论文摘要的英文翻译（精选20篇）

甲方：

Party A:

地址：

Address:

乙方： 北京司文斋翻译服务*限公司

Party B: Beijing Sunwise Transla*ion Services Co., L*d.

地址： 北京市朝阳区慧谷阳光H座4-102室 100102

Address: Suite 4-102 Bldg. H, Sunny Board Build, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102

甲乙双方本着友好协商、共同发展的原则签订本翻译服务合同，其条款如下：

Both parties of Party A and Party B have signed the Translation Service Contract based on the principle of friendly cooperation and mutual development* The articles are as follows:

一、甲方委托乙方为其提供翻译服务，及时向乙方提交清晰、易于辨认的待译资料，提出明确要求，并对乙方的翻译质量进行监督。

1.Party A entrusts Party B with the translation service. Party A shall provide legible documents in time and give clear requirements and control the translation quality of Party B.

二、乙方按时完成翻译任务(如发生不可抗力的因素除外)，向甲方提供已翻译好的打印件及电子文件各一份。具体交稿日期由双方商定。对于加急稿件，交稿期限由双方临时商议。

2. Party B shall complete the translation work in time and deliver the translation by printed hard copy and a relevant disk within the agreed date (with the exception of the delay caused by Force Majeure). Details about the delivery time will be discussed between the two parties. For the urgent request, the delivery time will be discussed accordingly between the two parties.

三、乙方对甲方提供的任何资料必须严格保密，不得透露给第三方。

3.Party B shall keep confidentiality of any documents provided by Party A and can not disclose to the third party.

四、翻译工作量统计：电子译稿：按电脑统计的中文版字符数计算（中文版Word20__ 中 “不计空格的字符数”）; 打印译稿：按中文原稿行数×列数统计计算（行×列）。

4.Calculation of the load of translation: For electronic documents, the translation load shall be based on the statistics of the computer (Chinese Version Word20__ “Chinese characters not including blank spaces ”). For printed documents, the translation load shall be calculated according to lines of Chinese characters (the original printed copy), i.e. lines × rows.

五、乙方按优惠价格向甲方收取翻译费用：英*汉为 元/千字符（十万字以上）。

5.Party B will charge the translation project from Party A with favorable price: For English–Chinese RMB / 1000 Chinese characters and marks（More than 100000 Chinese characters and marks）.

六、乙方可以在翻译开始前为甲方预估翻译费，甲方付款时则按实际发生的工作量支付给乙方翻译费用（工作量统计方法见本合同第四条）。以下为乙方的账户信息：

账户名：北京司文斋翻译服务*限公司

开户行：中国工商银行*贸支行

账户：

交换号：0416

6. Party B can evaluate and notice Party A the estimated translation fee before the launch of the project. Party A shall pay to Party B the amount of translation fee according to the actually calculated load of translation (as specified in Clause 4 of this Contract). Below is the bank information of Party B.

Dear supervisor:

How are you doing? I am -x. I wrote this because I want you to know that on the morning of June 8th, I have to go back to school to deal with some personal thins, so I want to ask for leave about half day, please approve, thank you so much.

Sincerely,

-x

Good morning, my name is , is University of Fashion Design and Engineering 20 session of the graduates. It is an honor to have the opportunity to introduce myself here. During the school, I master the system of clothing design, garment structure technology and clothing management theory and practical ability, familiar with the basic theory and basic knowledge of clothing subject, by clothing design and garment structure technology basic training.In order to be able to I learned a lot of books not on the clothing expertise, improve the overall quality, so I am on the clothing materials, clothing technology, and so on, so I have a lot of experience, Clothing pattern making an eye-opener, so I mastered a lot of knowledge, which is more determined to dry clothing I am a strong interest in this industry. I will continue to enrich themselves, so that their efforts to become the apparel industry professionals. During the university I served as the Minister of the student union, exercise my hard-working and pragmatic, eclectic habits, to strengthen my sense of professionalism, responsibility, and cultivate my good at unity, the courage to innovate.

I always focus on the organization, communication, collaboration, innovation and other comprehensive capacity-building, and actively participate in student work and collective activities, in the process, a comprehensive exercise of my thinking ability, innovation, problem solving, problem solving and problem solving. The ability to communicate, training my hard-working, not afraid of difficult scientific spirit, and enrich my expertise. I am cheerful, good at communication, team spirit; new knowledge of new things have the ability, innovative spirit, willing to accept the challenge. I like the design of clothing, clothing design in the hope that this vast world expose their talent, but also look forward to your company with a broad and powerful stage of a show of talent. I am confident that I am competent to work in your company. If you are hired by your organization, I will be in their own positions on the practical work for your companys development and contribution to my talent and wisdom.

Hello, dear visitors by I lead you to the Palace Museum in Beijing, my name is Kong Fanlu, hope I can bring you the best service. But now I want to bring some requirements: 1. To keep your valuables; 2. If you get lost, please dont hesitate to call me dont leave. 3. Be sure to protect the environment. Ok, finished my request, please consciously abide by, thank you for your cooperation!

First of all, I give you a brief introduction, the Palace Museum is located in the center of Beijing, used to be called the Forbidden City, is the imperial palace during the Ming and qing dynasties, the worlds largest and the most magnificent, most complete existing ancient palace. At least 580 years old. Large-scale palace, 753 meters wide from east to west, north and south 961 meters, the total area of 720xx0 square meters, a total of about ten thousand between the palace.

Dear visitors, now show in front of our eyes is the magnificence of the ancient palaces of the Forbidden City. You look at all sides is a wall, surrounded by tall gate, south is the meridian gate, north gate of creature, for DongHuaMen east, the west gate of Sherwood.

Now tell me, please go to the imperial palace the biggest palace in the taihe palace and have a look! This is the place where the emperor to hold, look over there, is in the middle of the white marble sculpture "dragon playing pearl", both sides is white marble steps; The steps on the left is a turtle, right is a crane, it is a symbol of longevity.

