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论文摘要的英文翻译20篇

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带翻译的英文自我介绍

范文类型:自我评介,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 1091 字

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There is a little girl, a little mouth, the eyes like cherry, long eyebrows, and guess who is that? Yes, I -- -- -- Wu Wenre, a good little girl.

I have a position in class is also a man - captains. I do little affectations who is special pipe class, a someone do little tricks, I have to hold at the meeting that a few "mice".

Once in class, there are a few was seen by me "little mouse" doing little tricks, I cough at first, but that a few little mouse didnt hear, I didnt also the way.

For a while, keeps ringing, the class that a few naughty little mouse ran out of the classroom immediately, I will follow up.

Teachers in school is not allowed to play with toy, I saw the "mouse" playing mini car, I went up to receive his small car, to the teacher. Im glad! Help teachers get rid of a "mouse".

This is me!!!!!!!

有一个小女孩,小小的嘴巴,樱桃般的眼睛,细又长的眉毛,猜猜那是谁?没错,就是我---吴文若,一个优秀的小女孩。

我在班级也是一个有地位的人——大队长。我是专门管上课做小动作的人,一有人做小动作,我便会上去管住那几只“小老鼠”。

有一次在上课的时候,有几只“小老鼠”被我看见了在做小动作,我便先咳嗽一声,可那几只‘小老鼠’没听见,我也没办法。

一会儿,丁零零下课声响了,那几只淘气的小老鼠立马跑出了教室,我便跟了上去。

老师是不允许在学校玩玩具的,我看见那“小老鼠”在玩迷你小赛车,我走了上去收了他的小赛车,给了老师。真高兴啊!帮老师摆脱了一是“小老鼠”。

这就是我!

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更多相似范文

篇1:2024论文开题报告

范文类型:汇报报告,全文共 2458 字

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开题报告(含文献综述)作为毕业设计(论文)答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的依据材料之一。此报告应在指导教师指导下,由学生在毕业设计(论文)工作前期内完成,经指导教师签署意见及所在专业审查后生效;

开题报告内容必须用黑墨水笔工整书写或按教务处统一设计的电子文档标准格式(可从教务处网页上下载)打印,禁止打印在其它纸上后剪贴,完成后应及时交给指导教师签署意见;

有关年月日等日期的填写,应当按照国标GB/T740894《数据元和交换格式、信息交换、日期和时间表示法》规定的要求,一律用阿拉伯数字书写。如20xx年9月15日或20xx-09-15。

毕业设计(论文)开题报告

文献综述

对跨国公司从东道国撤资的研究始于20世纪70年代。在国外,很多学者是基于某些具体案例来研究跨国公司撤资问题,形成了部分跨国公司撤资理论,但还没有形成体系;国内对跨国公司撤资问题的研究主要是对国外学者提出撤资理论进行综述,然后结合我国实际分析跨国公司在华撤资的动因、影响及防范措施等,也没有形成一套比较完善的理论体系。

国外对跨国公司撤资的研究

(1)对跨国公司海外撤资分类的研究

Casson(20xx)以克莱斯勒将其在英国的子公司出售给法国标致汽车公司作为案例,对跨国企业撤资问题进行了分析,认为要将撤资分为关闭型撤资与转让型撤资。

Benito(20xx)在前人分析的基础上,将撤资划分为自愿撤资和非自愿撤资。非自愿撤资是指无论跨国公司意愿如何,被迫退出在东道国或地区的生产经营,也称被迫撤资。自愿撤资是跨国公司根据国外子公司的经营状况或母公司发展的需要,自行决定的撤资行为。

(2)对跨国公司海外撤资原因的研究

很多学者从不同方面都对跨国公司海外撤资原因进行了研究。

Boddewyn(20xx)认为,不良财产绩效、前期投资可行性分析不足、经营环境改变、缺乏合适的资源、组织结构因素、外部创新的压力以及国别差异导致的东道国经验不足是跨国公司海外撤资的重要原因。Hamilton和Chow(20xx)经研究发现,外部环境的影响、公司组织出现资本短缺或高度多元化等特征和公司不良的财务状况是导致公司做出撤资决定的主要因素。他们认为,在所有这些因素中,最重要的因素是被撤资单位所获得的投资回报低,其次是其成长前景差。他们强调了宏观经济环境和产业成长状况对撤资的影响。

可见,跨国公司海外子公司的不良财务绩效是撤资的最为重要的原因。

(3)对跨国公司海外撤资条件的研究

Boddewyn(20xx)Dunning的国际生产折衷理论三个前提逆转过来,提出跨国公司从国外撤资的三个条件:企业不再拥有比其他国家企业更强的优势;企业还拥有竞争性优势,但该企业认为与其通过对外投资运用这些优势,不如将其出售或租赁给国外企业;在企业看来,凭借其内部化的竞争性优势在国外进行生产已不再有利可图,也即通过出口比对外直接投资更为有利。国际生产折衷理论要求三个条件同时满足,才能促成对外投资。而在Boddewyn看来,从国外撤资只要具备上述条件中的一个就够了。

(4)对被撤子公司自身特点的研究

一些学者从海外子公司建立方式、经营特点及与母公司的关系等方面来研究跨国公司的撤资行为。

Mariotti和Piscitello(20xx)研究发现,在面对不熟悉的国外市场时,规模大的和经验丰富的跨国公司通过不断学习和收集信息,可以支持有效率的投资和撤资决策,其撤资行为更可能是出于竞争性业务重组而进行的进攻性自愿撤资。而规模小、经验少的跨国公司会采取一些冒险的试验性战略,其结果更可能是因为失败而撤资。

Griffin(20xx)以爱尔兰CDMI公司为案例进行研究,发现如果跨国公司母公司实行多元化的战略,其子公司撤资的可能性较小;相反,如果跨国公司母公司的战略比较单一,其子公司往往有较大撤资的可能性。

(5)对撤资决策过程的研究

DanielleB.Nees(20xx)认为撤资决策过程不是一个不确定的过程,由多种行为模式组成,撤资决策要经过识别、发展、选择和执行程由四个不同的阶段。

虽然国外学者从多方面对跨国公司海外撤资进行了研究,但对不同原因引起的撤资所采取的撤资方式和撤资决策整体过程的研究还不够详细,也没有学者对跨国公司在华撤资进行专门研究。

国内学者对跨国公司海外撤资的研究

国内学者对跨国公司撤资的研究主要是对国外学者研究的成果进行综述,并结合我国实际,简要地分析了跨国公司在华撤资的动因、影响等。

(1)关于跨国公司在华撤资原因的研究

自东放(20xx)认为,跨国公司撤资的现实原因主要有市场期望与现实反差巨大,国际资本流动特征的变化,东道国市场状况的变化,投资者的有限理性与有限信息,合资企业内部管理不善。张建民(20xx)和杨龙(20xx)等认为,影响跨国公司撤资的原因是多方面的,包括竞争强度的加大、信息不对称、跨国公司归核化战略的实施、产品生命周期的缩短和政策的不稳定性这五个方面原因。毛蕴诗(20xx)认为主要原因是市场估计与营销策略失误导致市场表现不佳,合作伙伴及合资方式选择失误削弱了跨国公司在华投资的内部化优势,中国本土企业的迅速成长和其他跨国公司的涌入导致市场竞争激烈。

王水娟、许长新(20xx)在梳理和介绍有关国际资本外撤研究成果的基础上,认为在全球化背景下,与撤资密切相关的五个因素分别是:不确定性、产业演化、多元化程度、国际化生产网络和集聚经济。

(2)关于外商在华撤资影响的研究

马全军(20xx)认为由于国际直接投资活动对我国的就业、资金的获得、技术和管理的引进与提高、国际收支的改善乃至政治稳定等经济政治诸方面所产生的正面影响总体上要大于负面影响,反过来,作为资本回流的国际直接撤资不可避免地在上述诸方面甚至更广泛的范围内对我国将产生种种消极影响,并且这种消极影响远远大于其正面意义。刘畅(20xx)认为跨国公司撤资现象增加过快,就会令我国严重的失业问题雪上加霜,同时引起我国资本项目下的外汇减少,导致由外资企业带动的出口大量减少,进口增加,从而给平衡经常项目增加难度。

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篇2:论文指导教师评语大全_日常使用评语_网

范文类型:评语,适用行业岗位:教师,全文共 2613 字

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论文指导教师评语大全

每年的毕业前的毕业论文都是我们学生以及教师必须要经历的,以下是小编搜集整理的论文指导教师评语大全,欢迎阅读,供大家参考和借鉴!

