论文摘要的英文翻译(经典20篇)

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告

how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation

i. purpose and significance

with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.

ii. literature review

long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.

i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.

another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.

i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.

in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

iii. feasibility analysis

this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.

2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.

6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.

iv. problems of the research and solutions

1. problems

despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. solutions

(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.

(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

v. necessary conditions

1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.

3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

vi. outline

i. introduction

a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation

b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis

c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation

1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english

2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure

ii. the principles of ellipsis

a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works

b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test

c. omitted words which are self-evident

ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis

a. the coherence of the meaning of expression

b. the coincidence of the manner of expression

1. ellipsis of articles

a. ellipsis of definite articles

b. ellipsis of indefinite articles

2. ellipsis of prepositions

3. ellipsis of pronouns

a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns

b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns

c. ellipsis of relative pronouns

4. ellipsis of conjunctions

a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions

b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions

5. ellipsis of rhetoric

a. ellipsis of repeated words

b. ellipsis of synonyms

2017英语论文开题报告范文

论 文 题 目:on teaching english to minority students in junior

middle schools in yili

浅谈伊犁地区初中少数民族学生的英语教学

abstract: recently, the number of minority students who have been educated by chinese is increasing year by year. compared with the students of han nationality, english learning of minority students has their own distinct character. this article will focus on english learning of uygur nationality and kazak nationality, in order to analyze characteristics which exist in the process of english learning of minority students. finally, this paper will put forward the way to over coming these factors and improving the english ability.

key words: the students of minority nationality, english learning, characteristics

1.摘要：

近年来，伊犁地区接受汉语言授课的少数民族学生，逐年增加，但与汉族学生相比，少数民族学生的英语学习具有鲜明的个性。本文主要以维吾尔族和哈萨克族学生为例，分析了少数民族学生英语学习过程中所具有的特殊性因素，进而提出了克服这些因素，以提高少数民族英语水平的应有对策。

关键词：少数民族学生， 英语学习 ， 特殊性

2.0 background information

2.1 demands of the 21st century for qualified intellectuals.

the world in the 21st century is a world in which different countries depend on each other. english has become widely used in the world. knowledge of english is necessary for scientific and technological development and to contribute to the development of international trade and cultural exchange. knowledge of technological innovation is based on learning foreign languages well, especially learning english well.

2.2 demands of the information age

nowadays, science technological are developing rapidly and information is changed in the rapidly speech. computers make access to information changed. intellectuals should have ability to get information from internet. it is inevitable for english to become an important communication to tool in the era of internet. only when having the ability to get information by means of english, intellectuals may develop continuously and have life-long education. therefore, it is important for minority students to learning a foreign language in order to meet the demands of the information era in the period of found a mental education.

2.3 learning english can help students cultivate their potential and from good quality as well as good will

children have language learning unparalleled advantages over adults. for the one hand, they are eager to learning english and have the ability to imitate and memorize what they learned. for the other hand, they are many differences between chinese and english in the respects of pronunciation, vocabulary and literature. so students in china must do more oral exercises without fear of mistakes and fight against the tendency to forget. therefore, in the process of learning we aim at cultivate the spirit of fearing no difficulties in order to create good psychological quality. besides, learning to due with cultural differences can help students cultivate the open mined quality and the spirit of commutate and cooperate with others.

3. introduction

with entrance into wto, we open the door to the world gradually. the cooperation with other countries in the politics, economy and culture are frequent. the important of learning english are becoming more and more foregrounding. besides, the large scale development of west china makes the weston regions more active. in the xinjiang uygur autonomous region minority nationality plays an important role in the development of people’s cultural quality and society. in order to improve the people’s cultural quality and make the aims of western development come true, we really need to improve the english learning efficiently. however, minority nationality’ students have some difficulties in learning english due to the negative impacts of history, economy, culture, environment and psychology. it is necessarily to analyze the current situation and put flowered the improve english ability.