Ill give you introduce other house! Now we come to zhonghe palace, zhonghe palace is a place where king on his way to the hall of supreme harmony in learning etiquette and Baohe Palace? It is supported by many root red giant column, each post are engraved with a lifelike dragon, very spectacular, we take a look at the mandarin house!!!! He is the crown prince of DouShuChu in Ming dynasty. Gate of heavenly purity was the palace at at home and abroad, inside the parting of the delay, which is to the north.

Okay, end of the tour, I hope you again to watch the other scenery and wish you a happy!

如今，高职教育迎来了高速发展的空前大好时机。为了更好地发展高职教育，越来越多的教育工作者开始致力于高职教学改革工作，并取得了令人瞩目的成绩。但与此同时，笔者也发现有些课程的改革方面依然有些滞后，需要引起更多更广泛的关注，高职商务英语翻译实训课程便位列其中。

一、翻译实训课的重要性实训课作为实践性课程的重要组成部分，对高职教育来说自然非常重要。与普通高等教育相比，高职教育更加重视培养实用型、应用型的人才。实训课程即为实现这一培养目标的重要途径之一。杨国祥，丁钢总结了高职课程建设的基本原则，其中即有突出实践教学的原则。同时，高职教育较普通高等教育而言更强调培养学生的动手实践能力，有人也称高职教育为就业教育。因此，尽快缩短学生进入工作角色的周期就成为高职教育的一个重要目标。设置一些实践性的课程，比如实训课，就有助于实现这一目标。翻译课本身即是实践性非常强的课程，如果没有大量的实际操练和训练，就容易偏于理论而失去其应有的实践性意义。相反，只有通过大量的笔译和口译实操，在训练的过程中发现并帮助解决学生存在的问题，同时补充一些做好翻译所必需的方法、技巧，如笔译中长句的断句技巧、主动语态与被动语态的互变、增词译法、减词译法，口译中的顺译技巧、焊接技巧、拆句技巧、合句技巧、耽搁翻译、预判技巧等，才能让高职商务英语专业的学生更快地掌握翻译技巧和方法，提高翻译能力，从而增强其就业竞争力。

二、高职商务英语翻译实训课现状尽管翻译实训课非常重要，但是高职商务英语翻译实训课目前却表现出发展极其不均衡的状况。

1.就重视程度而言，一些院校非常重视，不仅开设翻译实训课，有些还专门建立了翻译实训室。然而，很多高职院校的商务英语专业不重视或不够重视翻译实训课的建设，只是在翻译课中加一些练习。究其原因，一方面可能是财力、物力等方面有所局限;另一方面，则可能是主观上不够重视，有些院校则根本不设置翻译课和翻译实训课。

2.在开设了翻译实训课的院校中，也存在着各种各样的问题。(1)师资问题教授翻译实训课的教师必须要有翻译知识背景，要了解基本的翻译理论、技巧、方法等，同时最好有商务实践背景。现实情况却是，有些院校的商务翻译实训课是由纯语言学背景但无翻译背景的教师来教授的，有些则由有实践经验但缺乏必需的翻译理论、方法、技巧的教师任教。结果自然都无法令人满意。(2)翻译实训课的课时不足有些院校也开设翻译实训课，但课时却严重不足，导致的结果是教师的讲授和学生的练习均无法达到令人满意的效果。(3)缺乏好的翻译实训课教材教材对教学活动的重要性不言而喻。实训教材包括实训教学大纲、实训指导书、实训教学文字材料、实训教学软件、实训教学音像材料等。市面上缺乏此类翻译实训课教材，因此在教授翻译实训课时只能选择一些翻译教程为教材。如此一来，教学效果肯定会受到很大影响。(4)实训室和实训基地缺乏或数量不足实训室和实训基地对于实训教学的重要性不言而喻，商务英语翻译实训亦是如此。但现实情况却是很多院校根本没有商务英语翻译实训室和实训基地。(5)校企联合、产学研开展不够在实训教学中，校企联合、产学研等都起着举足轻重的作用。据笔者较为详尽的调查，这一块的现状总体也无法令人满意。

三、高职商务英语翻译实训课的改革翻译作为语言的五大基本技能之一，对高职商务英语教学而言，其作用显而易见。商务英语翻译实训课更是商务英语教学中的核心课程之一。据笔者较为详实的调查，广州番禺职业技术学院应用外语系近几年的毕业生有55%左右从事翻译工作或与翻译密切相关的工作。笔者这几年也一直跟踪该系毕业生的情况，给相当多的毕业生修改过翻译任务，归纳了他们所面临的最主要的困难和问题：广告的翻译、商务信函的翻译、合同的翻译、产品说明书的翻译、公司简介的翻译等。这些都为笔者进行的商务翻译实训课程的改革提供了资料和数据支持。以下，将探讨高职商务英语翻译实训课的改革问题。1.重视商务英语翻译实训课的核心地位和作用翻译能力为语言的基本五大技能之一，实训课又是高职教育的特点和亮点，因此高职商务英语翻译实训课的核心地位和作用勿庸置疑。我院应用外语系已将其列为专业必修课。在总结为期一周的商务英语翻译实训课的时候，很多同学都认为通过这一周的实训课，所学的知识几乎超越一学期的翻译课。这其中当然有夸张的成分，并且我们的实训课是在翻译课上完以后开始的，自然离不开翻译课上所学的知识和技巧、方法，但也在一定程度上说明了实训课的重要作用。

2.认真制定实训教学文件，开发实训教材教学文件和教材对于教学活动而言非常重要，我们一定要重视其制定和开发。笔者认为，应当重视专业指导委员会的重要作用，让委员成员们参与到教学文件的制定和实训教材的开发中来。同时，还应当邀请其他的从事翻译工作的企业人士参与其中。只有这样，制定出的教学文件和开发出的教材才能在培养优秀的翻译人才过程中发挥重要作用。

3.做好翻译实训课的师资培训工作教师在教学活动中的重要作用尽人皆知。为了更好地开展翻译实训课的教学工作，一定要重视师资和师资培训问题。(1)可以输送有商务背景但无翻译背景的教师去相关院校培训翻译的相关知识。(2)可以输送有翻译背景但无商务背景的教师去相关院校培养商务知识。(3)邀请专业指导委员会的委员和其他企业界人士前来授课。

