前赤壁赋原文及翻译注释（经典20篇）

甲方：

Party A:

地址：

Address:

乙方： 北京司文斋翻译服务*限公司

Party B: Beijing Sunwise Transla*ion Services Co., L*d.

地址： 北京市朝阳区慧谷阳光H座4-102室 100102

Address: Suite 4-102 Bldg. H, Sunny Board Build, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102

甲乙双方本着友好协商、共同发展的原则签订本翻译服务合同，其条款如下：

Both parties of Party A and Party B have signed the Translation Service Contract based on the principle of friendly cooperation and mutual development* The articles are as follows:

一、甲方委托乙方为其提供翻译服务，及时向乙方提交清晰、易于辨认的待译资料，提出明确要求，并对乙方的翻译质量进行监督。

1.Party A entrusts Party B with the translation service. Party A shall provide legible documents in time and give clear requirements and control the translation quality of Party B.

二、乙方按时完成翻译任务(如发生不可抗力的因素除外)，向甲方提供已翻译好的打印件及电子文件各一份。具体交稿日期由双方商定。对于加急稿件，交稿期限由双方临时商议。

2. Party B shall complete the translation work in time and deliver the translation by printed hard copy and a relevant disk within the agreed date (with the exception of the delay caused by Force Majeure). Details about the delivery time will be discussed between the two parties. For the urgent request, the delivery time will be discussed accordingly between the two parties.

三、乙方对甲方提供的任何资料必须严格保密，不得透露给第三方。

3.Party B shall keep confidentiality of any documents provided by Party A and can not disclose to the third party.

四、翻译工作量统计：电子译稿：按电脑统计的中文版字符数计算（中文版Word20__ 中 “不计空格的字符数”）; 打印译稿：按中文原稿行数×列数统计计算（行×列）。

4.Calculation of the load of translation: For electronic documents, the translation load shall be based on the statistics of the computer (Chinese Version Word20__ “Chinese characters not including blank spaces ”). For printed documents, the translation load shall be calculated according to lines of Chinese characters (the original printed copy), i.e. lines × rows.

五、乙方按优惠价格向甲方收取翻译费用：英*汉为 元/千字符（十万字以上）。

5.Party B will charge the translation project from Party A with favorable price: For English–Chinese RMB / 1000 Chinese characters and marks（More than 100000 Chinese characters and marks）.

六、乙方可以在翻译开始前为甲方预估翻译费，甲方付款时则按实际发生的工作量支付给乙方翻译费用（工作量统计方法见本合同第四条）。以下为乙方的账户信息：

账户名：北京司文斋翻译服务*限公司

开户行：中国工商银行*贸支行

账户：

交换号：0416

6. Party B can evaluate and notice Party A the estimated translation fee before the launch of the project. Party A shall pay to Party B the amount of translation fee according to the actually calculated load of translation (as specified in Clause 4 of this Contract). Below is the bank information of Party B.

甲方：_________

乙方：_________

根椐《中华人民共和国民法典》及有关规定，按照双方平等互利和自愿原则，为明确甲、乙方权利义务，经双方协商一致，签订本合同，以资共同信守。

一、甲方接收乙方资料后，应对乙方的资料采取保密措施。乙方资料如有特别保密要求的，应在交稿前向甲方提出。甲方应在翻译工作完成后的3天后删除翻译的原文和译文。

二、甲方应严格按照翻译标准操作程序和保证译文翻译质量进行翻译。乙方如有特殊翻译要求的，应在交稿前向甲方提出。

三、甲方应该按照双方商定的时间交稿。甲方如遇到非人为因素而导致不能履行合同，应及时告知乙方，并协商解决。

四、在履行合同过程中，如乙方提出需要改稿，而延误了时间，则交货时间，按理顺延。

五、本协议生效后，如乙方中途提出对原稿进行删减或增加内容，需另外计费。

六、双方签订合同后，乙方需向甲方预付总额_________%作为定金，余款将在译稿交付时即付清。

七、其他

1.本合约双方签字盖章后生效;

2.此合约一式两份，甲、乙双方各执一份，如有未尽事宜，经双方协商后作补充规定，补充规定与本合同具同等效力;

3.本合约自签约之日起生效。

甲方(盖章)：_________乙方(盖章)：_________

代表(签字)：_________代表(签字)：_________

联系电话：_____________联系电话：_____________

传真电话：_____________传真电话：_____________

地址：_________________地址：_________________

e-mail：_______________e-mail：_______________

_________年____月____日_________年____月____日

签订地点：_____________签订地点：_____________

Dear [Mrs. Harper],

I would like to express my sorrow at the recent death of your [husband].

In the long time it was my privilege to enjoy [Professor of Harper]’s friendship. I found [him] a since and helpful associate, with whom it was a pleasure [to work].

The knowledge that my thoughts are with you at his time will, I hope, be of some comfort to you.

Truly yours

Hello everyone! Welcome to Badaling scenic spot for sightseeing. Im veryglad to accompany you today. I hope you can have a good time in Badaling.

The Great Wall is a magnificent defensive building in ancient China. Itstarts from Shanhaiguan in the East and ends at Jiayuguan in the west, and runsacross the north of China. Winding more than 12000 Li, it is famous for the"Great Wall". It was listed in the world cultural heritage list in 1987. It iscalled "the longest defensive wall in the world" by experts and scholars.

The first time that China built the Great Wall was in the spring and AutumnPeriod in the 7th century BC, and the earliest country to build the Great Wallwas the state of Chu. The great wall of the state of Chu is called "Fangcheng"in historical records, with a length of nearly a thousand li. Qi was also one ofthe earliest states to build the Great Wall. The great wall of Qi started fromPingyin in Shandong Province in the West and entered the sea in the East. It isthe most preserved site of the Great Wall in the spring and Autumn period.

Qin Shihuang was born in 220 BC__ After the unification of China in 1949,the old Great Wall in the north of Qin, Zhao and Yan was first repaired. At thecost of "building a city of thousands of miles and building a people ofthousands of miles", he began to build the Great Wall, which is more than 7000kilometers long, from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the East. Since then,the Great Wall has stood in the east of the world, experiencing thousands ofyears of wind, frost, rain and snow.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, in order to resist aggression and protectthe newly developed "Silk Road". It has built a great wall of more than 10000kilometers from Lop Nor in Xinjiang in the west to Liaodong in the East. This isalso the longest Great Wall in the history of our country.