论文评语一:

崔亮同学的学士学位论文《碎片剪辑与周星驰影片中“无厘头”风格的营造》研究了碎片剪辑这一近年来颇为流行的剪辑艺术手段,并重点分析了周星驰影片中碎片剪辑的运用,创作手段与艺术作品互见,具有明确的主题和清晰的理论脉络,也有比较强烈的使用价值。

该论文结构清晰,层次分明,对碎片剪辑产生的电影/文化背景进行了较为详尽的剖析,研究了历史传承,结合中外各国代表影片对碎片剪辑的方式方法进行了有效的分析。更加可贵的是,我国以往对香港/周星驰电影的研究多集中在文化/个体的层面上,而本文从具体的技术/艺术角度研究了周星驰电影的一个创作层面,以理性的态度对其独特艺术形态的形成进行了令人信服的总结和归纳,对于此类电影的研究有着积极的意义。

该论文文字严谨,论点明确,例证丰富,论证方法多样。崔亮同学在写作过程中参考了大量文字/影片资料,多次加工修改,不断提高了论文的水平。由于作者是剪辑专业的毕业生,在论文写作中也注重紧紧围绕电影剪辑的艺术/技术特点,避免空洞的理论说教,而是结合具体的剪辑艺术处理,以例证为论据,以分镜头列表、镜头截图和扎实的分析为论证过程,具有剪辑专业毕业论文的特点,并在各章节中注意理论的提升。这是一篇比较优秀的论文。

论文评语二:

张晓章同学的学士学位论文《浅谈舞台表演艺术中的节奏》,研究的是表演艺术中的一个高级核心元素:节奏。这是一个有相当难度的课题,研究起来也很有价值。

论文的特点,一方面梳理了与节奏有关的相关表演理论,一方面以大量具体的实践例子对其论题进行了例证。全文主题突出、层次清晰,扎扎实实,深入浅出。看得出,作者在写作过程中投入了大量的精力,学习态度端正,论文成果显著。

当然,节奏的问题 对于所有表演艺术的大家来说都是一个没有尽头的科研难题,而节奏又涉及导演艺术、演出样式乃至戏剧本体的各个方面……作为一个本科学生,张晓章同学勇于探索、勤于思考、知难而上,能够在论文中取得如此成绩已属不易。希望他能够将论文中论及的问题和今后的各种实践密切结合,适时拓宽思维的深度和广度,不断提高自己的表演艺术水平和理论水平,身体力行地实现自己“一环扣一环”的艺术生活节奏。

论文评语三:

李小枫同学的学士学位论文《难以割离的性格与角色——论马龙·白兰度的表演艺术》,对美国表演艺术家马龙·白兰度的表演艺术创作进行了全面的分析、研究。表演专业的毕业论文大多是对某一表演元素的研究或者对自身创作的总结,这篇论文属于大师研究的范畴,对于本科毕业生来说,无疑是一种新的挑战。

论文以史论体的笔法,以马龙·白兰度的生平与创作为经线,以他的个性与方法派表演技巧为纬线,经纬交织,勾勒出了马龙·白兰度的表演世界。论文研究了美国方法派表演理论的历史传承,认为白兰度的表演风格是方法派与演员自身个性的结合。正是由于此二者的结合,形成了白兰度独特的个人魅力和表现力,为世界电影留下了一系列令人难忘的形象。也正是因为个人性格的过于强烈,也使他在个人创作和个人生活中留下了不少遗憾。

论文观点明确,层次清晰,使用了大量的资料,并且进行了梳理与编织。作者对于白兰度三个时期创作的异同点的分析,也颇有见识,令人信服。

如果说论文有所不足的话,那就是史论的话语状态稍显强烈,科学的表演理论分析和再建立尚嫌不足。对马龙·白兰度的研究也基本停留在本文分析的层面上,如能更多阐释其对当代电影表演创作有何作用,论文水平将更上一层楼。

这是一篇比较优秀的论文。对于开拓表演专业论文的选材范围方面,犹具积极意义。

论文评语四:

王颖同学的学士学位论文《革命样板戏电影剪辑分析》研究了中国文革时期中的革命样板戏电影的剪辑技巧,是一个别具一格的选题。长期以来,对于这一领域的研究基本处于空白,因而这个选题是有价值的。样板戏电影,来源于舞台上的革命样板戏,是经过大批艺术家创作并经历了观众检验的艺术作品。拍摄成电影后,即保持了样板戏的原貌,又在艺术上有一定的创新。由于当时特殊的历史事情,一方面艺术创作受到种种限制,一方面又有条件集中当时国内最优秀的电影艺术家拍摄革命样板戏电影,形成了其艺术上的特色。革命样板戏电影的最大特点,是实现了戏剧艺术和电影艺术的高度结合,创造出一种崭新的假定性。即不是取材于原样板戏进行的电影创作,也不是简单的舞台艺术片。在革命样板戏的创作中,总结、提升了中国电影在此方面的种种经验,并形成了新的样式。对于此类电影的剪辑技巧尤其是一个容易被人忽略的部分,事实上,在革命样板戏中,剪接技巧使用得相当流畅、丰富。王颖同学的论文研究了样板戏电影文戏、武戏的不同剪接技巧,继而深入到唱腔、对白、气氛、动作布局、武打各方面的剪接技巧分析,颇有成果。这篇论文主体清晰,布局合理,深入浅出,详略得当,作者的专业水平和写作态度都是值得肯定的。由于作者原理那个具体的时代,对于一些问题的认知仍存在不足之处,是为遗憾。但作为年轻的学生,敢于挑战如此艰深的课题,起到填补空白的作用,值得称赞。

这是一篇比较优秀的论文。

论文评语五:

于丽金同学的学士学位论文《喜剧元素在韩国电影发展中的地位及其研究意义》研究了韩国电影中的喜剧元素问题。这是一个有趣且有意义的选题。面对近年来声名大振的韩国电影,国内的研究大多集中在电影导演和电影类型上,关注韩国电影中具体创作元素的文章较少。于丽金同学的论文,紧紧抓住喜剧元素这一主题,不仅仅研究喜剧电影,更努力分析在不同类型电影中喜剧因素的运用,并且有历时性的探讨,其着眼点和系统性难能可贵。这篇论文以韩国的民族性和韩国电影中体现出的民族性为基础,即研究作品,又研究观众,并且能够把电影问题放入历史和民族的大环境中进行思辨,深入浅出,点面结合,即有理论性,又有实用价值。论文中最有价值的部分,一为对不同类型电影中喜剧元素使用技巧的分析,甚至涉及“残酷政治片”和“悲情历史片”,揭示了韩国电影商业活用各种有利创作因素的成功秘密;一为由对韩国电影的分析渐次进入对中国电影创作的思考,对时下中国电影的创作技巧提出了一些行之有效的建议。论文层次清晰,沉稳大气,资料详实,例证丰富。于丽金同学的写作态度认真,多次向指导教师请教、修改论文,并为全班第一个完成论文的同学,治学态度值得肯定。

这是一篇比较优秀的论文。

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篇3:在高中校园全英文广播稿范文_广播稿_网

范文类型:新闻广播,适用行业岗位:高中,学校,全文共 2554 字

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高中校园全英文广播稿范文

Dear teachers and schoolmates,

Cantabile sport, but there is no timeletone. You do not know when it would play, when will it drop; sports such as tender round, but there is no change of direction, you do not know when to go, when to stay,

In this down, back and forth, stop-and-go, the life will be filled with no regrets, filled with touching. Your life will be sweet brilliant!

Athletes, when you ride in the sports arena, you will conquer the others, you will conquer its own. Station no longer that hard before the starting line, that is, the moment of succeyou dream of. Yes, there is a lot of far-fetched dreams, but dreams can come true. Has broken Krylov said: #39;At this side of reality, the ideal at the other side, acrothe middle of the river rapids. Efforts to frame action is on a bridge in Sichuan.#39; From the reality on this side and reach the other side of the ideal, focusing on efforts to focus on confidence. , and that more should be the spirit of our athletes.

Eagle belong to the blue sky, white water belong to the sea, while our athletes are belong to the grass. It is hoped that the place up, it will be come a stage win. Sports athletes are confident that when you fight for the dream, in order to win time and sweat, but also for the glory of our liuyang eight.