关于学位论文选题的要求

论文题目的选择可在研究生充分查阅文献资料的基础上提出，并经导师同意后确定;或在导师对研究生情况充分了解的基础上，由导师首先提出，征求研究生的意见后确定。硕士学位论文选题的基本要求如下：

(一)选题应有一定难度，在学术方面具有开拓性，应用方面具有先进性，使研究课题具有较高的理论意义、学术水平和实用价值。

(二)选题应密切结合实际，应来源于教育教学与管理实际和教育教学改革实践，应具有较强的针对性和实践性，力求解决当前教育工作中一些急需解决的难点、重点问题，并尽量结合导师承担的科研项目，对当前教育改革起到指导和推动作用，争取有较好社会效益。

(三)结合研究生本人的基础和特长确定选题，使研究生通过论文工作得到从事研究工作全过程的基本训练。

(四)论文题目大小适宜，力求从小处着眼，深度发挥，在时间安排上要留有余地，确保在预定时间内完成任务。

关于如何加强个人修养800字论文5篇

修养是个人魅力的基础，下面是小编为大家整理几篇如何加强个人修养800字论文范文，希望对你有帮助。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇一

常有人忿忿不平:为什么教师除了清高就只能清贫。我要说，要耐不住清贫和寂寞，你一开始就错了――你不应该选择从事教育事业。既然你选择了教师你就别无选择地担负着教书育人，传承文明的神圣责任。在今天特定的历史时期，培养振兴中华的下一代的重任也历史性地落在了你的肩上，你依然别无选择。你的一言一行都会对孩子产生潜移默化的影响。我们要提高自身修养，别无选择。没有良好的修养，不是一个好老师。

长期以来流行着一种说法，就是把师生关系比做"一桶水"和"一碗水"，现在很多人觉得不妥。是的，吃老本是会坐吃山空，误人子弟的。所以有人认为教师应该是"自来水"。我看也不妥。水是不会自来的，必须要你一点一滴地积累。所谓"台上一分钟，台下十年功"。教师的底蕴除了学习积累别无他法。"泰山不择细壤故能就其高，大海不择细流故能就其深。"所以，我认为教师应该是永不枯竭，永不腐臭的"活水"。"只有当教师的知识视野比学校教学大纲宽广得无可比拟的时候，教师才能成为教育过程的真正的能手，艺术家和诗人"。

举一反三，举重若轻，信手拈来，几乎无所不知的老师才会让学生肃然起敬。无所不知是不可能，但我们应该时刻准备着，不断地进修学习。热爱学生，为人师表，不仅是一种职业道德，也是一种修养。教师只有爱学生，才会爱岗敬业，忠于职守，才会了解学生，接近学生，赢得学生的尊敬，信任与爱戴。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇二

修养是个人魅力的基础，其它一切吸引人的长处均来源于此。古人云:“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。把“修身”列在首位说明良好的个人修养是成就事业的前提。做一个文明的大学生是学校和社会对我们的基本要求。

但是在高度发达的现在社会里，修养不高的人却比比皆是。缺乏修养的人还有很多，有些人乱扔垃圾，甚至随地吐痰。还有些竟然脏话连篇，不注意语言文明。

一个人如果要获得别人的赞赏、别人的尊重、甚至吸引别人的注意，提高自身的修养是非常重要的。

为什么有些人说话、举手投足、甚至微笑或者问候;更甚至接听电话都给人一种很舒服的感觉，而有些人则恰恰相反呢?这里面就是一个人的修养了。有时，优雅和礼貌并不完全是做给别人看的，其实从内心深处，我们每一个人都很欣赏这样的美。并不一定长得很美、很帅;并不一定拥有一把很好的嗓子、或者一只名牌的手表，稍加注意，就可以在普通人中脱颖而出，这就是个人的修养了。俊朗的外表、皎好的面容仅仅是母亲给的。但优雅礼貌的行为则是后天的获得。许多时候，后天的获得都可以弥补先天的不足的。

因此，迫切的希望我们在提高经济水平的过程中能够提高自己的修养，只有每个人的修养得到了提高，整个社会才可以算是真正发展起来了。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇三

社会上常有人忿忿不平:为什么教师除了清高就只能清贫。我要说，这或许就是残酷的社会竞争中的“游戏规则”，要耐不住清贫和寂寞，你一开始就错了--你不应该选择从事教育事业。

既然你选择了教师你就别无选择地担负着教书育人、传承文明的神圣责任。在今天特定的历史时期，培养振兴中华的下一代的重任也历史性地落在了你的肩上，你依然别无选择。你的一言一行都会对孩子产生潜移默化的影响。我们要提高自身修养，别无选择。没有良好的修养，不是一个好老师。

长期以来流行着一种说法，就是把师生关系比做“一桶水”和“一碗水”，现在很多人觉得不妥。是的，吃老本是会坐吃山空，误人子弟的。所以有人认为教师应该是“自来水”。我看也不妥。水是不会自来的，必须要你一点一滴地积累。所谓“台上一分钟，台下十年功”。教师的底蕴除了学习积累别无他法。“泰山不择细壤故能就其高，大海不择细流故能就其深。”所以，我认为教师应该是永不枯竭、永不腐臭的“活水”。

“只有当教师的知识视野比学校教学大纲宽广得无可比拟的时候，教师才能成为教育过程的真正的能手、艺术家和诗人”。举一反三，举重若轻，信手拈来，几乎无所不知的老师才会让学生肃然起敬。无所不知是不可能，但我们应该时刻准备着，不断地进修学习。

热爱学生，为人师表，不仅是一种职业道德，也是一种修养。教师只有爱学生，才会爱岗敬业，忠于职守，才会了解学生、接近学生，赢得学生的尊敬、信任与爱戴。身教重于言教，教师的一言一行对学生影响很大，所以我们要有广泛的兴趣，坚强的意志，开朗的性格，健康的情绪，努力培养自信，乐观的性格，做学生的表率。