After the establishment of Ming Dynasty, it faced the threat of Mongoliaand Jurchen. From the beginning of Zhu Yuanzhang, General Xu Da was sent northto build the Great Wall. Until the end of Ming Dynasty, it was overhauled 18times, lasting more than 260 years. Until Hongzhi 20__ In, it was completed fromthe Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the West. Through Liaoning, Hebei,Beijing, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Gansu and other provinces andautonomous regions. The Great Wall is more than 12700 Li long. And along theGreat Wall is divided into nine defense areas, known as "nine sides and ninetowns". Moreover, in many important pass areas, especially in the north ofBeijing City, multiple walls were built. These are the Badaling Great Wall wesee now.

The scale of the Great Wall built in the Qin, Han and Ming Dynasties is thelargest compared with other dynasties. So the three construction climaxes inhistory are the Qin Dynasty, the Han Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty.

Now, let me introduce the Badaling Great Wall. Badaling Great Wall islocated in Yanqing County, northwest of Beijing. It is the best preservedsection of the Great Wall in Beijing with the best engineering quality and themost rigorous structure. This section of the great wall takes the urn city asthe center, reaching the seventh floor in the South and the twelfth floor in thenorth, with a total length of 4770 meters. It is the only channel leading to theoutside of the Great Wall in Beijing area and the front position of Juyongguan.From here, you can reach Yongning and Sihai in the East, Xuanhua and Datong inthe west, Jingcheng in the south, Yanqing in the north and Badaling in alldirections. Badaling pass was built in 1520__ The city is 7.5 meters high and 4meters thick. There is a plaque on each of the East and West gates, with "JuyongWai Town" in the East and "north gate lock key" in the West. At the entrance ofGuancheng, there is a cannon with a length of 2.85 meters and a caliber of 10.5cm, which is called "Shenwei general". Now lets look at the wall of the GreatWall in Badaling. This section of the city wall is about 5.8 meters narrow atthe top and 6.5 meters wide at the bottom. It consists of four basic structures.1、 City wall, two, city tower, three, pass, four, beacon tower. There is aticket door in the wall and a stone ladder in the middle. The top can hold 5horses in parallel. Beacon tower is also known as beacon, beacon, wolf Yantai.It is independent of the city wall, almost every other mile there is a, composedof the Great Wall defense alarm system.

Whenever enemy troops invade, the beacon towers burn beacon fires to conveymilitary information. Burning smoke during the day is called beacon. At night afire is called a flint. And because wolf dung is often used as fuel, the smokeis high and hard to dissipate, so it is also called "wolf smoke". Moreover, itwas stipulated in the Ming Dynasty. More than 100 of the invading soldiers lit acigarette and fired a gun, about 500 soldiers fired two cigarettes and two guns,more than 1000 soldiers fired three cigarettes and three guns, more than 5000soldiers fired four cigarettes and four guns, if more than 10000 soldiers wereinvolved, five cigarettes and five guns.

From Badaling to the south is the famous Xiongguan, Juyong Pass. JuyongPass is one of the most famous passes of the great wall and an important barrierto the northwest of ancient Beijing. It got its name from Qin Shihuangsconstruction of the Great Wall. That is to say, the prisoners and the people whohave been punished in the palace are caught here to let them build the GreatWall. And lived. Juyongguan was called juyongsai in Han Dynasty and junduguan inSui Dynasty. When it was rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty, it became the strongestsection of the Ming Great Wall. There are both military headquarters andadministrative organizations here. Juyong Pass in ancient times was also lushwith extraordinary scenery. Juyong jucui, one of the eight famous scenic spotsin Yanjing, refers to this place. In addition, there are many places ofinterest, such as Yang LIULANGs Shuanmazhuang, Mu Guiyings dianjiangtai, andbaifengzhong, where dragons and phoenixes play. Not only that, but also JuyongGuanzhong has a white jade platform, called Yuntai, which was built in 1345.Because there were three Tibetan pagodas built on the stage and the couponsunder the stage, it was originally called "crossing the street pagoda". In theearly Ming Dynasty, the pagoda was destroyed, and then the Taian temple wasbuilt. In the early Qing Dynasty, the temple was destroyed again, and now thereare only pillar bases and watchposts. There are also six kinds of seal cuttingscriptures in Sanskrit, Tibetan and basiba on the inner wall, which areimportant objects for studying ancient Chinese characters.

Having said so much, let me tell you a story to relax. The name of thestory is called "Meng Jiangnu crying the Great Wall". Its about Qin Shihuangbuilding the Great Wall. At that time, in order to speed up the project, itbegan to draw civil servants from all over the country. Meng Jiangnus husband,fan Qiliang, was also transferred to build the Great Wall soon after herwedding.

In the twinkling of an eye, three years later, fan Qiliang never heard fromhim. Meng Jiangnu couldnt eat well and sleep well. Suddenly, one night. MengJiangnu had a dream that her husband was hungry and cold, and his clothes didntcover her body. She kept shouting "Im cold, Im hungry!" Meng Jiangnu woke upand decided to go to her husband, and brought him dry food and warm clothes. Allthe way along the Great Wall in search of his husband. She went to Shanhaiguanto find out that many people had died to build the Great Wall. Her husband, fanQiliang, was also tired to death and buried under the Great Wall. This news islike a bolt from the blue, Meng Jiangnu immediately began to cry, crying earthshaking, sections of the great wall collapsed, eight hundred miles long. Now theproject manager was in a hurry to report to Qin Shihuang who was coming here toinspect the progress of the project. The first emperor of Qin sent someone toarrest Meng Jiangnu to find out the reason. After seeing her, Qin Shihuang wasfascinated by her beauty and insisted on calling her "empress Zhenggong".Although Meng Jiangnu was full of anger, she still held down her hatred and hadan idea. She had to ask Qin Shihuang to agree to her three conditions before shecould become the "Empress of the palace". The first is to find the body of hishusband fan Qiliang; the second is to hold a state funeral for his husband; andthe third is to ask the first emperor of Qin to wear mourning and flag for fanQiliang. After listening to the three conditions proposed by Meng Jiangnu, thefirst emperor of Qin thought for a moment. In order to get the beautiful MengJiangnu, he insisted. Meng Jiangnu, wearing filial piety, paid homage to thetomb of fan Zhaliang, who died for the construction of the city. Her longcherished wish was fulfilled. Facing the rolling Bohai Sea, she jumped up andthrew herself into the sea.

At the end of the story, do you think Qin Shihuang is fatuous andoverbearing? Lets ignore him first. Start climbing the great wall and be ahero!!