Undoubtedly, in this highly competitive sports arena, there is succethere is failure, it ran a successful flower-hyun rotten, and the failure of the snow is also lovely. Same winds will favor, in fact, everyone wants to glory, but someone afraid of magma emitted burn themselves, select run, on the successful selection, they chose the injured; select high jump, on the win at select when they select a fall. When the mussels force by pregnancy after suffering a dazzling

crystal pearl, when the athletes are going through a painful after the creation of an astonishing score. Clare said: #39;The people are some kind of fa

ith in order to live.#39; Hearts there is hope that

Only the hearts of the road, has the hearts of the road will be down at the foot. Athletes, when you with the ideal and the sweat, through the painful Ze Chao will find a bright road.

Will become exhausted, only to struggle a turn for the better, life will become humble and the great tragic. Sport athletes. We have seen, through the sweat of your crystal, we have seen in eight liuyang hope that you crossed the Pentium pace, we see hope, hope to see tomorrow.

Travel, life does not return this stadium.

Wild. NOT back to life in this stadium.

Touched, your spirit of sport. courage.

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篇4:翻译保密合同

范文类型:合同协议,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 709 字

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甲方:____________________

乙方:____________________翻译有限公司

订立本协议旨在乙方为顾客提供规范、保密的翻译或本地化服务。双方本着平等互利的原则经友好协商,达成以下协议:

一、译文类型

甲方委托乙方翻译____________________(资料名称),共__________页,约__________ 字。

二、翻译时间

双方协定翻译稿件交付日期为__________年 __________月__________日。

三、交稿形式

______________________________。

四、资料保密

本协议所涉及的甲乙双方在合作过程中或通过其它任何渠道所获知的对方未向社会公开的技术情报和商业秘密均负有保密义务,未经对方书面许可,任何一方不得将其泄露给第三方,否则应承担相应违约责任并赔偿由此造成的损失。此项保密义务在协议终止后仍然有效。

五、知识产权

所有翻译资料的知识产权归甲方所有,乙方未经许可不得用于(包括报告全文、摘录、单项数据等)公开发布、转载、使用或其他用途,否则视为违约。

六、本协议有效期内基于业务运作需要,双方协商共同定制的其他相关制度和书面文件,其效力等同于本协议。

七、本协议未尽事项,经双方协商一致签订补充协议,补充协议与本协议具有同等效力。本协议一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份。本保密协议经签字盖章后生效。

甲方:____________________(签章)乙方:(签章)____________________翻译有限公司

___________年___________月_________日___________年___________月_________日

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篇5:翻译实习总结3000字

范文类型:工作总结,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 4944 字

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在说所有的话之前,我先要声明一下,接下来要说的话只是我个人对英文翻译的一些想法,难免有不正确之处,希望大家多多包涵。

就推理小说的阅读来说,我个人是偏向日系推理的,但是不懂日文,只能翻译英文小说,有点囧。我自己平常是不太爱看从英文翻译过来的小说的,很大一部分原因就是很难碰见翻译得好的作品。而且有一个很奇怪的现象:越是专业的翻译,翻译出来的作品语言西化现象就越严重。特别是社会科学的翻译作品,很多时候根本是读不下去,因为里面除了汉字是中文之外,语法和句式已经西化得相当厉害了。英文翻译的一些问题,接下来的叙述中我会竭尽所能地列举一下,也希望大家一起参与讨论。

英文翻译中最大的问题,莫过于不加修改的直译,这种翻译大概只比google或者金山快译好一点,句式和语法完全是英式的。这种翻译多出在社会科学的专业学术著作中,基本上意思还是看得懂,但是读起来味道怪怪的,而且一眼看出来是翻译文章。而好一点的译文,句式和语法也换成了汉语语法,但是不符合汉语的用于习惯。当然,习惯是比规则更难把握的东西,我个人认为在英文翻译中有几点汉语习惯是一定要注意的。如下:

1.长句尽量改短,语序调整为汉语习惯

英文中很容易就出现从句套从句的长句,这些句子读起来本身就很难理解了,如果翻译的时候还是不加改动,那读者读起来就更难理解。我在这儿举个例子吧,就拿我自己翻译的《钉子与镇魂歌》的开头部分:Theepisodeofthenailandtherequiemwasoneofthemostcharacteristicofallthoseinwhich,overarelativelybriefperiod,IwasprivilegedtowatchTrevisTarrantatwork.刚开始读到这句话的时候,我自己也愣了好半天,因为这句话完全不是汉语的习惯,如果不假思索地直接翻译,那就是:钉子与镇魂歌的事件是最有代表性的案件之一,在短暂的时间里,这段时间是我有幸观察塔南特工作的那段时间。当然要合并成一句话,也可以这么翻译:钉子与镇魂歌的事件是我有幸观察塔南特工作的那段时间里发生的最有代表性的案件之一。天啊,阅读起来太累了,但是这句话并没有语法问题!我想在翻译的时候要牢记一点:最后形成的是汉语,阅读我们译文的是中文读者。所以在这里必须要调整语序,而且长句要改短,最后我给的译文就是:在我有幸目睹塔南特破案的短暂时光里,钉子与镇魂歌的事件应该是最有代表性的案件之一。

2.定语改表语

英语中常常出现中心语前面出现两三个形容词的情况,这儿我举《绿色危机》第一章的例子:Ahuge,squareenvelope,coveredwithahuge,squarehandwriting.直译就是很大的方形的信封上面写着大气的方正的字体。看到一句话中有这么多“的”,是不是觉得很烦?虽然说现在“的地得”好像是可以混用了,但实际上“的”一般用于形容词,“得”一般用于动词后,“地”用于副词。我不主张混用,而且还有一点:不要滥用这三个字,这三个字已经将汉语过分稀释了,影响了汉语的美观。老祖宗的文章里基本上不用这三个字,近代的文章中这三个字的使用频率也不是很高,但是现在这三个字的确已经被滥用了。我个人还是希望在翻译的时候能够控制这三个字的使用频率,具体的操作方法就是把定语改成表语。汉语不习惯长句,也不习惯中心语前面加上一连串的定语,除非是作者要刻意造成这种效果。所以这句话我最后翻译成:信封很大,呈方形,上面的字迹方正而洒脱。如果中心语前面有超过一个带上“的”的定语,那种翻译我个人是不太读得下去的。

3.词语的多样性

这一点我也算是深有体会吧,因为我个人单词量不足,翻译的时候根本离不开金山词霸。相信很多朋友在翻译的时候免不了要查阅一些字典。但是不知道有没有人注意过这个问题:字典上提供的解释是没有办法覆盖汉语词汇的,也就是说,一个单词字典可能只提供了一个很普通的解释,使用的是最常见的汉语词汇。但是如果你就按照这个意思进行翻译,小说的魅力定会黯然不少。还是用2中的那句话,第二个huge是形容字写得比较大,但是如果就直接翻译成字写得很大,这个翻译只能算是普通翻译。我之所以没有这样翻译,一方面是因为前面的一个huge已经翻译成大了,一个大信封,这个翻译是很贴切的。接下来我不想再重复使用大这个字,所以我翻译成了字写得很洒脱,把大这个意思包含在洒脱里面。常常人们在讨论各位翻译的风格,我想这种词语的多样性就是翻译风格的最好体现。在翻译的时候,应当身临其境,设身处地地去感受小说的行文,这样才能更好地想到应该用什么样的汉语词汇来表达,而且在适当的时候,可以用一些典故和成语,译文定会亮色不少。这儿我也举一个例子吧,《绿色危机》导读中的一句话:Byitsnature,amilitaryhospitalisatheaterfordram专业英语翻译实习总结ndtragedy;oneisnotbroughtthereunlessthereisaseriousproblem.Thosewhoawaitfresharrivalsarepreparedonlyforbadnews.我翻译成:很自然地,这座战地医院成了悲剧上演的舞台。不幸的人各有各的不幸,期待着能够到这儿躲进桃源的人,最后都未能如愿以偿。这儿有王婆卖瓜之嫌,不过大家也就原谅我了吧。