我们经常可以听见这样的评价:这个人的修养真好，和他交往是一件快乐的事，或者也有人说:这个人的修养真差劲，太粗俗了。

修养常常与个人的文化水平有关，有文化气息的人，在谈吐举止之间，自然地流露出一种高雅，一种文质彬彬的感觉。古人形容一个世代文人之家为书香门第，事实上，门是绝不可能透露出书香之气的，即使在屋里堆再多的书。真正能透出书香，能够让人一眼，一交谈就感受到那种浓浓的书香气息的是人，只有人才能在那种举首投足之间就闪现出修养这两个字。当然，修养也包括了举止，仪态，谈吐等。但文化气息却是其中不可或缺的重要部分。

如何提高自己的修养，我想不仅在日常生活中要注意自己的谈吐和举止，不做不文雅的举动，不说不文雅的话，而且更重要的一点是要让自己多看点书，从书里沾一些书香气息回来，总是有那样的一种感觉，文化是一种很神奇的东西，它不是有形的，你在看它时决不会有任何的感觉，但它却能在不知不觉中改变你，也许你自己也不会那么深刻的感觉到那种变化，但是别人却会感觉到，发现你的变化，发现你的改变，发现你的令人刮目之处。

一个有修养的人，是一个你乐于交往的人，与这样的人交往，不论是谈古论今，或是只谈谈家常琐事，都会是人生快事，在这样的交往中，你会发现时间过得很快;反之，如果和一个毫无修养的人交往，则你会感觉如坐针毡，时间过得太慢，分分秒秒都是一种折磨。相信这不只是我一个人的感觉吧!

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇四

(一)、个人学习 强调“不断学习、终身学习、善于学习”的同时还要强调“自主管理”。成为实力强大的个体，是每个人不断追求的理想境界。但是很多人在浩瀚的知识海洋里，仅仅是个理想主义者，不能逾越理想与现实之间的鸿沟，对于很多理论知识听起来、读起来都是跃跃欲试、雄心壮志，似乎是“读你千遍也不厌倦”，但是真正要求认认真真地去学习，并将其付诸实践，那可能只是“昙花一现”了。因此，员工应以开放求实的心态互相切磋，边工作边学习并使工作和学习紧密结合，做到“自我求发展、自我提升”的自主管理，即对于本职工作，自己发现问题，自己选定改革、进取的目标，自己进行现状调查，自己分析原因，自己制定对策，自己组织实施，自己检查效果，自己评估总结，自己开展批评。在这个自主管理过程中，不断学习新知识，不断进行创新，从而增强企业快速应变、创造未来的能力。

(二)、组织学习 强调“全过程学习”、“全员学习”。制度可以约束人去做什么事，而文化可以诱导人如何做好事。因此，组织全员学习、全过程学习对一个企业来讲是很有必要的。“全员学习”，即企业组织的决策层、管理层、操作层都要全心投入学习，尤其是经营管理决策层，他们是决定企业发展方向和命运的重要阶层，因而更需要学习。全过程学习，即学习必须贯彻于组织系统运行的整个过程中，不要把学习与工作分割开。

(三)、形成学习型企业 强调“团体学习、互相学习”。学习型企业就是把员工的个人愿景逐步发展到他们的共同愿景，把不同个性的人凝聚在一起，朝着企业共同的目标前进。它有着独特的魅力，因为它的核心宗旨是如何让企业中的员工活出生命的意义，让整个企业不断适应环境的变化而永葆青春。它强调的是团队内外的交流的同时要求学会“互相学习”，即向员工(相互)学习，向客户学习、向竞争对手学习等。推行学习型组织创建工作，能有效地提高员工的综合素质，调动员工参与实际工作的积极性，能极大地促进了工作效率的提高和人的全面发展。 创建学习型企业不是“搞运动”也不是某个人的 ..........

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇五

如果你能珍爱生命，请你修养自己的心灵。岁月匆匆，挽不住时间的脚步，却会忠实地记录下你心灵的足迹。攻坚克难，谱就奉献之歌，才会让精神长存世间，让人生的追求提高至一种境界。

世上本没有路，路是从布满荆棘的地方踏出来，每条路上都抛洒了开路者的汗水，每一个脚印都印证着开路者的胆识和睿智，修养心灵的人懂得尊重前人，珍惜前人的劳动与汗水。

在纷扰冗繁的世界上，心灵当似高山不动，却不可如流水不安。居住在闹市嘈杂的环境之中，不必紧闭门窗，任声浪潮起潮涌，自己“两耳不闻窗外事”，任它市井熙来攘往也不能破坏心中的缄默与凝重。

如果你能忍受孤独，在失意彷徨中修养自己的心灵，这才是人生最大的收获。“看是寻常最奇崛，成如容易却艰辛。”面对挫折、逆境，是否能保持一份豁达的胸怀，是否能保持一种积极向上的人生态度，这需要博大的胸襟，非凡的气度。如果你的心还不曾麻木不仁，能感知生命它本身就是一种幸福，就能在逆境中磨练出你的意志，不在意一时的成败得失，劲草方知疾风急。逆境中成长起来的人自去追寻深远的精神底蕴，“风物长宜放眼量”，如含砂之蚌，在痛苦中孕育着璀璨的明珠。

淡泊名利，修养心灵。人生的烦恼来自于非份的欲望，种种诱惑使你的心灵中蒙尘。淡泊名利，既不抱怨贫贱也不仇视富贵，而对世俗，不随波逐流，面对权贵，如坚守自己的高洁，这是勇敢，更是骨气，一切都出自心灵之本。

心灵是智慧之根，要用知识去浇灌。哲学使你聪明，历史使你明智。既读有字的书本之书，更读无字的做人之书。胸中储书万卷，让知识真正成为心灵的一部分，成为自己的内在涵养。只有这样，也许能达到运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外，指挥若定的挥挥洒洒，趋及范仲淹“胸中自有十万甲兵”，诸葛孔明悠然抚琴退强兵的超然境界。