4.0 problems existing in the process of english teaching of minority students

4.1 starting to learn late and weak foundation

due to the undeveloped economy、 lack of teachers and poor condition of facilities, minority students were educated late. compared with students of han nationality .as a result, there intellectual development lags behind. they started to learn english very late .before entering into junior middle school, they just learned chinese with out education in the kindergarten .but students of han nationality are different, english learning has been paid special attention for many years .owing to good condition of teachers and excellent facilities .many students of han nationality started to learn english when they went to primary school even kindergarten.

Dear Frank:

How things going on?

I was worried when I heard from TV that you were recently involved in a car accident. What a relief you were not hurt. You must be frightened, are you feeling better now? I am so sorry that I can’t go to see you because I am on a business trip. I promise I will come to see you as soon as I am back.

By the way, with more and more cars on the roads, you should drive the car as carefully as possible and dont drink before driving, for the life is only once. Safe is better than sorry.

Best wishes to you!

Sincerely Yours,

Jess

甲方：

乙方：

订立本协议旨在乙方为顾客提供规范、保密的翻译或本地化服务。双方本着平等互利的原则经友好协商，达成以下协议：

一、译文类型

甲方委托乙方翻译(资料名称)，共页，约 字。

二、翻译时间

双方协定翻译稿件交付日期为年 月日。

三、交稿形式

四、资料保密

本协议所涉及的甲乙双方在合作过程中或通过其它任何渠道所获知的对方未向社会公开的技术情报和商业秘密均负有保密义务，未经对方书面许可，任何一方不得将其泄露给第三方，否则应承担相应违约责任并赔偿由此造成的损失。此项保密义务在协议终止后仍然有效。

五、知识产权

所有翻译资料的知识产权归甲方所有，乙方未经许可不得用于(包括报告全文、摘录、单项数据等)公开发布、转载、使用或其他用途，否则视为违约。

六、本协议有效期内基于业务运作需要，双方协商共同定制的其他相关制度和书面文件，其效力等同于本协议。

七、本协议未尽事项，经双方协商一致签订补充协议，补充协议与本协议具有同等效力。本协议一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份。本保密协议经签字盖章后生效。 甲方：(签章) 乙方：(签章)__________翻译有限公司

法人代表： 法人代表：

签约代表： 签约代表：

地 址：地址：

日期：日期：

To: John Smith， Supervisor

From: George Chen， Accounting Department

Date: March 11， 20xx

Subject: Casual Leave of Absence

John， I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence from March 23 to 27。

Yesterday I received a letter from my parents， who are both over 70， telling me that a big flood took place at my home village， causing serious damage to my house。 As the only son of my parents， I should of back to assess the situation， and help them to get over these difficulties。 Though I cannot stay at home for too long a time， I should at least make arrangements for repair work。 I believe my relatives in the village and my neighbors will also e to help。 Financially I have no difficulties。

I will call you at 1:30p。m。 or you can call me at any time。

本科论文评语意见

论文评语及意见是我们论文导师工作的一部分，以下是小编搜集整理的本科论文评语意见，欢迎阅读，供大家参考和借鉴!

一：本科论文评语

一、优秀论文评语

该生有较强的查阅文献资料的能力，能全面搜集有关论题的资料和学术信息，在撰写的过程中能综合运用自身所学的基础知识及专业理论，对论题进行全面的探讨和深入的分析。

该生通过着手分析当前的现实状况，明确了其存在的原因和问题症结点，并提出了一系列有效可行的措施，进而对有关现实问题的解决起到了一定的帮助作用，具有应用价值。

该论文思路清晰、内容充实、观点明确、论据充分、论证严格，整篇论文的逻辑性强，层次清晰，结构合理，文笔流畅，完全符合论文的标准和规范。

该生具有优秀的分析问题和解决问题的能力，对有关问题见解独特，论文研究有一定的深度，并且具有较强的时效性。

该生的综合能力反映了学士学位应具备的优秀水平，其论文达到了本科优秀论文的水准。

二、良好论文评语

该生通过查阅有关论题的资料和信息，在吸收学术研究成果的基础上，能够良好的运用自身所学知识对论题进行较为深入的分析和研究。

整篇论文的论述观点正确，论点突出，材料充实，叙述层次分明，文字通顺、流畅，有较强的逻辑性和良好的时效性。

此外，论文格式正确，结构科学、书写规范，条理清晰，符合所要求的标准和规范，有一定的创新见解，但对有关问题研究的深入程度不足。

该生的综合能力反映了学士学位具备的良好水平，其论文达到了本科良好论文的水准。

三、中等论文评语

该生查阅文献资料能力一般，能收集关于论题的资料和文献，在写作过程中能够运用系统知识对问题进行较合理的分析。

论文论题与论文内容基本相符，结构完整，语言比较流畅，学术表达一般。文章篇幅符合所要求的规定，内容基本完整，层次结构安排一般，但主要观点不够突出，逻辑性较差，没有个人见解。