4.人称代词的明确

在看英文小说的时候,我发现一个很奇怪的现象:在叙述中,人称代词用的特别多,称呼名字反而多用在对话中。想想在汉语中,平常的叙述中直呼名字的时候却占多数。在翻译《绿色危机》的时候,我很头疼的一个问题就是要花很大精力去寻找代词到底指代谁,很多时候必须要结合上下文反复推敲才能得到正确的答案,有时候还会弄错。如果翻译的时候仍然原封不动地保留这些代词,读者的阅读观感必定会受到影响。《恶意》中有句话:讲得通和合情合理是两回事,那我现在也可以说:能够读下去和流畅的阅读也是两回事。如果读者阅读的时候,反而要花大精力去明确人称代词的关系,那这本书的翻译无疑是失败的。这儿我就不举例了,相信大家都有所体会。

5.押韵和双关

如果说词语的多样性可以体现翻译的风格,那么如何处理押韵和双关,则能够全面体现翻译的功力。这两项是最难翻译的,有的根本就翻译不出来。比如我就碰到一个利用you的单数和复数进行双关,想了半天实在无法翻译,最后只能加个注释了事,真的很惭愧。押韵嘛,也碰到一个,原谅我在这儿又王婆卖瓜一次,这个押韵自觉还是翻译的比较好。《绿色危机》第二章中间有一段一名护士的自言自语:forceps,retractors,scissors,knives.ButWoodshasmarvellouslegs(伍兹是另外一名护士)!这儿一开始我还没有注意到,看第二遍的时候才发觉这儿是个押韵。想了很久,大致翻译成这个样子,移动了一些词语的顺序:牵开器、剪刀、钳子、刀子,但是伍兹的腿美得不成样子!算是马马虎虎翻译出这种押韵效果了。这儿我推荐大家看看杨绛翻译的《堂吉珂德》,其中的诗句翻译相当纯熟,而且做到了押韵,从中可以学到很多翻译的方法和用语习惯。

6.理解与适当的补充

总的来说,汉语比英语环保,翻译过来的汉语占据的存储空间一般都比英语小。但是有些时候英文只需几个单词,或者一个前缀,翻译成汉语却要解释半天,而且都不一定能有英语那种效果。这就要对原句进行适当的补充。又是举《绿色危机》中的例子:Sinceablowsytrollopoffiftycannotbee__pectedtocareforcompetitionfromane__quisite,self-possessedlittlecreatureoftwenty-two,thee__-widowwasnotsorrytoseehergo.这句话是说一个寡妇嫁给了故事中一名护士(弗雷德里卡)的父亲,然后后妈和继女相处不快,所以后妈巴不得继女去战地医院服务,眼不见为净。请注意最后的e__-,寡妇嫁给护士的父亲后,就不是寡妇了,但是作者使用这个前缀,明显有戏谑的味道在里面。翻译的时候要把这种味道体现出来。所以最后我花了一句话来解释:一个50岁面容粗糙的老女人,怎么可能竞争得过22岁的女孩,更何况还是一位高雅沉静的妙龄少女?所以弗雷德里卡离开家,这位寡妇高兴得很。对不起,这儿要更正一下,她现在已经不是寡妇了。如果仅仅翻译成前寡妇,我想在汉语中是体会不出这种效果的。

7.人名是否可以简化?

这个问题一直在困扰着我,因为外国人的名字有名有姓,有时指名,有时道姓。对中国读者来说,不啻是一项记忆力的考验。如果故事的主要人物有5个人,这就意味着我们要记住10个名字,不,因为有的名字还有昵称,所以可能更多,有时候常常在上一句看到这个人的名,下一句看到这个人的姓,然后就晕了。阅读的流畅感肯定受到极大影响。我本来想的是翻译的时候改一下,全用名或者全用姓,但是好像国家对这些姓名的用法也有规定,不能这么改,所以这个问题也一直困扰着我,希望大家能够指点我。

以上陆陆续续说了这么多,欢迎大家讨论,最后我再阐明一下自己的翻译观,说一下自己的翻译方法,希望能对想翻译的朋友提供一下帮助。

翻译的信达雅,我个人最看重雅。我的翻译观是:我不需要忠诚于单词,也不需要忠诚于句式,我要忠诚的只是语素,只是作者想要表达的信息。然后我再用汉语将意思表达完全,最后对译文进行润色加工,除了人名地名之外,我希望我的译文尽可能地贴近我们平常使用的优美汉语,不能让别人一眼就看出来是翻译文章,也不能让读者阅读的流畅感受到影响。如果是作者脑残,我不希望译文也像原文一样脑残,否则读者骂的肯定是译者而不是作者。英译汉的精髓在汉语,而不是英语。

接下来为了直观,我举例说明我自己的翻译方法。

克莱顿·劳森的短篇《奇迹尽在这一天》开头一段:

LieutenantDoranoftheHomicideSquadnearlycollidedhead-onwithTheGreatMerliniinthedoorwayofthelattersplaceofbusiness.Doranwasonhiswayin;theproprietoroftheMagicShop-slogan:NothingIsImpossible-wasonhiswayout."Where,"Doranasked,"Areyougoing?"

首先直译:刑侦队的检察官多兰和某人差点相撞——这个人是伟大的马里尼。相撞地点是门口,是马里尼做生意的商店的门口。当时多兰正准备进去,而魔术店——店上贴着标语:一切皆有可能——的店主正准备出去。“哪儿?”多兰问,“你准备去?”

这个译文真是太混乱了,现在要做的就是调整语序。注意到文中有一个信息:魔术店上贴有标语。这种描述性的文字在汉语中,应该放在最前面,而不是夹在中间,否则读起来很难受。所以调整语序后就是这样:

魔术专营店门上贴着一副标语,上面写着:一切皆有可能。店长马里尼正准备出去,在门口却差点撞上正准备进来的刑侦队检察官多兰。多兰问:“你准备去哪儿?”

这个翻译已经问题不大了,但是再看看,有没有不是很流畅的地方?多兰的问题是在什么时候问的?是在两个人正好相撞的时候吗?原文没有说,但是我觉得应当补充一下,结合上下文可以推断,多兰应当是有急事来找马里尼,所以应当是在两人都刚刚站住的时候,就迫不及待地发问了。而且汉语中问一个人问题,最开始应当先称呼一下这个人,这样也有助于读者加深对人名的记忆,保持阅读的流畅。所以最后我整理的译文就是:

魔术专营店门上贴着一副标语,上面写着:一切皆有可能。店长马里尼正准备出去,在门口却差点撞上正准备进来的刑侦队检察官多兰。两人刚刚站住,多兰就问:“马里尼,你准备去哪儿?”

另外再说一下标语的翻译,原文是双重否定,但是如果直译的话反而觉得很拗口。标语这种东西,就是要琅琅上口,所以我改成了肯定句式(虽然和李宁的广告语重了……)。

就写到这儿吧,一口气写完这么多话,真的很累,希望大家能够一起来讨论翻译的问题,让我们能够有更好的阅读体验。

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篇6:2024英语论文开题报告范文_开题报告_网

范文类型:汇报报告,全文共 4576 字

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2017英语论文开题报告范文

论 文 题 目:on teaching english to minority students in junior

middle schools in yili

浅谈伊犁地区初中少数民族学生的英语教学

abstract: recently, the number of minority students who have been educated by chinese is increasing year by year. compared with the students of han nationality, english learning of minority students has their own distinct character. this article will focus on english learning of uygur nationality and kazak nationality, in order to analyze characteristics which exist in the process of english learning of minority students. finally, this paper will put forward the way to over coming these factors and improving the english ability.

key words: the students of minority nationality, english learning, characteristics

1.摘要:

近年来,伊犁地区接受汉语言授课的少数民族学生,逐年增加,但与汉族学生相比,少数民族学生的英语学习具有鲜明的个性。本文主要以维吾尔族和哈萨克族学生为例,分析了少数民族学生英语学习过程中所具有的特殊性因素,进而提出了克服这些因素,以提高少数民族英语水平的应有对策。

关键词:少数民族学生, 英语学习 , 特殊性

2.0 background information

2.1 demands of the 21st century for qualified intellectuals.

the world in the 21st century is a world in which different countries depend on each other. english has become widely used in the world. knowledge of english is necessary for scientific and technological development and to contribute to the development of international trade and cultural exchange. knowledge of technological innovation is based on learning foreign languages well, especially learning english well.