修养心灵的人，是一辈子都在追求幸福的人。

毕业论文的学术评语

1.文题基本相符，论点比较突出，论述能较好地服务于论点。

2. 本论文选题有很强的应用价值，文献材料收集详实，综合运用了所学知识解决问题，所得数据合理，结论正确，有创新见解。另外论文格式正确，书写规范，条理清晰，语言流畅。今后要进一步总结经验，对德育教育模式进行比较，这样可以把德育教育工作得更好。论文能按时交稿，经过认真修改，已经达到本科论文的要求。

3. 论文题与论文的内容基本相符，结构完整，语言比较流畅。即或在初稿中除了分段过细外，也没有发现多少严重的语法或拼写错误。作者试图从列夫•托尔斯泰和曹禺的作品中寻找其小说中某个人物的关联。从内容看，作者对原著比较了解，也收集到了相关的资料，如何通过分析资料得出自己的结论这是论文写作应达到的目的，而恰恰在这一点上，作者下了苦功夫。

4. 该论文选题合理。区域经济问题是经济界研究的热点，而农业经济增长问题亦是当前讨论的焦点，近几年来国内外不少专家对此已有许多较为成熟的论述，在也有专家学者对xx区域经济问题做了较深入的研究，但对农业区域经济及其增长问题的结合研究，尚未发现有专门的论述。如何认识农业区域经济差距现状及未来的走势，促进农业经济健康持续增长，是经济现实中急需解决的问题，这也是该论文选题意义所在。

5. 论文选题符合专业培养目标，能够达到综合训练目标，题目有一定难度，工作量一般。选题具有实践指导意义。

6. 该生查阅文献资料能力一般，能收集关于论文的资料，写作过程中基本能综合运用基础知识，全面分析问题，综合运用知识能力一般。

7. 文章篇幅完全符合学院规定，内容基本完整，层次结构安排一般，主要观点集中有一定的逻辑性，但缺乏个人见解。

8. 论文选题有意义，在吸收学术界研究成果的基础上，有自己的心得体会，提出自己的看法，言之成理。论述观点正确，材料比较充实，叙述层次分明，有较强的逻辑性。文字通顺、流畅。行文符合学术规范。今后要进一步总结经验，对音乐教育模式进行比较，这样可以把音乐教学教得更好。论文能按时交稿，经过认真修改，已经达到本科论文的要求。

9. 语言表达一般，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了一定的文献资料，其时效性一般;未见明显抄袭现象。

10. 本文研究了.对处理会计信息失真有较强的实用价值，提供了新的依据。作者思路清晰，论述过程严谨，分析合理，结果于实际应用性较强。论文写作规范，语句通顺，达到了学校对学位论文的各种要求。

11. 该论文选题正确，结构合理，内容丰富，数据资料充分，分析方法先进，写作进度安排合理，结论和建议具有区域现实意义，建议推荐为校级优秀毕业论文。

12. 本论文选题有很强的应用价值，文献材料收集详实，综合运用了所学知识解决问题，所得数据合理，结论正确，有创新见解。另外论文格式正确，书写规范，条理清晰，语言流畅。

13. 论文结构完整，各部分基本符合论文的写作规范。论文的选题很好，有创意。为了写好这篇论文，作者作了一定研究，特别是斯坦贝克的原著。从作者对原著的引用情况不难看出，作者对原著的内容是相当熟悉的。语言也非常犀利，论文条理清晰、说理充分，观点具有独创性，有一定的参考价值，不失为一篇好文章。

甲 方：

乙 方：

根椐《经济合同法》及有关规定，按照双方平等互利和自愿原则，为明确甲、乙方权利义务，经双方协商一致，签订本合同，以资共同信守。

一、 甲方接收乙方资料后，应予以确认并采取措施加以保密。

二、 乙方应在甲方提供服务之前，向甲方提出所需要求，如乙方未能及时提出，则甲方不承担由此而造成对乙方造成的影响。

三、 甲方应严格按照翻译标准操作程序和保证译文翻译质量进行翻译。

四、 甲方如遇到非人为因素而导致不能履行合同，应及时告知乙方，并协商解决。

五、 在履行合同过程中，如乙方提出需要改稿，而延误了时间，则交货时间，按理顺延。

六、 本协议生效后，如乙方中途提出对原稿进行删减或增加内容，需另外计费。

七、 双方签订合同后，乙方需向甲方预付总额50%作为定金，余款将在译稿交付时即付清。

八、1、本合约双方签字盖章后生效;2、此合约一式两份，甲、乙双方各执一份，如有未尽事宜，经双方协商后作补充规定，补充规定与本合同具同等效力;3、本合约自签约之日起生效。

翻译内容

单 价

语 种

总 额

页 数

定 金

字 数

余 款

交稿时间

年 月 日

付款方式

甲方代表：  乙方代表：

(盖章)          (盖章)

联系电话：  联系电话：

传真电话：  传真电话：

地 址：        地 址：

E-mail:        E-mail:

签订日期： 年 月 日 签订日期： 年 月 日

毕业论文“英、中文摘要、关键词”样式

abstract

this paper begins with a brief introduction to chomsky’s methodology of idealization in linguistic research. although the idealization in physical research from which chomsky’s idealization deprives can still keep natural laws’ validity, the author points out chomsky’s idealization is not accessible. the key point lies in the exclusion of social factors in his research. then the author demonstrates the reason why chomsky’s exclusion of social factors is not accessible from two aspects: (1) language is a concrete system of signs. (2)language is a social institution. only in the context of society are these features significant and integrate, can language bear its form and forward its development and keep up the interaction with the society. therefore instead of  “being idealized” out of linguistic research, social factors should be regarded as the base of the research. otherwise the object of the research will be totally changed and the research itself will be misguided. as for what factors can be temporarily idealized without changing language’s fundamental features? this is a question worth our further study in the future.