大家好!欢迎大家到八达岭景区观光旅游。今天有幸陪同大家一起参观，我很高兴，希望各位能在八达岭度过一段美好的时光。

长城是我们古代一项极为雄伟的防御性建筑，它东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，横贯我国北部。婉蜒一万两千多里，故以“万里长城”闻名于世。并于1987年被列入《世界文化遗产名录》。被专家学者们称为“世界上最长的防御性城墙”。

中国最早修建长城是在公元前7世纪的春秋时期，最早修筑长城的国家是楚国。楚国长城在历史文献记载上称作“方城”，长度近千里。齐国也是诸侯国中修筑长城较早的国家，齐长城西起山东平阴，东入大海。是春秋时期长城中遗址保存最多的。

秦始皇于公元前220__年统一中国后，先修缮了秦、赵、燕三国北部的部分旧长城。并开始以“修万里城，筑万里人”的代价修建西起临洮、东到辽东，长达7000多千米的长城。从此万里长城巍然屹立于世界的东方，经历千百年的风霜雨雪。

西汉初期，为了抵御侵略和保护新开发的“丝绸之路”。修筑了西起新疆罗布泊，东到辽东，长达一万多千米的长城。这也是我国历史上最长的一条长城。

明朝建立后，面对蒙古和女真的威胁。从朱元璋开始就派大将徐达北上修筑长城。直到明朝灭亡，先后大修十八次，历时260余年。直到弘治20__年，才完成了东起鸭绿江边，西到嘉峪关。途经辽宁、河北、北京、山西、陕西、内蒙古、宁夏、甘肃等省市自治区。全长12700多里的长城。并把长城沿线划分为九个防御区域，称为“九边九镇”。而且还在许多重要关隘地区，特别是北京城的北面，修筑了多重城墙。这些就是我们现在所看到的八达岭长城了。

秦、汉、明三朝在历史上修筑长城的规模，相比其他朝代来讲是最大的。所以说在历史上的三次修筑高潮就是秦朝、汉朝、明朝。

现在，我就来介绍一下八达岭长城。八达岭长城位于北京西北部的延庆县，是北京地区长城中保存最完好，工程质量最佳，结构最严谨的一段。这段长城以瓮城为中心，南至七楼，北到十二楼，全长4770米。它是北京地区通向塞外的唯一通道，是居庸关的前沿阵地。由此地东可到永宁、四海，西可到宣化、大同，南可抵京城，北可通延庆，四通八达，所以叫做八达岭。八达岭关城建于1520__年，城高7.5米，厚4米。东西两门各有一块牌匾，东为“居庸外镇”，西为“北门锁钥”。关城入口处有一尊长2.85米，口径10.5厘米的大炮名叫“神威大将军”。现在请大家看八达岭这段长城的城墙。这段城墙上窄下宽，上窄约5.8米，下宽约6.5米。分别由四种基本构造构成。一、城墙，二、城台，三、关隘，四、烽火台。墙内有券门，中间有石梯相连。顶部可容5匹马并行。烽火台又称烽堠、烽燧、狼烟台。它独立于城墙之外，几乎每隔一里就有一座，组成了万里长城的防御报警系统。

每当有敌兵进犯的时候，烽火台就燃烽火，传递军情。白天燃烟称烽。夜晚举火称燧。又因为经常用狼粪做燃料，烟飘的高又不易消散，所以也叫做“狼烟”。而且，在明朝规定。来犯敌兵百余人点一烟放一炮，五百人左右两烟两炮，千余人以上三烟三炮，五千人以上四烟四炮，如果事万人以上，五烟五炮。

从八达岭一直向南，就是著名的雄关——居庸关了。居庸关是万里长城最有名的关隘之一，为古代北京西北的重要屏障。以秦始皇修长城“徙居庸徒于此”而得名。也就是说把囚犯、和受过宫刑的人，抓到这里来让他们修长城。并且居住了下来。居庸关在汉朝时叫居庸塞，隋朝叫军都关。到了明朝重新修筑后，成了明长城中最坚固的一段。这里既有军事指挥部、又有行政管理机构。古时的居庸关同样林木葱郁，景致非凡，著名的燕京八景之一“居庸叠翠”指的就是这里了。除此之外还有许多名胜古迹，象杨六郎的栓马桩、穆桂英的点将台、游龙戏凤的白凤冢等七十二处名胜。不但如此，而且居庸关中还有一座始建于1345年的汉白玉高台，人称云台。因台上曾建有3座藏式佛塔，台下为券门，故原称“过街塔”。明初佛塔被毁，后又建泰安寺。清朝前期，寺又被毁，现仅有柱础和望柱。内壁还留有用梵文、藏文、八思巴文等6种文字篆刻的经文，是研究我国古代文字的重要实物。

说了这么多了，下面我给大家讲一个故事来放松一下。故事的名字呢就叫做“孟姜女哭长城”。说的是秦始皇修筑长城的事。当时为了加快工程速度，又开始在全国各地抽调民夫。孟姜女的丈夫范杞梁在新婚不久，也被抽调去充当修长城的民夫了。

转眼三年过去了，范杞梁杳无音信，急得孟姜女吃不好睡不香。突然，有一天夜里。孟姜女做梦，梦到他的丈夫饥寒交迫，衣不遮体，还不停的喊“我冷啊，我饿呀!”孟姜女惊醒后决定去找丈夫，并给他带上了干粮和御寒的衣服。一路沿着长城寻找他的丈夫。她四处打听，走到山海关才知道，为修长城死了很多人，丈夫范杞梁也被累死了，并埋在长城下，尸骨都找不到。这一消息如同晴天霹雳，孟姜女顿时就伤心地痛哭起来，哭得惊天动地，长城一段段的倒塌，足有八百里长。这下可急坏了工程总管，急忙去报告正来此巡查工程进展的秦始皇。秦始皇赶忙派人把孟姜女抓来寻问根由。当见到之后，秦始皇却被她的美貌迷住了，非要封她为"正宫娘娘"。孟姜女虽然怒火满腔，但还是压住心头仇恨，灵机一动，将计就计地非要秦始皇答应她三个条件，之后才能当"正宫娘娘"。一要找到丈夫范杞梁的尸体;二要为其丈夫举行国葬;三要秦始皇为范杞梁披麻戴孝、打幡送葬。秦始皇听罢孟姜女提的三个条件，思索片刻，为了得到貌美如花的孟姜女，便硬着头皮答应下来，孟姜女戴着孝拜了为筑城而死的范札梁坟墓后，宿愿已偿，面对滚滚的渤海，纵身一跃，投海自尽了。

故事讲完了，大家觉得秦始皇是不是昏庸霸道?咱们先不管他怎么样。开始登长城做好汉吧!!