2.2 demands of the information age

nowadays, science technological are developing rapidly and information is changed in the rapidly speech. computers make access to information changed. intellectuals should have ability to get information from internet. it is inevitable for english to become an important communication to tool in the era of internet. only when having the ability to get information by means of english, intellectuals may develop continuously and have life-long education. therefore, it is important for minority students to learning a foreign language in order to meet the demands of the information era in the period of found a mental education.

2.3 learning english can help students cultivate their potential and from good quality as well as good will

children have language learning unparalleled advantages over adults. for the one hand, they are eager to learning english and have the ability to imitate and memorize what they learned. for the other hand, they are many differences between chinese and english in the respects of pronunciation, vocabulary and literature. so students in china must do more oral exercises without fear of mistakes and fight against the tendency to forget. therefore, in the process of learning we aim at cultivate the spirit of fearing no difficulties in order to create good psychological quality. besides, learning to due with cultural differences can help students cultivate the open mined quality and the spirit of commutate and cooperate with others.

3. introduction

with entrance into wto, we open the door to the world gradually. the cooperation with other countries in the politics, economy and culture are frequent. the important of learning english are becoming more and more foregrounding. besides, the large scale development of west china makes the weston regions more active. in the xinjiang uygur autonomous region minority nationality plays an important role in the development of people’s cultural quality and society. in order to improve the people’s cultural quality and make the aims of western development come true, we really need to improve the english learning efficiently. however, minority nationality’ students have some difficulties in learning english due to the negative impacts of history, economy, culture, environment and psychology. it is necessarily to analyze the current situation and put flowered the improve english ability.

4.0 problems existing in the process of english teaching of minority students

4.1 starting to learn late and weak foundation

due to the undeveloped economy、 lack of teachers and poor condition of facilities, minority students were educated late. compared with students of han nationality .as a result, there intellectual development lags behind. they started to learn english very late .before entering into junior middle school, they just learned chinese with out education in the kindergarten .but students of han nationality are different, english learning has been paid special attention for many years .owing to good condition of teachers and excellent facilities .many students of han nationality started to learn english when they went to primary school even kindergarten.

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篇7:英文补充协议_合同范本

范文类型:合同协议,全文共 2306 字

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英文补充协议

Supplementary agreement

In order to guarantee the interests of the school and the foreign teacher and facilitate the smooth development of teaching and the foreign teacher’s safe and orderly life, we clarify our respective responsibility further and add additional terms listed as follows: Party a:Party b:

1, the rented accommodation is only for the teacher. The foreign

teacher shouldn’t allow others to live in the apartment in order to avoid accidents.

2, during the work, the foreign teacher should have the civilized words and deeds and won’t develop any improper friendship or relationship (such as love, etc.) with students.

3, the foreign teacher will bear the cost of utilities (such as water bill) and Internet flow fee (90yuan per month). The school is only

responsible for the accommodation expenses, not including other living expenses.

As the foreign teacher first comes to Beijing, he is not familiar with a lot of things. To show humanistic care, the school has paid the power bill (600 yuan for 1200 degrees). By November 30, if the actual

consumption power number is more than 1200 degrees, the foreign teacher should pay the rest. If the foreign teacher continues to teach in CuiWei middle school, the school will bear the cost of 200 degrees per month, but the excess part is borne by the foreign teacher. The school has installed the broadband network and the foreign

teacher should burden Internet flow fee (about 90 yuan ) every month. So the foreign teacher will pay 270 yuan for the cost of 3 months.

4, the foreign teacher shall observe the school’s work system and regulations concerning administration of subject teachers such as job duties, classroom norms, work discipline, school group activities. Also, the foreign teacher shall complete the tasks agreed on schedule and guarantee the quality of work. At the same time, the school will also ensure his corresponding welfare.

Party a: Party b:

Signature: Signature:

In September of 20xx

补充协议范本

合同编号:项目名称:合同名称:甲 方:乙 方:签订时间:签订地点:合同补充协议 河北达辉建筑工程有限公司 年 月日

上述金额包括运输费、保险费、税金等一切费用;本合同单价为固定单价,最终按实际发生量结算。

2、其他合同条款调整。 3、其它事项说明。

三、本协议生效后,即成为《原协议》不可分割的组成部分,与《原协议》具有同等的法律效力。

四、本协议与原合同发生冲突时以本协议为准。

五、除本协议中明确所作修改的条款之外,原协议的其余部分应完全继续有效。

本协议一式四份,甲方执三份,乙方一份,具有同等法律效力,自双方签字盖章之日起生效。

以下无合同正文。

甲方:乙方: 委托代理人:委托代理人: 代表人: 代表人: 开户行: 开户行: 账号: 账号: 电话: 电话:

地址: 地址: 日期:日期:

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篇8:优秀英文慰问信范文

范文类型:慰问信,全文共 445 字

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June 16, 201X

Dear Tom,

I just can’t tell you how sorry I was to learn of your accident. Your family tells me that your are progressing nicely, and that you’ll be out of the hospital in about ten days, I’m certainly relieved to know that!

In the next day or so you’ll receive a little package from Margaret and me. I hope you like it, and that it will help to pass the time more pleasantly.

With every good wish for your swift recovery.

Sincerely,

Bob

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篇9:翻译保密合同

范文类型:合同协议,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 510 字

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甲方:

乙方:__________翻译有限公司

订立本协议旨在乙方为顾客提供规范、保密的翻译或本地化服务。双方本着平等互利的原则经友好协商,达成以下协议:

一、译文类型

甲方委托乙方翻译(资料名称),共页,约字。

二、翻译时间

双方协定翻译稿件交付日期为年月日。

三、交稿形式

四、资料保密

本协议所涉及的甲乙双方在合作过程中或通过其它任何渠道所获知的对方未向社会公开的技术情报和商业秘密均负有保密义务,未经对方书面许可,任何一方不得将其泄露给第三方,否则应承担相应违约责任并赔偿由此造成的损失。此项保密义务在协议终止后仍然有效。

五、知识产权

所有翻译资料的知识产权归甲方所有,乙方未经许可不得用于(包括报告全文、摘录、单项数据等)公开发布、转载、使用或其他用途,否则视为违约。

六、本协议有效期内基于业务运作需要,双方协商共同定制的其他相关制度和书面文件,其效力等同于本协议。

七、本协议未尽事项,经双方协商一致签订补充协议,补充协议与本协议具有同等效力。本协议一式两份,甲乙双方各执一份。本保密协议经签字盖章后生效。甲方:(签章)乙方:(签章)__________翻译有限公司

法人代表:法人代表:

签约代表:签约代表:

地址:地址:

电话:电话:

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篇10:2024年英文优秀辞职报告范文

范文类型:辞职信,汇报报告,全文共 3387 字

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Dear Mr. Smith,

As a graduate of an institution of higher education, I have a few very basic expectations. Chief among these is that my direct superiors have an intellect that ranges above the common ground squirrel. After your consistent and annoying harassment of my co-workers and me during the commission of our duties, I can only surmise that you are one of the few true genetic wastes of our time.

Asking me, a network administrator, to explain every little nuance of everything I do each time you happen to stroll into my office is not only a waste of time, but also a waste of precious oxygen. I was hired because I know how to network computer systems, and you were apparently hired to provide amusement to myself and other employees, who watch you vainly attempt to understand the concept of cut and paste for the hundredth time.

You will never understand computers. Something as incredibly simple as binary still gives you too many options. You will also never understand why people hate you, but I am going to try and explain it to you, even though I am sure this will be just as effective as telling you what an IP address is. Your shiny new iMac has more personality than you ever will.

You walk around the building all day, shiftlessly looking for fault in others. You have a sharp dressed, useless look about you that may have worked for your interview, but now that you actually have responsibility, you pawn it off on overworked staff, hoping their talent will cover for your glaring ineptitude. In a world of managerial evolution, you are the blue-green algae that everyone else eats and laughs at. Managers like you are a sad proof of the Dilbert principle.

Since this situation is unlikely to change without you getting a full frontal lobotomy reversal, I am forced to tender my resignation. However, I have a few parting thoughts.

1. When someone calls you in reference to employment, it is illegal for you to give me a bad recommendation. The most you can say to hurt me is I prefer not to comment. I will have friends randomly call you over the next couple of years to keep you honest, because I know you would be unable to do it on your own.

2. I have all the passwords to every account on the system, and I know every password you have used for the last five years. If you decide to get cute, I am going to publish your favorites list, which I conveniently saved when you made me back up your useless files. I do believe that terms like Lolita are not usually viewed favorably by the administration.