摘要：本文从chomsky在语言学研究过程中所采用的理想化模式入手，认为chomsky为了使研究变得简单，便将与语言关系紧密的社会因素摒除在研究范围之外，这是一种不可取的理想模式。接下来本文从两个主要方面阐述了理想化模式不可取的原因：一是语言作为一种符号系统，只有在社会的环境下才能具有完整的意义。二是语言作为一种社会结构，无论是它的产生还是发展过程，都在不断地和社会发生着相互作用。故而只要是研究语言学，我们就不能将社会因素“理想化”。至于什么因素可以暂时不予考虑，这仍有待进一步的研究。

关键词： 理想化，符号系统，社会结构，语言与社会的相互作用

Three years to hone university, so they have married into a unity innovation and encourage each other to explore the collective sense of team spirit and King Kong music industry, along with a strong ability to solve problems independently. I have always been to improve their overall quality as the goal, efforts to develop a comprehensive self-direction, to establish a correct outlook on life, values and world view.Respect for teachers disciplined, concerned about the collective, good moral character, learning the right attitude.

To meet the needs of social development, I seriously learn the knowledge, play to their strengths; tap their own potential, combined with social practice opportunities for the summer every year, thus gradually improve their learning skills and analytical problem solving skills as well as some coordination organization and management capabilities. aspects of thinking and behavior, I am fine style, others with sincerity, can better handle interpersonal relationships, doing things calm and steady, reasonable overall arrangement can live in the transaction.

Towards learning, I am a serious effort to treat the work I can do the same dedication, careful responsible, meticulous. years as a project cost of professional college graduates, I have young and knowledge. Young may mean lack of experience, but also means that the young enthusiasm and vigor, confident I can rely on their own ability and knowledge to overcome the difficulties in work and life after graduation, and the self-realization of the value of life and the pursuit of the goal.

英文补充协议

Supplementary agreement

In order to guarantee the interests of the school and the foreign teacher and facilitate the smooth development of teaching and the foreign teacher’s safe and orderly life, we clarify our respective responsibility further and add additional terms listed as follows: Party a:Party b:

1, the rented accommodation is only for the teacher. The foreign

teacher shouldn’t allow others to live in the apartment in order to avoid accidents.

2, during the work, the foreign teacher should have the civilized words and deeds and won’t develop any improper friendship or relationship (such as love, etc.) with students.

3, the foreign teacher will bear the cost of utilities (such as water bill) and Internet flow fee (90yuan per month). The school is only

responsible for the accommodation expenses, not including other living expenses.

As the foreign teacher first comes to Beijing, he is not familiar with a lot of things. To show humanistic care, the school has paid the power bill (600 yuan for 1200 degrees). By November 30, if the actual

consumption power number is more than 1200 degrees, the foreign teacher should pay the rest. If the foreign teacher continues to teach in CuiWei middle school, the school will bear the cost of 200 degrees per month, but the excess part is borne by the foreign teacher. The school has installed the broadband network and the foreign

teacher should burden Internet flow fee (about 90 yuan ) every month. So the foreign teacher will pay 270 yuan for the cost of 3 months.

4, the foreign teacher shall observe the school’s work system and regulations concerning administration of subject teachers such as job duties, classroom norms, work discipline, school group activities. Also, the foreign teacher shall complete the tasks agreed on schedule and guarantee the quality of work. At the same time, the school will also ensure his corresponding welfare.

Party a: Party b:

Signature: Signature:

In September of 20xx

补充协议范本

合同编号：项目名称：合同名称：甲 方：乙 方：签订时间：签订地点：合同补充协议 河北达辉建筑工程有限公司 年 月日

上述金额包括运输费、保险费、税金等一切费用；本合同单价为固定单价，最终按实际发生量结算。

2、其他合同条款调整。 3、其它事项说明。

三、本协议生效后，即成为《原协议》不可分割的组成部分，与《原协议》具有同等的法律效力。

四、本协议与原合同发生冲突时以本协议为准。

五、除本协议中明确所作修改的条款之外，原协议的其余部分应完全继续有效。

本协议一式四份，甲方执三份，乙方一份，具有同等法律效力，自双方签字盖章之日起生效。

以下无合同正文。

甲方：乙方： 委托代理人：委托代理人： 代表人： 代表人： 开户行: 开户行: 账号: 账号: 电话: 电话:

地址: 地址: 日期：日期：

本协议由甲方：___________（以下简称“甲方”）地址：__________________和乙方：____________翻译服务有限公司（以下简称“乙方”）地址：__________________________签订，并自双方签订之日起生效。

文件名称__________________________

翻译时间：________________________

一、甲方聘请乙方为其提供笔译服务（由源语言译成目标语言）。

二、乙方应为甲方提供的信息保密，并且不得披漏（或许可其雇员披漏）信息予其机构以外任何其他人。乙方及其工作人员只能在翻译工作进行时使用该信息，未经甲方先书面同意，不得为自身或第三方的利益使用或试图使用该信息。

三、甲方提供信息及其相关所有专利，版权，贸易秘密，_____及其它知识产权的唯一所有人.本协议未授予或暗示乙方对此类权利的任何许可或转让。

四、对于相关文稿，专利，版权，贸易秘密，_____及其它知识产权的翻译，甲方享有唯一所有权.乙方无权向任何第三方提供，复制或销售该译稿。

五、乙方若违反以上条款应承担相关的法律责任。

六、本协议一式两份，具有同等法律效力。甲乙双方各持一份。

本合同的附件与合同正文具有同等的法律效力。

甲方：____________________

乙方：____________________

（盖章）

客户负责人：______________

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英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告

how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation

i. purpose and significance

with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.

ii. literature review

long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.

i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.

another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.

i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.

in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

iii. feasibility analysis

this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.

2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.

6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.

iv. problems of the research and solutions

1. problems

despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. solutions

(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.

(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

v. necessary conditions

1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.