委托翻译合同(样式二)

甲方：

乙方：北京XX公司

关于乙方接受甲方委托，进行资料翻译事宜，经甲乙双方同意，签订以下翻译合同。

1.?稿件说明：

文稿名称：

翻译类型为：英译中/中译英

翻译费为：

交稿时间：

2.?字数计算：

无论是外文翻译成中文。还是中文译成外文，都以汉字字数计价，按电脑工具栏字数统计的"字符数（不计空格）"为准。小件翻译：不足1000字按1000字计算。

3.?笔译价格（单位：rmb/千字）

英译中180

中译英200

4.?付款方式

接收译稿后____日内支付全部翻译费

5.?翻译质量：

乙方翻译稿件需准确，通顺，简洁得体。一旦出现质量问题，乙方有义务无偿为甲方修改一到两次。力求满足甲方要求。如果因质量问题发生冲突，应该提请双方认可的第三方评判，或直接申请_____

6.?原稿修改与补充：

如甲方原稿修改，而需乙方对译文作相应修改，根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费，或在收取原稿翻译费后，对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译，则另行_____。中止翻译：如甲方在乙方翻译过程中，要求中止翻译，甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度，按乙方已经翻译的字数，以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方

7.?交稿方式：

乙方可根据具体需要，采取以下交稿方式中的任一种来交稿：打印稿、电脑软盘、传真、电子邮件。

8.?版权问题：

乙方对于甲方委托文件内容的版权问题不负责，由甲方负全责.?保密性：乙方以翻译为业，遵守翻译职业道德，对其译文的保密性负责。

本合同一式二份，双方各执一份，授权人签字，盖章生效。

甲方：（签章）乙方：（签章）北京XX公司

翻译服务合同（笔译）

甲方：_________________________

乙方：_________________________

甲乙双方经友好协商，就乙方为甲方提供翻译服务达成协议如下：

1.标的

_________________________________________________________

2.期限

乙方须在_______年_______月_______日前交付完成第1条规定的译稿。

3.译稿的交付形式

译稿可以磁盘、电子邮件、传真或打印形式交付。打印费为贰元/张，打印费为_______元。如需送稿，送稿费为_______元。

4.翻译费和排版设计费

以中文为基础确定翻译费。对于可用电脑确定字数的翻译，单价为每千字人民币_______元，总字数为 _______，翻译费为_______，翻译费=单价X总字数/1000。字数为WORD文件中，菜单“工具”的“字数统计”的“字符数（不计空格）”所显示的数字。当原稿为复印件、传真件等，无法由计算机统计字数时，单价为 _______元/页，原稿页数为_______，翻译费为_______元。翻译完成后，乙方根据本条款计算出翻译费。排版设计费为_______元。

5.总价

总价为翻译费、排版设计费、打印费和送稿费的合计，为______________元。

6.定金

为保证本合同的履行，在签订本合同的同时， 甲方须向乙方支付定金______________元。翻译完成后，定金作为总价的一部分，折抵总价款。

7.付款

当甲方支付第5条规定的总价款后，乙方即交付译稿。

8.质量保证

乙方保证译文通顺、准确，并努力做到文字优美。交付译稿后，乙方有责任继续跟踪译文的质量，并向甲方免费提供有关咨询。

9.保密条款

乙方承诺，除乙方工作人员因翻译需要接触甲方文件外，不向任何第三方泄露甲方文件的内容。否则，甲方有权追究乙方因泄密而导致的法律责任。

10.文本份数

本合同一式两份，双方各执一份，具有同等法律效力。

11.其它

_______________________________________________________________

甲方：____________________

代表签字：________________

盖章：____________________

日期：____________________

乙方：____________________

代表签字：________________

盖章：____________________

日期：____________________

产权合同：翻译合同

甲方：______________

乙方：______________

关于甲方委托乙方进行资料翻译事宜甲、乙双方在平等、互利、自愿原则上，经协商签订本合同，共同信守。为明确甲、乙双方的权利和义务，经友好协商，达成如下协议：

一、甲方向乙方提供有关书籍、资料，作为乙方翻译的参考资料。

二、甲方向乙方保证其提供的文稿已取得版权许可;文稿中没有任何容易引起刑事或民事的内容。文稿中对于不合理或违反中华人民共和国法律法规或国际法或国际惯例的服务要求，乙方将予以拒绝。

三、甲方如对乙方译稿有异议，甲方有权在取稿之日起7日内，向乙方提出修改意见，乙方应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改，直至甲方满意为止。另外，乙方出于保密起见只负责保存原文和译文十天。逾期不取将予以销毁。译文交稿后乙方不负责保留译稿和磁盘。鉴于翻译认知的时效性，甲方应在收到译文后七天内对译文提出异议，逾期本公司将对包括译文的准确性在内不承担责任。

四、乙方有权要求甲方无偿提供相关背景资料。

五、乙方应保证其翻译稿件质量：忠实原文、译文准确;语句通顺、全文流畅。甲方应理解以下可能出现的情况：翻译中存在可译与不可译、两种语言中没有意义绝对相同的两个词、同一语言中没有意义绝对相同的词，以及各语言或同一语言中表达方式的无限多样性等问题，因而翻译总有偏失等现象;作为译者，应该尽可能减少这种偏失，甲方不能因对某些词的择取而拒稿，任何争议，双方应以商讨方式解决。

六、乙方遵守翻译职业道德，对其译文的准确性和对内容的保密性负责，(还可根据需要签订详细的保密协议)不负与此文件有关联的任何其他责任。不管甲方的商业利润如何，乙方均有权获得翻译费。

七、结款方式及翻译价格以客户委托单为准。

八、乙方需按规定日期将相关背景资料及译文文本完整归还甲方。??

九、如因甲方原因推迟提供给乙方翻译稿件或翻译的相关资料时间，受到的损失由甲方承担。

十、如甲方原稿修改，而需乙方对译文作相应修改，根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费，或在收取原稿翻译费后，对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译，则另行收费。对于原稿以其它方式订稿，即不以原文的形式订稿，需进行重新核查或修改的，应根据程度收取费用。

十一、甲乙双方在合作过程中，如遇问题，应经过友好协商解决。

十二、本协议一式两份。甲、乙双方各执一份，自签字盖章之日起生效。

客户委托单 客户名称

地址

联系人

电话：

email

翻译服务

其他服务

翻译内容

翻译内容

开始日

开始日

结束日

结束日

翻译量

翻译量

单价

单价

应付金额

应付金额

预付金额

预付金额

付款期限

完成工作当日付清全款

付款期限

完成工作当日付清全款

合计

(大写金额)： (小写金额)：

付款方式

现金( )支票( )邮寄汇款( )银行转账( )

账号：

单位名称：

银行：

客户其它要求

1

2

交稿方式

e-mail: ()软盘:()光盘()打印稿:()