3. When you borrowed the digital camera to take pictures of your Mothers birthday, you neglected to mention that you were going to take pictures of yourself in the mirror nude. Then you forgot to erase them like the techno-moron you really are. Suffice it to say I have never seen such odd acts with a sauce bottle, but I assure you that those have been copied and kept in safe places pending the authoring of a glowing letter of recommendation. (Try to use a spell check please; I hate having to correct your mistakes.)

Thank you for your time, and I expect the letter of recommendation on my desk by 8:00 am tomorrow. One word of this to anybody, and all of your little twisted repugnant obsessions will be open to the public. Never screw with your systems administrator. Why? Because they know what you do with all that free time!

Wishing you a grand and glorious day.

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篇11:儿科医师英文自我评价

范文类型:自我评介,适用行业岗位:儿科,医师,全文共 5005 字

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In the obstetrics and gynecology internship is coming to an end, in this month internship, I abide by the law, abide by the hospital and hospital departments rules and regulations, respect teachers, unity, strict demands on themselves, and strive to be late , Do not leave early, without undue absenteeism and unauthorized leave the workplace. Treatment of patients amiable, good attitude, and strive to be the theoretical knowledge and basic skills applied to practice. In this process, I continue to sum up the learning methods and clinical experience, try to improve independent thinking, independent problem-solving, the ability to work independently, and constantly cultivate their dedication to serve the people of lofty ideals and good professional ethics. During my internship in this department, I will abide by labor discipline, work conscientiously, study hard, and be able to use the knowledge I have learned in books for practical use. Under the guidance of the teacher, I basically mastered some of the common gynecological care and some basic operations, I gradually from an intern to the nurse over, so I realized that the special nature of clinical work and necessity. Previously learned in schools are theoretical, and now contact with the clinical work found that the actual work is not imagined so simple, not as written in the book so typical, often rely on their usual work experience in the accumulation, so Only a solid practical training, a good experience in order to gradually gain experience.

Gynecological internship on this simple testimony of my work and study, I hope in the future which can be helpful in other work.

In obstetrics and gynecology internship, abide by labor discipline, work conscientiously, diligent study ask, can be in the book in their knowledge for practical, master of obstetrics and gynecology common and frequently disease diagnosis and treatment norms and treatment principles for gynecology, Obstetric routine operation to achieve proficiency, by the undergraduate teaching teachers praise.

Through obstetrics and gynecology practice, to consolidate the theoretical knowledge of obstetrics and gynecology, familiar with the normal course of pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum care, abnormal process and sick women care, family planning and womens health guidance content, at the same time to understand at home and abroadNew technologies and new therapies, such as family-centered nursing techniques such as interactive kinship maternity, infant touch, baby swimming, etc., to carry out the comprehensive quality of nursing research and writing papers, and to improve their practical skills. So I fully solid learned a lot of expertise.

Obstetrics and Gynecology is different from other departments, its professional knowledge is very strong, and only really hard to learn to understand thoroughly, is considered to be better.

Obstetrics internship, although busy, but busy with income. I will try my best to do all the work in the department. I will finish my internship in obstetrics and gynecology. During this internship, I will abide by the rules and regulations of hospital and hospital. , Unity of students, strict demands on themselves, and strive to do not be late, do not leave early, without undue absenteeism and unauthorized leave the job. Treatment of patients amiable, good attitude, and strive to be the theoretical knowledge and basic skills applied to practice. In this process, I continue to sum up the learning methods and clinical experience, try to improve independent thinking, independent problem-solving, the ability to work independently, and constantly cultivate their dedication to serve the people of lofty ideals and good professional ethics.

During my internship in this department, I will abide by labor discipline, work conscientiously, study hard, and be able to use the knowledge I have learned in books for practical use. Under the guidance of the teacher, I basically mastered some of the common gynecological care and some basic operations, I gradually from an intern to the nurse over, so I realized that the special nature of clinical work and necessity.Previously learned in schools are theoretical, and now contact with the clinical work found that the actual work is not imagined so simple, not as written in the book so typical, often rely on their usual work experience in the accumulation, so Only a solid practical training, a good experience in order to gradually gain experience.

Gynecological internship on this simple testimony of my work and study, I hope in the future which can be helpful in other work.

In obstetrics and gynecology internship, abide by labor discipline, work conscientiously, diligent study ask, can be in the book in their knowledge for practical, master of obstetrics and gynecology common and frequently disease diagnosis and treatment norms and treatment principles for gynecology, Obstetric routine operation to achieve proficiency, by the undergraduate teaching teachers praise.

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篇12:授予翻译著作权合同

范文类型:合同协议,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 943 字

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甲方:(作者姓名)甲方

乙方:编辑部

第一作者身份证号码:_________________________________________ 论文编号:________________ 乙方:编辑部 甲、乙双方就著作权转让事宜达成如下协议:

第一条 甲方发表的论文题目为 ________________________________________________________ (以下简称“该论文”)。

第二条 甲方保证该论文为其原创作品并且不涉及泄密问题和保密科研项目。若发生侵权或泄密问题,一切责任由甲方承担。

第三条 甲方自愿将其拥有的对该论文的以下权利转让给乙方:(

1)汇编权; (

2)翻译权; (

3)印刷版和电子版的复制权; (

4)网络传播权; (5) 发行权。

第四条 除《中华人民共和国著作权法》

第二十二条规定的情况外,甲方不得再许可他人以任何形式使用本合同

第三条所述的转让权利,但甲方可以在其后继的作品中引用(或翻译)该论文中的部分内容。

第五条 甲方若在 4 个月内没有收到乙方的稿件处理情况,经向本刊编辑部声明后可以另行处理该稿件,本合同即自动终止.若甲方收到的是退稿通知,则在甲方收到该通知时本合同自动终止。

第六条 该论文在乙方编辑出版的《北京邮电大学学报》(不论以何种形式)首次发表后,乙方将按下面第( )方式向甲方收取一次性版面费:

(1) 若甲方或甲方的合作者(指导者)有科研经费,按每页 200 元收取;

(2) 若甲方为在校学生,又无合作者(指导者),可以申请减免版面费.减免版面费需提交减免报告,经核实并经主编批准可以部分减免。 若乙方再以其他形式出版该论文,将不再收取甲方版面费。

第七条 该论文在乙方编辑出版的《北京邮电大学学报》(不论以何种形式)首次发表后,乙方将向甲方支付一次性稿酬,并赠送样刊和(或)10 册抽印本。付酬标准为 100 元篇。 若乙方再以其他形式出版该论文,将不再支付甲方稿酬。

第八条 本合同自双方签订之日起生效,合同履行过程中若发生争议,双方应协商解决;若协商不成,按照《中华人民共和国著作权法》和有关的法律法规处理。

甲方:(签字) 乙方:编辑部

________年____月____日于 市________年____月____日于 北京

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篇13:地震英文慰问信范文

范文类型:慰问信,全文共 1452 字

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原文:

The people of China have been very much in my thoughts over the past two weeks as I have watched, with mounting concern, the effects of the devastation caused by the terrible earthquake in Sichuan Province. It has been most impressive to see the marvellous way in which the Chinese humanitarian operations have brought swift and effective relief to those affected. I am articularly pleased that the Wenchuan Earthquake Orphan Fund has been established, to help the children who have lost their parents in the disaster.

I wanted to take this opportunity to send my deepest sympathy following this terrible tragedy to the people of China, and my most heartfelt ondolences to all those who have lost loved ones.