该生的综合能力反映了学士学位具备的中等水平，其论文达到了本科中等论文的水准

二：本科论文评语

优：

论文选题符合专业培养目标，能够达到综合训练目标，题目有较高难度，工作量大。选题具有较高的学术研究(参考)价值(较大的实践指导意义)。

该生查阅文献资料能力强，能全面收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中能综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题毕业论文，综合运用知识能力强。

文章篇幅完全符合学院规定，内容完整，层次结构安排科学，主要观点突出，逻辑关系清楚，有一定的个人见解。

文题完全相符，论点突出，论述紧扣主题。

语言表达流畅，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了丰富的文献资料，其时效性较强;没有抄袭现象。

良：

论文选题符合专业培养目标毕业论文，能够达到综合训练目标，题目有难度，工作量较大。选题具有学术研究(参考)价值(实践指导意义)。

该生查阅文献资料能力较强，能较为全面收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中能综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题，综合运用知识能力较强。

文章篇幅完全符合学院规定，内容较为完整，层次结构安排科学，主要观点突出，逻辑关系清楚，但缺乏个人见解。

文题相符，论点突出，论述紧扣主题。

语言表达流畅，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了较为丰富的文献资料，其时效性较强;未发现抄袭现象。

中：

论文选题符合专业培养目标，能够达到综合训练目标，题目有一定难度，工作量一般。选题具有学术研究(参考)价值(实践指导意义)。

该生查阅文献资料能力一般，能收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中基本能综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题，综合运用知识能力一般。

文章篇幅完全符合学院规定，内容基本完整，层次结构安排一般，主要观点集中有一定的逻辑性，但缺乏个人见解。

文题基本相符，论点比较突出，论述能较好地服务于论点。

语言表达一般，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了一定的文献资料，其时效性一般;未见明显抄袭现象。

及格：

论文选题符合专业培养目标，基本能够达到综合训练目标，题目难度较小，工作量不大。论文选题一般。

该生查阅文献资料能力较差，不能全面收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题的能力较差强。

文章篇幅符合学院规定，内容不够完整，层次结构安排存在一定问题，主要观点不够突出，逻辑性较差，没有个人见解。

文题有偏差，论点不够突出，论述不能紧紧围绕主题。

语言表达较差，格式符合规范要求;占有资料较少，其时效性较差;有部分内容与他人成果雷同

三：本科论文评语

X同学的翻译符合英语专业毕业生英译汉翻译实践的要求。

译文表明该同学对原作理解准确，译文能准确的体现原作的精神实质及写作风格。译文语言顺畅，句子完整，文字规范，符合汉语表达习惯。信息传递较为准确，译文语言较为通顺、表达清楚。能将所学的翻译理论与技巧应用于翻译的实践中，语句组织的较好。纵观全文，可以看出该同学基本具备了本科生应有的翻译能力。

此译文符合英语专业本科毕业生对翻译技巧、水平的要求。

二、善于倾听客户的谈话和询问客户。与人进行有效沟通，首先必须学会倾听客户的谈话，因为沟通过程是一个相互的过程，只有认真倾听了客户的谈话，客户认为你尊重了他，他才有可能认真听你的谈话，这也才有机会接受你的观点和意见。在倾听的过程中应学会从客户的谈话中了解会客户的立场以及客户的需求、愿望、意见与感受。当然，只会倾听还是远远不够的，必须还学会巧妙询问。询问时应注意顾客的态度和忌讳等等，同时最好能够学会利用一些巧妙的问话，从客户口中探出自己想要得到的信息或把自己的一些想法和意见表达出来。