甲方：______________ 乙方：____________

代表：______________ 代表：____________

日期：______________ 日期：____________

甲方：

乙方：

关于乙方接受甲方委托，进行资料翻译事宜，经甲乙双方同意，签订以下翻译合同。

1.翻译服务范围:乙方负责甲方__项目的所有宣传，产品资料的翻译工作，乙方负责安排专业翻译人员和外籍校对人员保障翻译质量。

2.交稿时间：甲，乙双方根据项目情况商议交稿时间，甲方尽量给足乙方翻译时间，具体时间按单项交接协议为准。

3.若甲方要求乙方加急翻译，甲方在原收费基础上加一倍支付翻译费，按协议字数计算。每小时要求翻译超过600字符数，则为加急件。(按电脑工具栏字数统计的

4.翻译类型为：英译中/中译英。

5. 字数计算：无论是英文翻译成中文，还是中文译成英文，均按电脑工具栏字数统计的

6.小件翻译:不足1000字超过500字按1000字计算，不足500字按1000字费用的50%计算。

7. 笔译价格(单位：RMB/千字)中译英

8.校正费用：甲方提供基本合乎翻译标准的资料，乙方的校正费用为(单位：RMB/千字正后所导致的翻译纠纷由双方承担。

9.翻译文件至少达到3000字可由乙方免费排版，低于3000字请由甲方自行排版。

10. 付款方式：每月月底根据交稿单的内容来统一核算乙方的翻译费用，每月号汇款到账。乙方账户：开户行帐号

11.甲方权利与义务

11.1、甲方向乙方提供翻译资料，作为乙方翻译的工作内容。

11.2、甲方向乙方保证所提供的文稿已取得版权或许可，文稿中没有任何容易引起刑事或民事纠纷的内容。文稿中对于不合理或违反中华人民共和国法律法规或国际法或国际惯例的服务要求，乙方有权予以拒绝。

11.3、甲方如对乙方译稿有异议，甲方有权在取稿之日起5日内向乙方提出修改意见，乙方应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改、校对，直至甲方满意为止。稿件满意度以措辞准确，文句调理清楚，无官方翻译错误为准。

11.4、乙方应尽量避免翻译的偏差。因乙方翻译失误而引起损失，甲方有权追究其责任。因甲方提供材料失当导致的翻译错误应有甲方全权承担，因由乙方自身翻译失误所带来的经济损失由乙方承担印刷部分经济责任，并且甲方应当提供与印刷商合作的相关价目详表。

11.5、 甲方有权在任何时间要求乙方提供已累积翻译字数，并给予核实。

12. 乙方权利与义务

12.1、乙方有权要求甲方无偿提供相关背景资料。

12.2、乙方出于保密起见只负责保存原文和译文至发生款项付清为止,此后不得保留译稿和磁盘。 12.3、不管甲方的商业利润如何，乙方均有权获得翻译费。

12.4、乙方应该根据甲方要求，以下面的任何方式提供交稿文件：打印稿、电脑光盘、移动硬盘、E-mail。乙方翻译样稿所花费的纸质消费应由甲方承担。

12.5、乙方应按甲方要求的时间(不排除法定假日)提供翻译稿件，如乙方未能在指定时间完成翻译任务，甲方有权不支付任何价款，并有权追究因翻译延误给甲方造成的损失。

13. 原稿修改与补充：

如甲方原稿修改，而需乙方对译文作相应修改，根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费，或在收取原稿翻译费后，对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译，则另行收费。中止翻译：如甲方在乙方翻译过程中，要求中止翻译，甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度，按乙方已经翻译的字数，以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方

14. 交稿方式:

乙方可根据具体需要，采取以下交稿方式中的任一种来交稿：打印稿、电脑软盘、传真、电子邮件。

15. 版权问题：

乙方对于甲方委托文件内容的版权问题不负责，由甲方负全责. 保密性:乙方遵守翻译职业道德，对其译文的保密性负责。

一、 违约责任

1、甲乙任何一方不按本合同书履行其职责和义务，则视为违约，另一方可以提出质疑并要求对方纠正，若对方不纠正，另一方可以提出经济赔偿或中止合同，赔偿金额不少于实际损失额，但在翻译总费用二倍之内。

2、本合同书中如有其它未尽事宜，双方协商解决。协商不成，据处理。本合同书与现行法律抵触之处，按现行法律规定处理。

3、如果因为不可抗拒的原因而不能执行本合同的全部或部分条款，甲乙双方无需负任何责任。

4、如甲方在乙方翻译过程中，要求中止翻译，甲方须根据乙方的翻译进度，按乙方已经翻译的字数，以协定的单价计算翻译费给乙方。

5、因乙方原因中止翻译，乙方必须按已消耗的时间占双方协定完成翻译时间的比例，乘以双方协定完成翻译总费用的金额作为对甲方时间损失的赔偿。

二、 争议解决方式

合同执行过程中如发生争议，双方应及时友好协商解决;协商不成时，双方可以向当地人民法院申诉。

三、 合同份数及有效期

1、本合同在双方的授权代表正式签署后，方可生效。

2、本协议一式两份。甲、乙双方各执一份，自签字盖章之日起生效。

3、本合同为双方长期合作合同，合同的终止以甲方书面通知为准。

甲方：(签章)    乙方：(签章)

时间：               时间;

Bonjour tout le monde!Bienvenue à Suzhou Zhuozheng Garden, lun des quatrejardins célèbres de Chine.Cest un chef - d?uvre du jardin privé chinois.Cejardin mal géré est appelé "la mère du jardin du monde".

Entrons.Le jardin.Le jardin est divisé en trois parties.Pourquoi appelons -nous cela un jardin politique humble?Parce que le propriétaire du jardin estWang xianshen.Il veut dire que je ne suis pas un fonctionnaire, je suis unidiot.Il passe par la porte du mur et la porte de taille du jardin Zhuo. ? lestdu jardin Zhuo, il y a une chambre de trois Chambres au sud du jardin est,appelée "salle de neige bleue".Le mot "neige bleue" vient du printemps de LiBai, et le vent et la neige bleue symbolisent le sentiment noble du ma?tre,libre comme la brise printanière, aussi frais que la brise.Lanxue en plus de"lanxue Hall", il y a aussi "kunxiang Hall", "Tianquan Hall", "Furong Sky",etc.

Passons maintenant à un jeu important.Il y a toutes sortes de fenêtres surles murs du couloir.Si vous regardez à lintérieur, vous verrez 25 peintures dedifférents styles.Maintenant, nous continuons tout droit, devant le miroir etdevant le cinéma inversé, il y a une voie navigable surface de lapiscine est inégale.Regarde le toit, on dirait un ventilateur.Les tuiles du toitressemblent à des ventilateurs montagne derrière le pavillon Liressemble à un ventilateur pliant, presque sans couture.

Cest la fin du voyage.Au revoir à tous les visiteurs!