My Princes Charities are engaging ever more closely in China, including work to assist, in a small way, with the preservation of Chinas rich and diverse heritage. It would give me the greatest pleasure if we were able to develop these ties still further with, in particular, practical assistance from my Princes Foundation for the Built Environment in planning the reconstruction of parts of Sichuan Province.Charles

The Prince of Wales

译文:

我最近非常惦念中国人民,在过去的两周当中,我密切地关注着这场发生在可恨的地震带来的破坏及影响。在此期间,最令人印象深刻的是中国政府和人民的人道主义的行动,为这些受到灾难的人民带来了高速及有效的援助。我感到特别欣慰的是,旨在帮助这些在灾难中丧失双亲的孩子们的汶川大地震孤儿救助专项基金已经得到成立。

我同时也想借这次机会,向这次灾难后的中国人民致以我最深切的同情,并向失去亲人的人们致以我发自内心深处的慰问。

我的王子基金比过去更紧密地在和中国合作,包括从某种程度上帮助保护中国丰富及多样化的文化遗产,我们将非常乐意来进一步发展这些合作,特别是王子基金中环境重建的项目,来参与XX省的灾后重建工作。

查尔斯威尔士亲王

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篇14:博士学位论文开题报告格式_开题报告_网

范文类型:汇报报告,全文共 914 字

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博士学位论文开题报告格式

【博士学位论文开题报告格式】

根据《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》和《中南财经政法大学学位授予工作细则》的精神,为了加强我校博士学位论文写作过程管理,保证学位论文质量,做好研究生学位论文的开题报告,特作如下规定:

一、开题报告的完成时间

学位论文开题是研究生写作论文的必经过程,写作学位论文之前都必须参加开题报告会。博士生应在入学后第三学期第五周至第四学期第十周期间完成学位论文开题报告并参加博士论文开题报告会;有特殊情况的,经学院批准、报研究生部备案后可延期一年。

二、开题报告的主要内容

开题报告主要检验博士生对专业知识的独立驾驭能力和研究能力,考察写作论文准备工作是否深入细致,包括选题是否恰当,资料占有是否翔实、全面,对国内外的研究现状是否了解,本人的研究是否具有开拓性、创新性等。

开题报告应涉及以下主要内容:论文选题的意义;论文的主体框架、主要内容和主要观点;论文有哪些创新或突破;资料收集情况及所参阅的重要文献;论文写作过程中将面临的主要问题和困难。

三、开题报告会的组织形式

1.各学院由博士生导师组组织本学科和相关学科专家3-5人组成博士学位论文开题报告指导小组,设组长一位(导师不得担任)。

2.博士生在开题报告会召开之前,至少提前两周将《中南财经政法大学博士学位论文开题报告书》送交各培养学院和各指导小组。

四、开题报告会的程序

1.开题报告指导小组组长宣布开题报告会开始。

2.博士生陈述开题报告内容(时间约20分钟)。

3.开题报告指导小组就博士生所做的开题报告陈述,提出问题或建设性意见,与博士生进行讨论。博士生应充分考虑评审小组形成的意见。

4.博士生退场后,开题报告小组对博士生开题报告进行评议。评议后如通过,填写《中南财经政法大学博士学位论文开题报告书》指导小组意见。

开题报告如未通过,评审小组提出修改意见,学生在导师指导下根据评审小组意见进行修改,择期重新开题。

5.开题报告通过后,研究生应将《中南财经政法大学博士学位论文开题报告书》交所在培养学院存档

五、其它事项

1.《中南财经政法大学博士学位论文开题报告书》的下载路径:研究生部网站→“学位”→“下载专区”。

2. 本规定自公布之日起实施。

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篇15:翻译合同_合同范本

范文类型:合同协议,适用行业岗位:翻译,全文共 1271 字

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翻译合同

甲方:______________

乙方:______________

关于甲方委托乙方进行资料翻译事宜甲、乙双方在平等、互利、自愿原则上,经协商签订本合同,共同信守。为明确甲、乙双方的权利和义务,经友好协商,达成如下协议:

一、甲方向乙方提供有关书籍、资料,作为乙方翻译的参考资料。

二、甲方向乙方保证其提供的文稿已取得版权许可;文稿中没有任何容易引起刑事或民事的内容。文稿中对于不合理或违反中华人民共和国法律法规或国际法或国际惯例的服务要求,乙方将予以拒绝。

三、甲方如对乙方译稿有异议,甲方有权在取稿之日起7日内,向乙方提出修改意见,乙方应按甲方要求在规定的时间内免费进行修改,直至甲方满意为止。另外,乙方出于保密起见只负责保存原文和译文十天。逾期不取将予以销毁。译文交稿后乙方不负责保留译稿和磁盘。鉴于翻译认知的时效性,甲方应在收到译文后七天内对译文提出异议,逾期本公司将对包括译文的准确性在内不承担责任。

四、乙方有权要求甲方无偿提供相关背景资料。

五、乙方应保证其翻译稿件质量:忠实原文、译文准确;语句通顺、全文流畅。甲方应理解以下可能出现的情况:翻译中存在可译与不可译、两种语言中没有意义绝对相同的两个词、同一语言中没有意义绝对相同的词,以及各语言或同一语言中表达方式的无限多样性等问题,因而翻译总有偏失等现象;作为译者,应该尽可能减少这种偏失,甲方不能因对某些词的择取而拒稿,任何争议,双方应以商讨方式解决。

六、乙方遵守翻译职业道德,对其译文的准确性和对内容的保密性负责,(还可根据需要签订详细的保密协议)不负与此文件有关联的任何其他责任。不管甲方的商业利润如何,乙方均有权获得翻译费。

七、结款方式及翻译价格以客户委托单为准。

八、乙方需按规定日期将相关背景资料及译文文本完整归还甲方。??

九、如因甲方原因推迟提供给乙方翻译稿件或翻译的相关资料时间,受到的损失由甲方承担。

十、如甲方原稿修改,而需乙方对译文作相应修改,根据修改程度酌量收取改稿费,或在收取原稿翻译费后,对修改稿按单价重新计费。如补充翻译,则另行收费。对于原稿以其它方式订稿,即不以原文的形式订稿,需进行重新核查或修改的,应根据程度收取费用。

十一、甲乙双方在合作过程中,如遇问题,应经过友好协商解决。

十二、本协议一式两份。甲、乙双方各执一份,自签字盖章之日起生效。

客户委托单 客户名称

地址

联系人

电话:

email

翻译服务

其他服务

翻译内容

翻译内容

开始日

开始日

结束日

结束日

翻译量

翻译量

单价

单价

应付金额

应付金额

预付金额

预付金额

付款期限

完成工作当日付清全款

付款期限

完成工作当日付清全款

合计

(大写金额): (小写金额):

付款方式

现金( )支票( )邮寄汇款( )银行转账( )

账号:

单位名称:

银行:

客户其它要求

1

2

交稿方式

e-mail: ()软盘:()光盘()打印稿:()

甲方:______________ 乙方:____________

代表:______________ 代表:____________

日期:______________ 日期:____________

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篇16:优秀的英文自我评价

范文类型:自我评介,全文共 1449 字

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First, the moral aspects: I very much respect the teacher in the school, no matter which teacher to see, I can take the initiative to say hello to the teacher. I can unite my classmates in class and take the initiative to help my classmates. Love labor, and actively participate in labor duty. Do not hit people, do not say foul language, do not damage the schools public property, care for public health.

Second, the learning discipline: class, I listen carefully, do not speak small, do not do little tricks, the teacher said every word in mind, every question the teacher, I seriously think, and then Raise your hand to answer the teacher s questions. I can seriously complete the homework, daily homework I have to do it seriously, find errors in time to correct.Therefore, I have made great progress in all subjects.

Third, health: in school, see the garbage I can take the initiative to pick it up, thrown into the trash. Every day after class, I have to clean up the desk clean, the table below the chair and pick up the garbage clean. Noon to eat, I can do before meals, wash the table after dinner clean before going out to rest.

Fourth, the speech: in the classroom, I concentrate on listening, when the teacher asked questions, I always can actively use their brains, and then raise their hands and seriously answer the teachers question. Because I think a positive answer to the teachers question is a study of the performance of hard work.

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篇17:2024年英文请假条范文

范文类型:请假条,全文共 638 字

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Dear Mr. Zhang, Because I have got a cold and high fever. The doctor adviced me to rest for several days. I will attend school as soon as possible. And you dont worry about my work, I will ask my classmates to help me with it once I am back.

I hope my absence will not cause you any inconvenience.

Sincerely,

xiao Li

大学英文请假条范文二:

Sep.28

Dear Miss Gao,

Im sorry I can’t go to school today. I helped the farmers pick apples with my classmates on the farm yesterday. Unluckily, I fell off the ladder and hurt my leg, but I wasnt badly hurt. The doctor asked me to stay in bed and have a good rest. So I ask for leave for two days.