三、学会换位思考问题。客户经理拜访客户时经常会遇到客户提出各种各样的要求，有些要求在客户经理眼里看来是无理取闹。可是，当你把自己作为是一名客户来看时，你就会觉得他们的提法都是相当有理有据的。这就是所处位置的职责不同造成的。笔者认为，与客户沟通时，应学会从客户利益处出发点去考虑问题，多想想如果自己就是客户是否能接受公司的一些经营策略和政策，是否能接受客户经理这样的服务方式等等。经过这一系列换位思考的假设，相信许多客户的想法和反映也大都能被你预测到的，你也就能够适当调整自己的沟通方式和方法与客户进行更容易的沟通，同样换位思考也能够使你在工作方式和方法上获得不断改进，使你更容易开展各方面客户工作、更加深入客户的心。

I am confident and optimistic, frank and frank, serious and responsible work, hard-working, cheerful personality, good communication with people, have a strong affinity. Familiar with office software operation, familiar with the use of office automation and office equipment and maintenance. Good verbal and written communication skills. Have a strong practical ability and team spirit, the work of the problems encountered can be calm and rational analysis, and find a solution to the problem, so as to be able to work independently on time to complete the task.

First by Goethe said: Shakespeare is with vivid words to infect humans. As the Renaissance English literature in the drama of the giant, Shakespeare made and the elegant and gorgeous language blind characteristic of the middle ages since Tudor accumulate new language, the combination of all of life within the scope of the rich language in his works have outstanding performance, fine detail to depict the character and is suitable for the plot in poetry is bold and unrestrained and emotional characteristics.

LaoYunDong believe Shakespeare typical language phenomenon, show the parts of speech conversion, the Old English inflectional ending has a large number of disappeared, and absolutely in the sense of the word, and make the nature of the original concept into things in the nature of this concept; Nature adjectives, passive meaning free conversion; Often in the works of Shakespeares hybrid adjectives; Adverbs describe chicken or replace adjectives;

Of adjectives, pronouns, verbs, nouns, pronouns, and relationship between independent participles, subjunctive mood, prepositions, sentences, and 18 aspects of Shakespeares language is pointed out the differences with modern English. Metaphor, exaggeration may not have image, may even have no image. Late Shakespeare early languages image in the static multiple, dynamic multiple; Late early pile arrangement. With image flow is; Late early ornaments level throughout the image, the symbolic image through multiple; Shortness of late early figurative language to develop slowly, to carry out, or even leap. Shakespeares use of biblical allusions, some feature prominent characters, showing the characters in a specific environment under the atmosphere of emotion and psychological state, cursing or ironic effect, expressing the authors attitude towards the characters. Shakespeare language vivid, detailed and real, full of life breath, has a great deal of vocabulary, the words in bold is clever; In the use of spoken and written language at the same time, the widespread adoption of folk proverbs, nephew, pay attention to absorb all kinds of new, creative use of some existing word said no before new meaning; From the ancient folk language, language and other languages derive nourishment essence;

A certain part of speech of words used as other parts of speech, give new vitality to language and change; Combine etymology different word use, score scenes and characters. "Hamlet > imitation of the quip has several forms; the use of witty language, seemingly unrelated ideas together, produce a sense of humor, funny; pun widely with other xi language rhetoric, a lot of use; paradox by surface ridiculous, contradictory, and actually contain the general truth of language rhetoric; in revealing and mocking rivals ironic language can always show the speaker humorous spirit at the same time, viewers and readers psychological joy; Hamlet exaggerated language by exaggerating, excessive statements of facts, words pyramiding rendering, and emphasizes the cause and effect; the use of profanity, show the cynicism of Hamlet to the ugly world. Shakespeare referenced in the bible vocabulary, allusions, 500, after Shakespeares careful processing, clever apply, in portraying the character, the increase of comedy and tragedy atmosphere produced a good artistic effect. In Shakespeares language is typical of drama language. Because it is full of language of action; finally, is a poetic language. Shakespeares pun, is often malicious wrapped, more refined, this is the time of the city and custom habits ecstasy. Sally for the pun is the language of Shakespeares exquisite special art a part, is one of the significant language features of Shakespeare.