在本次翻译实习中，我所要进行英汉翻译的材料是关于招投标的相关材料，而要进行汉译英的则是与施工过程相关的材料。总的来说，翻译这样专业性很强的材料在我自己看来无异于一个巨大的挑战，但是，转念一想，自己大学整整四年不正是为了学到知识从而提高自己的能力吗?而能力的提高肯定少不了必要的锻炼啊。所以，也就鼓起勇气，尝试着迎着困难前行。通过一个月左右的翻译实习，我自己也从中获得了不少的感悟及体会。整理起来有一下几点：

首先，要想提高自己的翻译能力，一定要动手实践。不过实践也要分为两类，即直接实践和间接实践。直接实践就是我们自己要动手翻译，一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。而间接实践就是我们从研究别人翻译的东西。虽说这两种实践都能在一定程度上对我们的翻译能力的提升有所帮助，但是个人认为，直接实践更具重要性。就如同本次翻译实习，在实习的最初，我对文章里的各种专业术语感到无比的头疼，甚至有抓狂的冲动。原因很简单，它们对我来说完全陌生，这就让我基本读不懂原文，这样怎能做翻译呢?所以，在我一再坚持查阅词典及其他相关资料后，我渐渐地记住了许多术语的意思，也慢慢了解了它们的用法，于是我的翻译速度也就从最开始蜗牛爬的速度变得更加娴熟，译文也不再那么干涩生硬了。这不得不让人感慨，熟能生巧啊。学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。所以，自己亲身的锻炼是绝对必不可少的。

其次，在翻译的过程中，我们必须根据翻译材料内容的不同而采取不同的翻译方法和技巧。在这次翻译实习中，我所翻译的材料是具有很强专业性的材料，而它的翻译有自身的特点，所以在翻译的时候，我也采用了相应的方法。对此类专业资料的翻译，很重要的一点就是保证原文意思的准确性及精确性。因此，在翻译时，选词是很重要的一步。正确选择词义是保证译文质量的中心问题。

英汉两种语言在词义方面存在很大的差异，一般来说，英语词义比较灵活多变，词的含义范围比较宽，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大。而汉语词语的意思则更为严谨，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小。在翻译的过程中，我们首先要正确理解原文的含义，然后在译文语中选择正确的词语进行翻译。只有这样才能准确无误地传达出原文的意思，从而做到翻译的第一条标准“信”。

再次，掌握一定的翻译技巧和方法非常重要。在翻译过程中，由于两种语言存在着的差异，一种语言中有的表达方式在另一种语言中很难准确地表达出来。这时，必要的翻译技巧和方

法能起到一定的帮助作用。如删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘的省译法，根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义的增译法，翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换的转译法等等。这些翻译方法及技巧的运用，将对我们在翻译中遇到的难点的翻译有相应的帮助，同时也能使译文更通顺易于理解，更符合阅读习惯。

最后，翻译是一项非常辛苦的工作，需要极大的勇气和毅力方能坚持下去。在这些天做翻译的过程中，我天天都坐在电脑面前，敲着键盘，移动着鼠标。一天下来，总是腰酸背痛，眼睛也胀痛，脖子僵硬。这份辛苦也算的上对翻译工作深切的体会。虽说也明白，各项工作必有它的难处，但亲身体验一下还是十分必要的。至少明白了有些东西，我们仅仅懂得是远远不够的，重要的是我们要身体力行并能坚持到底。说到勇气和坚持，这不仅仅是做翻译才需要的品质，今后的工作中，人生道路上都是需要它们的。人生就像马拉松，获胜的关键不在于瞬间的爆发，而在于途中的坚持。你纵有千百个理由放弃，也要给自己找一个坚持下去的理由。

很多时候，成功就是多坚持一分钟，这一分钟不放弃，下一分钟就会有希望。只是我们不知道，这一分钟会在什么时候出现。再苦再累，只要坚持走下去，属于你的风景终会出现。这次英汉加起来一共翻译了四万字，对我这个翻译菜鸟级别的人来说，也算的上浩大的工程了。但是，一步一步走下来，也就做完了。坚持是很重要的，我们要时时刻刻记着它，我们当我们受到挫折遇到困难的时候，它就会鼓励我们不断向前，最终让我们获得成功。人做一件事是很容易的，但如果要坚持下去，很多人就会半途而废，这样做到一半了就放弃，最后会一事无成。很多人都渴望成功，但不知道怎样才能成功，我认为如果要成功，最重要的一点就是坚持，有些人能够成功，是他们坚持、努力，最后干出了大事情。所以，这样的翻译实习也就锻炼了以后极需的品质，这对我来说也算是额外的一大收获。

后勤主任在总经理的领导下，具体负责公司后勤服务工作。后勤是为企业和企业所有成员生活服务提供保障的服务管理机构，其主任主要工作职责是：

一、负责贯彻执行党和国家的各项方针、政策、法律和条例，执行公司的各项决定指令。

二、负责全体员工的伙食工作。加强伙食管理，提高伙食质量，强化伙食成本核算，重视食品卫生。

三、保证公司日常供水、供暖、供气、供电工作;负责锅炉采暖管网的维修和改造及全校房舍建筑的维修与养护工作;负责采暖费的收缴工作;做好企业的服务工作。

四、负责办公楼、公共场所的卫生、清洁、保安、维修管理等工作。

五、负责变电所变电运行和日常巡查，负责电话总机的管理工作，保证供电、通讯设备完好，畅通无阻。

六、负责绿化建设工作。

七、负责车辆管理、调整、使用和维修保养工作。

八、负责后勤各类经费的管理和使用。

九、负责物业、上下水维修、日常保洁、保安，以及报刊、邮件、复印、数码工作室等管理工作。

十、加强精神文明建设，加强职工队伍建设，加强优质服务教育，增强后勤凝聚力，提高职工生活福利待遇。

你好老师。我的名字是* * *。我19岁了。我来自* *。很高兴今天来到这里。我的专业是国际金融和贸易。我爱我的专业,所以我要努力学习。每个人的喜欢某事。,不是吗?

我喜欢上网,打篮球和听音乐。我擅长跑步,尤其是短跑,如100米。这个国家我做梦去西班牙,这是一个非常美丽的国家。我最喜欢的动物是狗,因为它很可爱。我最大的爱好是打篮球,我梦想成为一名职业球员,但我不够高。所以我现在的目标是努力学习,并通过托福考试的第一年。谢谢你!

Hello teachers.My name is .Im 19 years old now.Im from.Glad to be here today.My major is international finance and trade.I love my major,so Im gonna study hard.Everybodys keen on sth.,isnt it?

I like surfing online,playing basketball and listening to music.Im good at running,especially sprint,such as 100 meters.The country Im dreaming to visit is Spain,which is a very beautiful country.My favorite animal is dog,as its so cute.My biggest hobby is playing basketball,and ive dreamt to be a professional player,but Im not tall enough.So my present goal is to study hard,and pass Toefl in the first year.Thank you.