Your student

Wang Li

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篇18:毕业论文格式标准范文:基于关联理论的英语广告语的翻译策略分析_毕业论文范文_网

范文类型:广告词,适用行业岗位:广告,翻译,全文共 1927 字

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毕业论文格式标准范文:基于关联理论英语广告语的翻译策略分析

摘要:随着商业贸易和经济全球化的发展,广告翻译在国际交流中的重要作用日益凸显。作为翻译学中的一个分支,广告翻译有着它内在的规律,需要对它进行系统研究。论文试运用关联理论来分析英语广告语的翻译,目的是探索英语广告语翻译的实质,并且试图构建基于关联理论的翻译模式,来指导译者进行英语广告语汉译时灵活地选择翻译策略。

经过研究,本文认为英语广告语的汉译实质是语际间对广告语原文的明示推理阐释的过程,译者在广告语翻译中具有极其重要的作用,在翻译过程中负责两个推理过程:首先在原文语境中对广告主的交际意图进行推理并做出正确的理解;其次是通过对目的语读者的认知环境进行推理,而后将广告语原文转化为目的语文本。最后,本文提出了基于关联理论的翻译模式,将认知语境置于中心位置,指出译者在该模式指导下可以灵活地选择直译、意译或改译等翻译策略。

关键词:英语广告;广告翻译;关联理论;认知语境

引言

经济全球化的发展使得广告的作用日益显现,各企业必须依靠广告才能把他们的产品打入国际市场,因此广告翻译的作用也不言而喻。英语作为国际通行的主要语言,英语广告语的翻译显得更为重要。

翻译是一件复杂而有趣的工作,理查德说过:翻译或许是宇宙历史上最复杂的事情。①而广告语的翻译作为翻译学的一个分支,也是一件极其复杂的工作,并且有广告语的翻译也不同于其他文本的翻译。彼特纽马克认为英语广告语属于呼唤性文本的范畴,具有不同于其他文本的文体特征和文本功能(newmark,)。②叶长缨认为广告语具有不同的形式和功能,因此其翻译过程也是不同的。③它们不仅要求达到吸引读者的目的,而且还要激励和促使他们去购买商品。从这种意义上说,进行英语广告语翻译的深入研究是及时和必要的。国内外许多学者对英语广告语的翻译进行了大量的研究而且取得了一些成就。

中国的传统翻译强调基于严复“信达雅”和鲁迅的“宁信而不顺”理论的“信”,这些理论对于翻译有一定的指导作用,但它们主要适用于非文学作品的翻译,对于英语广告语的翻译并不适用。卡特福德的“文本对等”和奈达的“动态对等”理论对于指导翻译并未取得理想效果。另外,功能主义者所倡导的方法也未能对译者在翻译过程中的创造性翻译给出合理的解释。

上述学者的研究主要侧重于英语广告语翻译的策略和理论研究,很少有人关注英语广告语翻译的本质和过程。尽管有很多理论和技巧来技巧来指导广告语的翻译,但是这些理论和技巧并不完全适合于英语广告语的翻译。于是,探讨英语广告语的汉译是一项紧迫的任务。

因此需要一个更确切的理论来指导广告语的翻译。由斯波尔和威尔逊提出的“关联理论”顺应了这一要求。本文尝试以关联理论为指导来探讨英语广告语的翻译,试图发现英语广告翻译的实质,并且试图构建基于关联理论的翻译模式,来指导译者进行英语广告汉译时灵活地选择翻译策略。

广告及广告语

广告,简言之即是广而告之。一般可分为商业、社会和公共三类。我国《广告法》中指出广告是指商品经营者或服务提供者承担费用,通过一定媒介或形式直接或间接地介绍自己所推销的商品或所提供的服务的商业广告(commercial advertising)。④

广告语(slogans)也叫广告标语,广告口号等。它是为了加强消费者对企业,产品或服务的印象而在广告中唱起,反复使用的简洁,口号性的语句。它只在广大消费者中建立一种思想观念,引导和指引消费,同时它也是公司发展的号角。⑤

在国际市场中,广告语有着极其重要的作用。作为一种要被广泛使用,认同的语言表达方式,广告语与语用学(pragmatics)的关系显然是密不可分的,因为语用学是“study of language in use and linguistic communication”(胡壮麟,1988)。⑥换言之,在特定情景中的特定话语(何自然, 1988),⑦尤其是指在不同的语言交际环境下如何理解及使用语言。关联理论作为语用含义的内容之一,既可以很好地解释这种交际中的各种问题,又可以促使交际中隐含信息的成功传递。

关联理论与翻译

关联理论认为语言交际是一个认知过程,这个过程是靠明示推理来进行的,并受关联原则的支配。在交际每个交际行为都传递有最佳关联的假设,即说话者总是通过话语提供具有最佳关联的假设,话语理解则是一个通过处理话语找出最佳关联解释的推理过程。⑧

gutt发展了关联理论并将应用于翻译。gutt认为,翻译本质上是一种交际过程,这种交际涉及到原语交际者的意图和目的语读者的期望值。翻译的终极目标是译文与原文本的相关性。相关的原则是最大可能地使原语中交际者的意图与目的语的读者的期望值相匹配。⑨

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篇19:关于设计师的英文自我评价

范文类型:自我评介,适用行业岗位:设计,全文共 1417 字

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I seek to make progress, love of learning, often appreciate excellent design work, continue to accept new design concept, to study various design styles; towards work in earnest, hard-working, conscientious, patient, and full of work and team spirit, willing and communicate, can quickly integrate into the team work; character straightforward, fun-loving, get along with her colleagues; willing to participate in a variety of team activities, like billiards, badminton, mountain climbing and other activities; meager job of holding the book, confident and sincere hearts the idea, I look forward to your company to become one!

1, proficient in software: Photoshop, Dreamweaver, Illustrator, Flash, Axure;

2, skilled software: Coreldraw, Premiere, 3Dmax, After Effect, etc;

3, proficient in html language, proficient in DIV + CSS layout, skilled use of html5 + css3 write wap site, have a certain understanding of Javascript and use;

4, the user experience and interaction design have a certain understanding, familiar with the product design process, can quickly use Axure production prototype;

5, 4 years of experience in web interface design, 2 years Android interface design, familiar web interface and android interface design standards;

6, honed through years of work, skilled use of color on the interface design, design style to follow the mainstream, cultivating a good aesthetic ability and deep knowledge of art.

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篇20:故宫导游词英文带翻译

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,翻译,全文共 1782 字

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大家好!我是你们今天的导游——林导,大家可千万不要叫我领导哦!我只是姓林的导游,哈哈!

Everybody is good! I am your tour guide, guide Lin today, you dont call me leadership oh! I just named Lin tour guide, ha ha!

我们今天要前往名胜古迹——故宫。在路程中,我就先简单介绍下故宫吧!

Today were going to places of interest, the Palace Museum. In the distance, I first simple introduce the Forbidden City!

古代故宫叫做紫禁城,因是清明两代的皇宫,所以十分高大雄伟,占地面积约有72万平方米。体质弱的客人们,可能没办法把故宫游完哦,希望大家能在车上多休息,争取游遍这72万平方米的故宫。

Ancient palace called the Forbidden City, because is qingming festival two generations of the palace, so very tall majestic, covers an area of about 720xx0 square meters. The guests in the constitution, may not be able to finish the imperial palace to swim oh, hope everybody can rest in the car, to bound for the 720xx0 square meters of the Forbidden City.

以前,故宫里住了很多人,有将军、战士、侍女……需要成千上万间房子,而且古代科技不发达,不像我们几十户人家只需一栋高楼大厦,他们只好建9000多间房子装下那么多人啦。

Previously, spent a lot of people in the Forbidden City, there are general, warriors, maid... Takes tens of thousands of houses, and the ancient science and technology is not developed, not like we just dozens of family a high-rise buildings, and they had to build more than 9000 house hold so many people.

皇帝是需要保护的,这故宫里的战士夜晚是需要睡觉的,无法保护。所以聪明的皇帝就在故宫周围建筑了52米宽的长长的护城河,敌人坐船也难过这条护城河。

The emperor is in need of protection, the soldiers in the imperial palace is the need to sleep at night, unable to protect. So wise emperor around the Forbidden City built a long a moat 52 meters wide, the enemy ships, also sorry to the moat.

故宫已被列入世界遗产的名录里。有许多外国游客,他们是不会乱扔垃圾、乱涂乱画的。希望作为中国人的我们,对不文明行为说“不”,为我们祖国争光吧!准备下车……

The Palace Museum has been on the world heritage list. There are a lot of foreign tourists, they wont litter graffito of the scribble,. Hope to be Chinese, we say "no" to uncivilized behavior, make our country proud! Prepare to get off...

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