和科研水平高的指导教师有限，导致指导教师紧缺，出现一个教师负责指导 2～3 名护生的现象，教师缺少与护生沟通、交流和对其论文的指导，导致护生在论文开题时存在一些问题。

3.3 对策

3.3.1加强论文开题组织管理针对以上问题医院则采取了在护生实习初期便对学生的开题进行指导，重点了解学生研究的大致方向、设计的困难，明确开题的时间和具体要求。实施导师负责制，根据学生的研究方向有针对性地选择指导教师，确保能对学生一对一地指导。导师与护生的搭配时力争做到“两个一致”：导师的研究领域与护生的选题方向一致，导师的研究专长与护生的特长一致;中期要对教师的指导情况进行定期和不定期检查，重点检查导师对所指导课题的掌握情况，课题的条件是否具备，是否对课题进行了论证和检索;后期则要对论文的开题过程进行规范，明确学生开题报告的内容、方法和要求，以提高报告的质量。

3.3.2 加强学生科研能力培养

学生科研能力的培养是一个长期的、循序渐进的过程，需要学校和医院齐抓共管。尽管学生在大学期间的护理科研课程为必修课，使学生了解和熟悉了科学研究的基本方法和手段，为学生撰写科研论文和开展护理科研奠定了一定的基础，但往往只是给学生传授了初步的、基本的护理科研知识，为此，学校要有步骤、有系统地培养学生的科研能力，适当延长科研课程的学时，或为高年级的学生开设护理科研第二课堂，在护理科研教学中，教师应通过设定短期和长期目标，引导和点拨学生自学与思索，达到认知与技能同步收获[2]。

4、成效与思考

4.1 达到了教学所规定的目标，提高了论文质量我国本科生护理科研的教育目标为:通过学习，本科生具有护理科研意识，掌握护理科研的一般程序和方法，具备初步的护理科研能力，从实践中选择科研课题并完成科研设计，并初步具备撰写科研论文的能力[3]。我们通过加强管理 ,导师全程监控等措施 ,使本科护生均完成了选题、设计和论文的撰写，并掌握了基本的方法,具备了初步的科研能力,达到了教学目标。随着护理科研带教质量的提高，我学院本科护生不仅全部通过了学校的毕业论文答辩,而且获学校优秀论文的篇数逐年增多，有的文章还在统计源期刊上得以刊发。

4.2 建立和完善指导教师的数据库严格选拔科研辅导导师是本科护生科研能力提高的关键，为此我们严格按照其标准选择高素质的辅导导师，确保带教工作质量。对导师的学历、技术职务、专业水平、科研能力、责任心等方面要进行全面考核，按照坚持标准、规范程序、择优遴选的原则[4]储备优秀导师。同时，加强横向联系，聘请院外导师充实我学院本科护生辅导导师数据库，不断扩大导师队伍，从而根据学生认为双导师具有集思广益、理论互补、资源共享，能提高科研能力的优点 [5]，采用双导师制指导护生护理科研实习。

4.3 构建论文设计管理系统

随着本科护生数量的不断增加，给教学管理带来了一定的难度，为此，为进行科学管理，要构建论文设计管理系统，该系统应包括 3 部分内容：学生模块、导师模块和管理人员模块，第一部分内容应能提供所需的完整信息，并能满足学生、导师和管理人员的需求。学生模块：录入个人信息，查询检索文章，与导师、管理人员沟通信息和选择导师等。

导师模块：查看学生信息，查询检索文章，与学生、管理人员沟通信息和选择学生等。管理人员模块：查看学生信息，查看导师信息，查询检索文章，与导师、管理人员沟通信息，统计生成报表和系统维护等。

上文就是第一范文网小编为您带来的护理专业硕士学位论文开题报告的撰写 ，希望可以更好的帮助到您!

硕士论文开题报告范例

选题依据(选题的目的与意义，与选题有关的国内外研究综述，附主要参考文献。)

保护和合理利用土地资源，加强土地资源管理对珠海特区经济的可持续发展具有十分重要的意义。土地资源管理信息系统的建立，是推进土地资源信息化的一项重要举措。本人在参与“周口市土地资源管理地理信息系统”项目开发小组工作的基础上，对系统设计和实现作了进一步分析和研究。

当前，我国城镇已进入快速建设阶段，城镇建设是社会各界关注的热点，其中一个核心问题就是土地有效开发与集约利用问题。随着城镇化进程的不断加快，我国城镇土地利用面临着严峻的考验。土地是不可再生资源之一，极其宝贵，土地合理利用是经济发展和社会进步的重要基础。我国人口众多，资源相对不足，土地资源尤为紧缺，因此要大力提倡小城镇在建设过程中坚持土地的合理利用。但我国城镇的土地开发建设的现状不容乐观。区域经济快速发展导致了城镇土地开发建设在规模和结构上的迅速变化，产生了许多普遍问题，如土地利用无序、利用粗放、土地利用集约化程度偏低，建设用地与耕地的矛盾日益显著，土地破坏、污染、浪费严重等等，造成“半城市化”、生态恶化等严峻的问题。这是小城镇土地开发建设中的两难困境，它表现出一种短期利益与长期利益，么地方政府、开发商与当地住民的矛盾。在目前人口、资源、环境问题日益加剧的情况下，土地作为不可再生资源，对它的开发建设进行科学管理具有重要意义。