3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

vi. outline

i. introduction

a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation

b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis

c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation

1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english

2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure

ii. the principles of ellipsis

a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works

b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test

c. omitted words which are self-evident

ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis

a. the coherence of the meaning of expression

b. the coincidence of the manner of expression

1. ellipsis of articles

a. ellipsis of definite articles

b. ellipsis of indefinite articles

2. ellipsis of prepositions

3. ellipsis of pronouns

a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns

b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns

c. ellipsis of relative pronouns

4. ellipsis of conjunctions

a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions

b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions

5. ellipsis of rhetoric

a. ellipsis of repeated words

b. ellipsis of synonyms

Dear Mr. Smith，

As a graduate of an institution of higher education， I have a few very basic expectations. Chief among these is that my direct superiors have an intellect that ranges above the common ground squirrel. After your consistent and annoying harassment of my co-workers and me during the commission of our duties， I can only surmise that you are one of the few true genetic wastes of our time.

Asking me， a network administrator， to explain every little nuance of everything I do each time you happen to stroll into my office is not only a waste of time， but also a waste of precious oxygen. I was hired because I know how to network computer systems， and you were apparently hired to provide amusement to myself and other employees， who watch you vainly attempt to understand the concept of cut and paste for the hundredth time.

You will never understand computers. Something as incredibly simple as binary still gives you too many options. You will also never understand why people hate you， but I am going to try and explain it to you， even though I am sure this will be just as effective as telling you what an IP address is. Your shiny new iMac has more personality than you ever will.

You walk around the building all day， shiftlessly looking for fault in others. You have a sharp dressed， useless look about you that may have worked for your interview， but now that you actually have responsibility， you pawn it off on overworked staff， hoping their talent will cover for your glaring ineptitude. In a world of managerial evolution， you are the blue-green algae that everyone else eats and laughs at. Managers like you are a sad proof of the Dilbert principle.

Since this situation is unlikely to change without you getting a full frontal lobotomy reversal， I am forced to tender my resignation. However， I have a few parting thoughts.

1. When someone calls you in reference to employment， it is illegal for you to give me a bad recommendation. The most you can say to hurt me is I prefer not to comment. I will have friends randomly call you over the next couple of years to keep you honest， because I know you would be unable to do it on your own.

2. I have all the passwords to every account on the system， and I know every password you have used for the last five years. If you decide to get cute， I am going to publish your favorites list， which I conveniently saved when you made me back up your useless files. I do believe that terms like Lolita are not usually viewed favorably by the administration.

3. When you borrowed the digital camera to take pictures of your Mothers birthday， you neglected to mention that you were going to take pictures of yourself in the mirror nude. Then you forgot to erase them like the techno-moron you really are. Suffice it to say I have never seen such odd acts with a sauce bottle， but I assure you that those have been copied and kept in safe places pending the authoring of a glowing letter of recommendation. (Try to use a spell check please; I hate having to correct your mistakes.)

Thank you for your time， and I expect the letter of recommendation on my desk by 8：00 am tomorrow. One word of this to anybody， and all of your little twisted repugnant obsessions will be open to the public. Never screw with your systems administrator. Why? Because they know what you do with all that free time!

Wishing you a grand and glorious day.

硕士生学位论文开题报告评审标准

成绩考核以通过、不通过记。

1、具备下列条件者，开题报告成绩为通过：

(1)选题恰当，有一定的理论或应用价值，有较高的起点和一定的新意;

(2)具有独立搜集和综合分析资料的基本能力，能掌握与本研究方向的国内外动态，学术思想清晰;

(3)研究方案基本可行，基本掌握技术关键，对可能遇到的主要问题，分析基本正确，开题条件基本具备;

(4)研究工作计划安排合理，经费预算可行;

(5)口头陈述流利、简练，并能较正确地回答专家的提问。

2、有下列问题之一者，开题报告成绩为不通过：

(1)选题不当，达不到研究生培养目标的要求;

(2)阅读的参考文献数量不足，水平不高，本人的综合分析能力较低;

(3)研究方法简单，研究措施不力，没有抓住关键;预期达到的研究目标过高或过低;

(4)开题条件不具备，研究计划安排不周;

(5)口头表述杂乱。

June 6,

Dear Mrs. Corbin,

I was so sorry to learn of your illness. You must hurry and get well!Everybody in the neighborhood misses you, and we’re all hoping you’ll be back soon.

Mr. Burke joins me in sending best wishes for your speed recovery.

Sincerely yours,

Mary Burke

译文:

亲爱的科宾夫人：

听说您病了，我非常难过。您一定要尽快地恢复健康，因为邻居们都很想念您，大家都希望您早日出院归来。

伯克先生和我共祝您很快康复。

您真挚的

玛丽?伯克

*年6月6日

In general, these four years, I seriously study, take the initiative to participate in school activities, and in the activities learned a lot of experience and methods of communication with people. Exercise their ability in all aspects, there are many gains. Specifically:

At the time of admission, I felt that basic subjects such as mathematical analysis and university physics were obscure.Fortunately, has been met very good teacher, so in the teachers leadership to learn these subjects with no confidence, and formed a certain habit of thinking. In the sophomore year to touch the more interesting practice subjects, such as physics experiments, metalworking, etc., I have benefited from, hands-on ability has been improved. Because they are learning software engineering, in the sophomore junior concentrated professional courses, in addition to learning theoretical knowledge, but also focus on the practical ability of the training.

I have never had a stay before I went to college and I experienced a variety of accommodation. Bedroom students get along very harmonious. At the same time also actively participate in community and school, college activities, such as Qiushui book club and volleyball body cup and software college sports festival, etc., to get to know some like-minded friends. I joined the college student union in my freshman year and became a junior officer in the Liaison Department.After a year of tempering, get everyones trust and become vice president of the Software College Student Union. And the ministers and brothers and students of the Department of cadres with a lot of activities organized to experience the ups and downs of students work.

In the junior summer vacation to the Ali software internship, is a very memorable and meaningful experience, is really out of contact with the community the first step in the community. Ali software in the harvest a lot of things not learned in school, such as the actual experience of the project and so on. More importantly, to understand the principles of social interaction. Alibaba is a vibrant business, in this internship in the IT industry felt the infinite possibilities, but also recognize their own knowledge is only the tip of the iceberg, the need for continuous improvement, so I chose to continue learning.

乔布斯英文辞职信

To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community:

I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apples CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.

I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit, as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.

As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.

I believe Apples brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.