关于如何加强个人修养800字论文5篇

修养是个人魅力的基础，下面是小编为大家整理几篇如何加强个人修养800字论文范文，希望对你有帮助。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇一

常有人忿忿不平:为什么教师除了清高就只能清贫。我要说，要耐不住清贫和寂寞，你一开始就错了――你不应该选择从事教育事业。既然你选择了教师你就别无选择地担负着教书育人，传承文明的神圣责任。在今天特定的历史时期，培养振兴中华的下一代的重任也历史性地落在了你的肩上，你依然别无选择。你的一言一行都会对孩子产生潜移默化的影响。我们要提高自身修养，别无选择。没有良好的修养，不是一个好老师。

长期以来流行着一种说法，就是把师生关系比做"一桶水"和"一碗水"，现在很多人觉得不妥。是的，吃老本是会坐吃山空，误人子弟的。所以有人认为教师应该是"自来水"。我看也不妥。水是不会自来的，必须要你一点一滴地积累。所谓"台上一分钟，台下十年功"。教师的底蕴除了学习积累别无他法。"泰山不择细壤故能就其高，大海不择细流故能就其深。"所以，我认为教师应该是永不枯竭，永不腐臭的"活水"。"只有当教师的知识视野比学校教学大纲宽广得无可比拟的时候，教师才能成为教育过程的真正的能手，艺术家和诗人"。

举一反三，举重若轻，信手拈来，几乎无所不知的老师才会让学生肃然起敬。无所不知是不可能，但我们应该时刻准备着，不断地进修学习。热爱学生，为人师表，不仅是一种职业道德，也是一种修养。教师只有爱学生，才会爱岗敬业，忠于职守，才会了解学生，接近学生，赢得学生的尊敬，信任与爱戴。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇二

修养是个人魅力的基础，其它一切吸引人的长处均来源于此。古人云:“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”。把“修身”列在首位说明良好的个人修养是成就事业的前提。做一个文明的大学生是学校和社会对我们的基本要求。

但是在高度发达的现在社会里，修养不高的人却比比皆是。缺乏修养的人还有很多，有些人乱扔垃圾，甚至随地吐痰。还有些竟然脏话连篇，不注意语言文明。

一个人如果要获得别人的赞赏、别人的尊重、甚至吸引别人的注意，提高自身的修养是非常重要的。

为什么有些人说话、举手投足、甚至微笑或者问候;更甚至接听电话都给人一种很舒服的感觉，而有些人则恰恰相反呢?这里面就是一个人的修养了。有时，优雅和礼貌并不完全是做给别人看的，其实从内心深处，我们每一个人都很欣赏这样的美。并不一定长得很美、很帅;并不一定拥有一把很好的嗓子、或者一只名牌的手表，稍加注意，就可以在普通人中脱颖而出，这就是个人的修养了。俊朗的外表、皎好的面容仅仅是母亲给的。但优雅礼貌的行为则是后天的获得。许多时候，后天的获得都可以弥补先天的不足的。

因此，迫切的希望我们在提高经济水平的过程中能够提高自己的修养，只有每个人的修养得到了提高，整个社会才可以算是真正发展起来了。

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇三

社会上常有人忿忿不平:为什么教师除了清高就只能清贫。我要说，这或许就是残酷的社会竞争中的“游戏规则”，要耐不住清贫和寂寞，你一开始就错了--你不应该选择从事教育事业。

既然你选择了教师你就别无选择地担负着教书育人、传承文明的神圣责任。在今天特定的历史时期，培养振兴中华的下一代的重任也历史性地落在了你的肩上，你依然别无选择。你的一言一行都会对孩子产生潜移默化的影响。我们要提高自身修养，别无选择。没有良好的修养，不是一个好老师。

长期以来流行着一种说法，就是把师生关系比做“一桶水”和“一碗水”，现在很多人觉得不妥。是的，吃老本是会坐吃山空，误人子弟的。所以有人认为教师应该是“自来水”。我看也不妥。水是不会自来的，必须要你一点一滴地积累。所谓“台上一分钟，台下十年功”。教师的底蕴除了学习积累别无他法。“泰山不择细壤故能就其高，大海不择细流故能就其深。”所以，我认为教师应该是永不枯竭、永不腐臭的“活水”。