土地资源信息种类繁多、数量巨大、涉及面广、管理利用相当复杂。需要依靠科技进步，实施信息化发展战略，实现土地资源工作的现代化，在土地资源调查评价、政务管理和社会服务等各个层面广泛利用现代信息技术，以信息化带动土地资源管理方式的根本转变，以信息化带动信息采集技术与分析技术的飞跃，以信息化促进政府工作方式由管理型向管理服务型的转变。建立土地资源管理信息系统顺应资源、环境的全球性持续利用需求。土地资源数据标准化、信息共享、科学监督以及将这些信息快速反映到经济建设中去需要建立统一协调的土地资源管理信息系统，用以管理海量数据，迅速处理文档、图件，提供准确可靠信息，从而将资料的大量积累、更新与经济快速增长联结起来，为综合利用土地资源信息进行宏观决策和管理提供科学依据。

自20世纪90年代以来，随着土地信息产业的建立和地理数字化产品的发展，社会对土地资源管理的认识普通提高，对农村土地的认识逐渐加强，对其需求也大幅度提高。农村土地资源信息管理系统成为包括政府部门在内的必备的重要系统，各国都大力开发自己的农村土地资源信息管理系统，并将先进的技术、方法应用到其中，如空间信息分析的新模型和方法，空间信息应用的新模型和方法:三维、四维数据结构和数据模型，人工智能和专家系统，网络地理信息系统，虚拟现实技术等，来提高土地资源信息管理的技术含量，以更好的为土地管理服务。

西方市场经济发达国家很早就意识到了土地资源的使用价值和稀缺性，对土地资源配置调控的研究较早，目前已经形成了较为系统的研究成果，主要体现在土地地租理论、土地资源市场配置机制、土地用途管制制度等多个方面。

无论是市场经济国家，还是转轨经济国家，无论是资本主义国家，还是社会主义国家，每个国家都有一定数量的国有土地资源。在认识到拥有一定数量的国有土地资源有调控土地市场，维护公共福利，储备能源，调节生态平衡等功能后，一些发达市场经济国家的国有土地资源数量还有扩大的趋势。国有土地资源管理日益受到各国的重视。在多种影响因素共同作用下，虽然世界各国的国有土地资源管理体制多种多样，但国有土地资源管理体制的现状和发展存在共性，是有规律可循的。

土地资源配置调控是一个综合性的过程，其调控结果是各种因素、各种手段综合作用的结果，而且各种因素和手段相互作用、相互影响，最终共同影响调控结果。要达到土地资源的合理配置，发挥土地资源的最大综合效益，需要调动市场、政府、社会等各种力量，运用经济、行政、法律、税收等多种手段，并且各种手段相互协调，互相促进。土地资源调控就是综合运用各种手段和措施，达到土地资源合理配置，既满足经济发展的需要，又能同时兼顾社会和环境效益。

土地市场是生产要素市场,是社会主义市场经济体系的重要组成部分。计划经济转型以来,土地资源实行了由无偿无限期无流动,向有偿有限期有流动的土地使用制度改革。十余年的改革,成效和缺陷并存。一方面,国有土地“以地生财”,为地方政府积累了大量的建设资金,从而加快了城市基础设施建设,改变了城市落后的面貌。另一方面,由于历史的原因,有偿使用的改革仍然采用的是政府审批模式,即要用地找市长的模式,从而影响了资配置的公平与效率,并成为长期以来困绕改革深化的重大问题。经济发展史证明,实现土地资源和资产利益最大化的最佳途径,是市场配置资源13%建立土地交易市场,是今天社会主义市场经济发展的必然选择。当前,我们必须重新认识市场,并进行土地市场运作机制的观念创新。

贸规则强调行政主体一致原则、公平原则、透明原则、非歧视原则。在中国人世的大背景下思考建立土地市场新机制,首要的问题是要认清当前土地市场政府与市场的现状,找准和wto规则存在的差距。土地市场新机制必须围绕政府与市场、监管与竞争、平台与服务等市场机制,开展全面而有针对性的深刻的行政革命,实现计划经济观念向市场经济观念的转变,计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转变,确保政府行政管理体系必须和世贸规则所任。

因此，在市场经济条件下，各种活动对土地的使用展开竞争，以土地需求的市场价格变化和自身能从土地上获得的经济利益来决定各自活动的最佳区位，从而使商业、工业、住宅等土地利用类型的空间布局与地价之间得到祸合，推动了城市用地结构的调整，使城市空间结构发展变化，形成合理的土地资源空间布局(曹建海，)，使得城市土地利用空间布局呈同心圈层分布。