授予翻译权合同

（国家版权局         年     月）

（标准样式）

甲方（著作权人）：               地址：

乙方（出版者）：                 国籍：

地址：（主营业所或住址）：

合同签订日期：                   地点：

鉴于甲方拥有（作者姓名）（下称"作者）的作品（书名）（下称"作品"）第（版次）的著作权，双方达成协议如下：

第一条 甲方授予乙方在保同有效期内，在（国家、地区）以图书形式用（文字）翻译     、出版      册（印数）上述作品译本（下称"译本"的专有使用权）。

第二条 甲方保证拥有第一条授予乙方的权利。如因上述权利的行使侵犯他人菱权，甲方     承担全部责任并赔偿因此给乙方造成的损失，乙方可以终止合同。

第三条 为翻译的目的，甲方应向乙方在        内提供上述作品的         本加工副本。

第四条 乙方根据本合同第十七条的规定，为获得出版译本的权利，向甲方支付报酬，支付方式为：

（一）版税：     （货币单位）[译本定价     %（版税率）       销售数（或印数）]；（例如文学作品8%，科技作品10%）或

（二）一次性付酬：（货币单位）（例如文学作品每千字20元，科技伤口每千字25元） 如果译本的最后定价高出预计定价，乙方应在译本出版后按%增加向甲方支付的报酬。

乙方在本合同签订后       月内，向甲方预付       %版税，其余版税开出版后第       月结算期分期支付，或在       月内一次付清。

第五条 乙方负责安排有资格和有能力的译者对作品进行准确性确的翻译，译者姓名和其资格证明应送交甲方，未经甲方事先书面同意，不得删节、增加或以其他方式修改          作.

第六条 有磁译本的质量问题，由甲乙双方商定。

第七条 乙方将作者的姓名标注在译本的封面、护封和扉页的显著位置，并注明："此版本（书名）系（乙方名称）与（甲方名称）于     年 月协议出版"。

第八条 乙方应于     年 月 日前出版译本。乙方因故未能按时出版，应在出版期限届满前 日通知甲方，双方另行约定出版日期。乙方支付愈期违约金，比例为    ，乙方在双方另行约定的出版日期仍不能出版，甲方可以终止合同，乙方应向甲方    赔偿损失，并支付违约金，比例为 。

第九条 译本一经出版，乙方应于 日前同甲方提供    本样书，并应尽力推销译本的复制品。

第十条 如果乙方希望增加    册（印数），   年内乙方可以自行决定增加印数，但应将拟定议的印数和定价通知甲方，并于 日内按第四条规定的   方式向其支付报酬     。如果乙方未在译本脱销后 月内再次重印译本，授予的权利回归甲方。

第十一条 未经甲方事先书面同意，乙方不得行使除第一条规定的译本的其他任何权.

第十二条 未经甲方事先同意，乙方不得将所授予的翻译权许可任何第三方行使，译本也不得单独使用乙方自己的版本说明。

第十三条 如果乙方未在 日内支付本合同规定的报酬，如甲方不解除合同，乙方应继续履行合同支付报酬，并支付愈期违约金，比例为 ；如果方解除合同，乙方应赔偿损失，并支付违约金，比例为 。

第十四条 除本合同明确授予乙方的权利之外，作品的其他所有权利由甲方保留。乙方希望取得的权利，应在本合同中明确约定。

第十五条 甲方有权核查译本的印数。如甲方指定第三方核查，需提供授权委托书。如乙方隐瞒印数，除向甲方补齐应付报酬外，还应支付违约金并承担核查费用     。如核查结果与乙方提供的印数相符，核查费用由甲方承担。

第十六条 如果乙方违反了本合同的约定，又未能在甲方通知其 月内改正，或甲方已撤销不能履行的合同，本合同自动终止，授予乙方的翻译权回归甲方，乙方应向甲方赔偿损失，并支付违约金，比例为 。

第十七条 乙方委托      （银行）以      （票据）的方式向甲方支付报酬，并按 日中国国      家外汇管理局的外江苏排价折算成合同确定的币种支付。

第十八条 双方因合同的解释或履行发生争议，由双方协商解决。协商不成，由     （仲     裁机构）仲裁，或向（法院）捍诉讼。

中国仲裁机构为            仲裁委员会。

第十九条 因本合同引纷提起的仲裁或诉讼，适用《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》有关涉     外民事诉讼程序的特别规定。

第二十条 本合同以中、   （外国文字）两种文字写成，两种文字具有同等法律效力。

第二十一条 全同的变更、续签及其他为未尽事宜，由双方另行商定。

第二十二条 本合同自签字之日起生效，有效期为 年。

第二十三条 本合同一式两份，双方各执一份为凭。

甲方：                            乙方：

（签章）                     （签章）

年      月      日                 年      月      日

dear mr. / ms.,

this is to introduce mr. frank jones, our new marketing

specialist who will be in london from april 5 to mid april on business.

we shall appreciate any help you can give mr. jones and will always be happy to reciprocate.

yours faithfully,

亲爱的先生/女士,

这是介绍弗兰克琼斯先生，我们的新市场

专家将于4月5日至4月中旬在伦敦出差。

我们将感激你给琼斯先生的任何帮助，并将永远乐于报答。

你忠实的,

亲爱的游客朋友们，大家好。欢迎你们来故宫游玩。我叫李依璋，大家可以叫我李导或小李。今天由我带领大家一起探索世界遗产——故宫。

Dear friends, hello. You are welcome to visit the Forbidden City. My name is Li Yizhang, you can call me lee or xiao li. Led by me today everybody together to explore the world heritage - the Forbidden City.

我们先来了解一下故宫吧!故宫位于北京中心，旧称紫禁城。故宫宫殿建筑均是木结构、黄琉璃瓦顶、青白石底座，饰以金碧辉煌的彩画。

We first to know about the Palace Museum! The Palace Museum is located in the center of Beijing, used to be called the Forbidden City. The Forbidden City palace buildings are wood, yellow glazed tile roof, green white stone base, decorated with resplendent and magnificent painting.

现在我们在故宫内庭最前面的是乾清宫。乾清宫是内庭正殿，高20米。殿的正中央是宝座，内有“正大光明”匾。乾清宫是封建皇帝的寝宫，清康熙前此处为皇帝居住和处理政务之处。清雍正后皇帝移居养心殿，但仍在此批阅奏报，选派官史和召见臣下。

Now we are in the front Chambers of the imperial palace is the palace of heavenly purity. Palace of heavenly purity is the main hall, the main of which was 20 metres high. The center of the temple is the throne, there are "legitimate" plaque. Palace of heavenly purity is the living quarters for the feudal emperor, the qing emperor kangxi to the emperor lived here before and dealing with affairs. After the qing yongzheng emperors moved to yangxin dian, but still played in the reviews, history and summoned liegeman appointed officer.