“只有当教师的知识视野比学校教学大纲宽广得无可比拟的时候，教师才能成为教育过程的真正的能手、艺术家和诗人”。举一反三，举重若轻，信手拈来，几乎无所不知的老师才会让学生肃然起敬。无所不知是不可能，但我们应该时刻准备着，不断地进修学习。

热爱学生，为人师表，不仅是一种职业道德，也是一种修养。教师只有爱学生，才会爱岗敬业，忠于职守，才会了解学生、接近学生，赢得学生的尊敬、信任与爱戴。身教重于言教，教师的一言一行对学生影响很大，所以我们要有广泛的兴趣，坚强的意志，开朗的性格，健康的情绪，努力培养自信，乐观的性格，做学生的表率。

我们经常可以听见这样的评价:这个人的修养真好，和他交往是一件快乐的事，或者也有人说:这个人的修养真差劲，太粗俗了。

修养常常与个人的文化水平有关，有文化气息的人，在谈吐举止之间，自然地流露出一种高雅，一种文质彬彬的感觉。古人形容一个世代文人之家为书香门第，事实上，门是绝不可能透露出书香之气的，即使在屋里堆再多的书。真正能透出书香，能够让人一眼，一交谈就感受到那种浓浓的书香气息的是人，只有人才能在那种举首投足之间就闪现出修养这两个字。当然，修养也包括了举止，仪态，谈吐等。但文化气息却是其中不可或缺的重要部分。

如何提高自己的修养，我想不仅在日常生活中要注意自己的谈吐和举止，不做不文雅的举动，不说不文雅的话，而且更重要的一点是要让自己多看点书，从书里沾一些书香气息回来，总是有那样的一种感觉，文化是一种很神奇的东西，它不是有形的，你在看它时决不会有任何的感觉，但它却能在不知不觉中改变你，也许你自己也不会那么深刻的感觉到那种变化，但是别人却会感觉到，发现你的变化，发现你的改变，发现你的令人刮目之处。

一个有修养的人，是一个你乐于交往的人，与这样的人交往，不论是谈古论今，或是只谈谈家常琐事，都会是人生快事，在这样的交往中，你会发现时间过得很快;反之，如果和一个毫无修养的人交往，则你会感觉如坐针毡，时间过得太慢，分分秒秒都是一种折磨。相信这不只是我一个人的感觉吧!

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇四

(一)、个人学习 强调“不断学习、终身学习、善于学习”的同时还要强调“自主管理”。成为实力强大的个体，是每个人不断追求的理想境界。但是很多人在浩瀚的知识海洋里，仅仅是个理想主义者，不能逾越理想与现实之间的鸿沟，对于很多理论知识听起来、读起来都是跃跃欲试、雄心壮志，似乎是“读你千遍也不厌倦”，但是真正要求认认真真地去学习，并将其付诸实践，那可能只是“昙花一现”了。因此，员工应以开放求实的心态互相切磋，边工作边学习并使工作和学习紧密结合，做到“自我求发展、自我提升”的自主管理，即对于本职工作，自己发现问题，自己选定改革、进取的目标，自己进行现状调查，自己分析原因，自己制定对策，自己组织实施，自己检查效果，自己评估总结，自己开展批评。在这个自主管理过程中，不断学习新知识，不断进行创新，从而增强企业快速应变、创造未来的能力。

(二)、组织学习 强调“全过程学习”、“全员学习”。制度可以约束人去做什么事，而文化可以诱导人如何做好事。因此，组织全员学习、全过程学习对一个企业来讲是很有必要的。“全员学习”，即企业组织的决策层、管理层、操作层都要全心投入学习，尤其是经营管理决策层，他们是决定企业发展方向和命运的重要阶层，因而更需要学习。全过程学习，即学习必须贯彻于组织系统运行的整个过程中，不要把学习与工作分割开。

(三)、形成学习型企业 强调“团体学习、互相学习”。学习型企业就是把员工的个人愿景逐步发展到他们的共同愿景，把不同个性的人凝聚在一起，朝着企业共同的目标前进。它有着独特的魅力，因为它的核心宗旨是如何让企业中的员工活出生命的意义，让整个企业不断适应环境的变化而永葆青春。它强调的是团队内外的交流的同时要求学会“互相学习”，即向员工(相互)学习，向客户学习、向竞争对手学习等。推行学习型组织创建工作，能有效地提高员工的综合素质，调动员工参与实际工作的积极性，能极大地促进了工作效率的提高和人的全面发展。 创建学习型企业不是“搞运动”也不是某个人的 ..........