I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.

Steve

中文翻译

致苹果董事会和苹果团体：

我曾经说过，如果有一天我不再能够胜任，无法满足你们对我作为苹果首席执行官的期待，那么我将主动让你们知道。非常不幸的是，这一天已经来临。

从此之后，我将辞去苹果首席执行官一职，但是，如果董事会认为合适的话，我仍将继续担任苹果董事会主席、董事以及苹果员工等职位。

就我的继任者而言，我强烈建议公司按照我们的继任计划进行，并任命蒂姆·库克(Tim Cook)为苹果新任首席执行官。

我相信，苹果将迎来最光明、最具创新的时代。我也希望能够看到这一切，并在新的角色上继续为苹果的成功贡献一份力量。

在苹果，我已经结交了一些最好的朋友，感谢你们所有人，感谢你们多年来能和我一起工作。

乔布斯敬上

国际专利许可合同(附英文)

if，as theresult，party a cannot start normal production with the contract having to be

terminated， party b shall erfund all the payments previously made by party a to party b

together with the interest at the rate of... percent per annum.

9.8 if only some aspects of the properties of the product are not up to the standards

asstipulated in the contract and the responsibility lies with party b， party b shall

compensate party a with ... percent of the total contract price according to concredt

circumstances. ifthe responsibility lies with party a， party a shall pay the total

contract price in accordancewith the stipulations.

article 10 confidentiality

10. 1 all drawings， designs， specifications and all other technical information

made available under this contract by party b shall be kept strictly confidential by

party a who.shall not sell， transfer or divulge it in any manner to anyone except

those of its own employ-ees who will be using it in the manufacture of the products，

without prior written consent ofparty b. party a may. however，supply such technical

information to its subcontractor to the extent necessary for such subcontractor to

manufacture parts of contract products，pro-vidingthat party a shall have such

subcontractor agree， in writing， to hold suchnical information strictly in confidence.

10.2 ln case any part (s) or all of the above-mentioned technical information have

been madepublic by party b or any third party. party a shall be thus released form the

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大学毕业论文指导之开题报告撰写的方法

开题报告的撰写主要包括以下几个方面：

1.开题报告名称

开题报告名称就是开题报告名字。这看起来似乎是个小问题，但实际上很多人写专题名称时，往往写得不准确、不恰当，从而影响整个开题报告的形象与质量。那么，如何给开题报告起名称呢?

(1)、名称要准确、规范。

准确就是开题报告的名称要把开题报告研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚。开题报告的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确的把研究的对象、问题概括出来。

规范就是所用的词语、句型要规范、科学，似是而非的词不能用，口号式、结论式的句型不要用。因为我们是在进行科学研究，要用科学的、规范的语言去表述我们的思想和观点。

这里有一个专题名称叫“培养自主学习能力，提高课堂学习效率”，如果这个题目是一篇经验性论文，或者是一个研究报告，还不错，但作为专题的名称，则不是很好的。因为专题就是我们要解决的问题，这个问题正在探讨，正开始研究，不能有结论性的语气。若改为“自主学习能力的培养对提高课堂学习效率的影响”则较为妥当。

(2)、名称要简洁，不能太长。

不管是论文或者开题报告，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，最长一般不要超过20字。

2.研究的目的、意义

研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值，研究背景是什么。

这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本开题报告的研究有什么实际作用。然后，再写开题报告的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。

3.研究的指导思想

开题报告研究的指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等。

这个方向或要求可能是哲学、数学、自然科学、政治理论，也可以是科学发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。

4.研究的目标和假设

开题报告研究的目标和假设也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的，要解决哪些具体问题。

相对于目的和指导思想而言，研究目标和假设是比较具体的，不能笼统地讲，必须清楚地写出来。只有目标明确、假设具体，才能明确工作的具体方向是什么，才能了解研究的重点是什么，思路就不会被各种因素所干扰。

确定专题研究目标和假设时，一方面要考虑专题本身的要求，另一方面还要考虑开题报告组实际的工作条件与工作水平。

5.研究的基本内容

我们有了开题报告的研究目标和假设，就要根据目标和假设来确定我们这个开题报告具体要研究的内容。

相对研究目标和假设来说，研究内容要更具体、更明确，并且一个目标和假设可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，我们不一定是一一对应的关系。

大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把研究的目的、意义当作研究内容，这对我们整个专题研究十分不利。

6.研究的步骤和进度

开题报告研究的步骤和进度，也就是开题报告研究在时间和顺序上的安排。

研究的步骤和进度要充分考虑研究内容的相互联系和难易程度。一般情况下，都是从基础问题开始，分阶段进行，每个阶段从什么时间开始，至什么时间结束都要有规定。

7.研究方法和资料获取途径

开题报告研究的方法很多，包括历史研究法、调查研究法、实验研究法、比较研究法、理论研究法等，但在研究性学习中的开题报告研究方法用得最多的是社会调查法和受控对比实验法。一个大的专题往往需要多种方法，小的专题可以主要采用一种方法，同时兼用其他方法。

在应用各种方法时，一定要严格按照方法的要求，不能只凭经验、常识去做。比如，要通过调查了解情况，如何制定调查表，如何进行分析，都不是随随便便发张表，列一些百分数、平均数就行了。

开题报告研究资料的获取途径也很多，包括文献调查、考察调查、问卷调查、设计并进行实验、科学观测等。主要采用哪些资料获取途径，一定要经过充分的研究。

8.研究的成果形式

开题报告研究的成果形式包括报告、论文、发明、软件、课件等多种形式。专题不同，研究成果的内容、形式也不一样。但不管形式是什么，专题研究必须有成果，否则，就是这个专题没有完成。

9.研究的组织机构和人员分工

在集体开题报告研究方案中，要写出专题组组长、副组长，专题组成员以及分工。专题组组长就是本专题的负责人。

专题组的分工必须要分得明确合理，争取让每个人了解自己的工作和责任，不能吃大锅饭，但是在分工的基础上，也要注意全体人员的合作，大家共同研究，共同商讨，克服研究过程中的各种困难和问题。