现在我们来到了坤宁宫，在故宫中间的是坤宁宫，雍正后，西暖阁为萨满的祭祀地。其中东暖阁为皇帝大婚洞房，康熙同治、光绪二帝，均在此举行婚礼。还有许多殿比如：东六宫、交泰殿、西六宫……

Now we came to the palace of earthly tranquility, in the Forbidden City is in the middle of the palace of earthly tranquility, yongzheng, west NuanGe for the sacrifice of the shaman. Its Middle East NuanGe for wedding bridal chamber, the emperor kangxi managment, two emperor, were held in the wedding. House there are many such as: east sixth, hand over tai temple, west sixth...

好啦，我的介绍就先到这里，请大家慢欣赏游玩。还有大家记住哦!在浏览时不乱扔垃圾，不触摸物品，不踩踏一草一木，这样才能欣赏到有着历史气息的故宫。祝大家玩得开心，玩得尽兴。

Ok, I will first come here, please slowly appreciate. And you remember oh! When browsing dont litter, dont touch items, dont trample objects, so you can see the air has a history of the Forbidden City. I wish you all have fun and play.

各位老师们，你们好，我叫 ，来自韶关!我说话喜欢直爽一点，热爱打篮球。要是说我有什么不一样的地方，就是英语比较差，我知道学习酒店管理这个行业，需要英语!但我对这个专业充满期待!我会用尽全力去弥补英语这方面的不足。希望老师能给我这次机会，谢谢!

Dear teachers, Hello, my name is , from Shaoguan! I speak like Frank point, love playing basketball. If I have what different place, is relatively poor English, I know studying hotel management in this industry, need English! But I am full of the professional look! I will try to make up for the shortage of English in this area. I hope the teacher can give me this opportunity, thank you!

Dear Mr.,

Im sorry to tell you that I caught a cold and Im not feeling well now.I am adviced to stay in bed for two days and cant go to school then.But I think Ill get well soon and be back the day after tomorrow.

Yours sincerely,

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告

how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation

i. purpose and significance

with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.

ii. literature review

long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.

i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.

another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.

i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.

in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

iii. feasibility analysis

this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.

2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.

6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.

iv. problems of the research and solutions

1. problems

despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. solutions

(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.

(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

v. necessary conditions

1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.

3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

vi. outline

i. introduction

a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation

b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis

c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation

1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english

2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure

ii. the principles of ellipsis

a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works

b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test

c. omitted words which are self-evident

ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis

a. the coherence of the meaning of expression

b. the coincidence of the manner of expression

1. ellipsis of articles

a. ellipsis of definite articles

b. ellipsis of indefinite articles

2. ellipsis of prepositions

3. ellipsis of pronouns

a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns

b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns

c. ellipsis of relative pronouns

4. ellipsis of conjunctions

a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions

b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions

5. ellipsis of rhetoric

a. ellipsis of repeated words

b. ellipsis of synonyms

hi! Hello, I am in lianyungang city, jiangsu province guannan county experimental primary school. Im in class four grade four (11) reading Liu Rongchun classmates!

My study is on the average, in the class as a math class representative. A double belt under the thick eyebrows, a pair of glasses in the eyes, a small mouth very will talk, I had a long or short braid, but very thick.

My hobby many, such as: singing, dancing, writing, painting and calligraphy... Especially writing calligraphy and dancing, I once in nanjing college of art of calligraphy level through the game, game in our school participated in the province county. I have written my own novel! I raced in lianyungang city television station. My dream is to be a brilliant female movie star, so we have to study hard now. In order to achieve my dream to struggle!

I am the future national female movie star, Liu Rongchun!

嗨!大家好，我是在江苏省连云港市灌南县实验小学四年级四(11)班读书的陆荣春同学!

我的学习是中等偏上，在班里当数学课代表。浓浓的眉毛下有一双带一副眼镜的眼睛，一张很会说话的小嘴，我扎着一个不长也不短的辫子，但很粗。

我的爱好很多，比如：唱歌、跳舞、写作、书画…特别是书法和写作跳舞，我的书法曾经在南京艺术学院比赛四级通过，在我校参加过省县里比赛。我写过属于我自己的小说呢!我在连云港市电视台上比赛过。我的梦想是当一位耀眼的女影视明星，所以我们现在要认真学习。为实现我的梦想而奋斗!

我就是未来国家的女影视明星，陆荣春!

ello! Dear teachers. My name is .Its my pleasure to join your face to face test,of course it will be my great honor to be a student of you university.Im 18 yars old.Particularly fond of tourism management, Im so eager to get the admission of your school.As for hobby, Im crazy about music as well as making friends, therefore, Im outgoing and always be happy.If you are willing to ,we can exchange phone number and be sincerely friends.Apart from them,I am good at history and Chinese.I am so interested in literary works about history that I cant even breathe without reading history books one week. And I hope we can perform my best today!

再见!亲爱的老师。我的名字是，我很高兴加入你们的面测试，当然我也会很荣幸的成为你的学生。我18岁。特别喜欢旅游管理，我很渴望得到你的学校的录取。作为爱好，我疯了关于音乐和交朋友，因此，我性格开朗，永远快乐。如果你愿意，我们可以交换电话号码和真心的朋友。除了他们之外，我擅长历史和中国。我很感兴趣的文学作品中的历史，我甚至不能呼吸没有一周读历史书。我希望我们今天能表现的最好!

甲方（翻译人）：_________________

住址：___________________________

乙方（委托人）：_________________

住址：___________________________

作品（资料）名称：_______________

原作者姓名：_____________________

1.译文符合原作本意；

2.行文通顺流畅，无生涩硬造词汇；

3.文字准确，没有错误。

甲方交付的稿件应有翻译者的签章。

六、乙方向甲方支付报酬的方式和标准为

基本稿酬：每千字_________元（按中文稿计算）。

奖励稿酬：经专家审定，译稿质量较好，可按每千字_________元付给奖励稿酬。

八、甲方交付的稿件未达到本合同第三条约定的要求，而且甲方拒绝按照合同的_________约定修改，乙方有权终止合同，并要求甲方返还预付酬金。

九、双方因合同的解释或履行发生争议，由双方协商解决。协商不成，由______________机构裁决。

十、合同的变更及其他未尽事宜，由双方另行商定。

十一、本合同自签字之日起生效。本合同一式两份，双方各执一份为凭。

甲方（签章）：_________?乙方（签章）：_________

签订地点：_____________?签订地点：_____________

_________年____月____日?_________年____月____日