如何加强个人修养800字论文篇五

如果你能珍爱生命，请你修养自己的心灵。岁月匆匆，挽不住时间的脚步，却会忠实地记录下你心灵的足迹。攻坚克难，谱就奉献之歌，才会让精神长存世间，让人生的追求提高至一种境界。

世上本没有路，路是从布满荆棘的地方踏出来，每条路上都抛洒了开路者的汗水，每一个脚印都印证着开路者的胆识和睿智，修养心灵的人懂得尊重前人，珍惜前人的劳动与汗水。

在纷扰冗繁的世界上，心灵当似高山不动，却不可如流水不安。居住在闹市嘈杂的环境之中，不必紧闭门窗，任声浪潮起潮涌，自己“两耳不闻窗外事”，任它市井熙来攘往也不能破坏心中的缄默与凝重。

如果你能忍受孤独，在失意彷徨中修养自己的心灵，这才是人生最大的收获。“看是寻常最奇崛，成如容易却艰辛。”面对挫折、逆境，是否能保持一份豁达的胸怀，是否能保持一种积极向上的人生态度，这需要博大的胸襟，非凡的气度。如果你的心还不曾麻木不仁，能感知生命它本身就是一种幸福，就能在逆境中磨练出你的意志，不在意一时的成败得失，劲草方知疾风急。逆境中成长起来的人自去追寻深远的精神底蕴，“风物长宜放眼量”，如含砂之蚌，在痛苦中孕育着璀璨的明珠。

淡泊名利，修养心灵。人生的烦恼来自于非份的欲望，种种诱惑使你的心灵中蒙尘。淡泊名利，既不抱怨贫贱也不仇视富贵，而对世俗，不随波逐流，面对权贵，如坚守自己的高洁，这是勇敢，更是骨气，一切都出自心灵之本。

心灵是智慧之根，要用知识去浇灌。哲学使你聪明，历史使你明智。既读有字的书本之书，更读无字的做人之书。胸中储书万卷，让知识真正成为心灵的一部分，成为自己的内在涵养。只有这样，也许能达到运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外，指挥若定的挥挥洒洒，趋及范仲淹“胸中自有十万甲兵”，诸葛孔明悠然抚琴退强兵的超然境界。

修养心灵的人，是一辈子都在追求幸福的人。

翻译服务合同

甲方：_________

地址：_________

乙方：_________

地址：_________

甲乙双方本着友好协商、共同发展的原则签订本翻译服务合同，其条款如下：

一、甲方委托乙方为其提供翻译服务，及时向乙方提交清晰、易于辨认的待译资料，提出明确要求，并对乙方的翻译质量进行监督。

二、乙方按时完成翻译任务(如发生不可抗力的因素除外)，向甲方提供已翻译好的打印件及电子文件各一份。具体交稿日期由双方商定。对于加急稿件，交稿期限由双方临时商议。

三、乙方对甲方提供的任何资料必须严格保密，不得透露给第三方。

四、翻译工作量统计：电子译稿：按电脑统计的中文版字符数计算(中文版______中“不计空格的字符数”);打印译稿：按中文原稿行数____列数统计计算(行____列)。

五、乙方按优惠价格向甲方收取翻译费用：英译汉为_________元/千字符(_________字以上)。

六、乙方可以在翻译开始前为甲方预估翻译费，甲方付款时则按实际发生的工作量支付给乙方翻译费用(工作量统计方法见本合同第四条)。

七、乙方承诺，交稿后，免费对翻译稿进行必要修改，不另行收取费用。

八、付款方式：甲方在收到乙方译稿的当日按实际费用先支付乙方翻译总费用的50%，余款应在交稿后的______日内付清，如第___日余款还未付清，则甲方每延误一天需要向乙方交纳翻译总费用_________‰的滞纳金。

九、乙方应当保证译文的翻译质量和翻译服务达到行业公允的水平，如对译文的翻译水平发生争议，应由双方共同认可的第三方评判，或者直接申请仲裁。

十、本合同一式两份，双方各执一份，经甲乙双方签章后生效。

甲方(盖章)：_________乙方(盖章)：_________

代表(签字)：_________代表(签字)：_________

签订地点：_____________签订地点：_____________

_________年____月____日_________年____月____日

国际专利许可合同(附英文译本)

（3）percent of the total contract price for delay exceeding weeks;

9.5 the payment of penalties by party b to party a as stipulated in article 9 shllnot releve party b of its obligation to deliver the said documents.

9.6 whenever the delay in delivering the said documents exceeds 6 months， party ashall be entitled to terminate the contract at its discretion and party b shall beobliged to re- fund party a all its payments together with the corresponding ingerestat the rate of... per-cent per annum.

9.7 if the verification tests fail with the responsibility lying with party b andif，as theresult，party a cannot start normal production with the contract having to beterminated， party b shall erfund all the payments previously made by party a to party btogether with the interest at the rate of... percent per annum.

9.8 if only some aspects of the properties of the product are not up to the standardsasstipulated in the contract and the responsibility lies with party b， party b shallcompensate party a with ... percent of the total contract price according to concredtcircumstances. ifthe responsibility lies with party a， party a shall pay the totalcontract price in accordancewith the stipulations.article 10 confidentiality

10.all drawings， designs， specifications and all other technical informationmade available under this contract by party b shall be kept strictly confidential byparty a who.shall not sell， transfer or divulge it in any manner to anyone exceptthose of its own employ-ees who will be using it in the manufacture of the products，without prior written consent ofparty b. party a may. however，supply such technicalinformation to its subcontractor to the extent necessary for such subcontractor tomanufacture parts of contract products，pro-vidingthat party a shall have suchsubcontractor agree， in writing， to hold suchnical information strictly in confidence.

10.2 ln case any part (s) or all of the above-mentioned technical information havebeen madepublic by party b or any third party. party a shall be thus released form theresponsi-bilityfor keeping secret the part(s) or all of the technology already published.

10.3 after the termination of the contract， party a shall have the rigbt to usetheatents supplide by b， i. e. paryt a shall still have the right to design，manufacture，use，and export contract products.article 11 infringement

11.1 party b guarantees that it is the legitimate owner of the patent to thestipulations of the contract， and that it is lawfully in a position to transfer thepatent to party a. of accusation of infringing the rights of a third party occurs，party b shall be responsible for the matter and fully the legal andeconomicresponsibilities trising therefrom

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立约人：（以下简称甲方）

立约人：（以下简称乙方）

本着互利公正的原则，经甲乙双方协商，一致同意签订如下翻译合同：

第一条：甲方正式委托乙方为其翻译《 ________________________________ 》。

第二条：甲方要求乙方将委托上述文件的 __________ 文翻译为 _______ 文。翻译价格以中文计算 元 / 千字。

第三条：甲方有权利要求乙方于 ______ 年 ______ 月 _____ 日 _____ 时完成并交付给甲方。如乙方未能在指定时间完成翻译任务，由甲方在合同金额基础上每天少付合同金额之 3% 。

第四条：甲方理解并愿遵守乙方所规定的《客户须知》。

第五条：乙方承认已收甲方完整、清晰的上述委托翻译之文件。

第六条：乙方同意并按甲方要求的日期完成上述委托翻译并付给甲方。

第七条：乙方保证向甲方提供合格品质之翻译且保守甲方所提供翻译稿件的秘密。

第八条：在一个月的期限里乙方有义务对甲方对译文提出的问题进行回答而并不收取任何额外的费用。对译文中所出现的错误进行免费的修改而不收取任何的费用。除此之外附加的翻译任务则不属此列。

第九条：经双方共同协商，甲方所委托翻译项目价值为人民币 元。乙方预先收取甲方所付 % 订金计人民币 ________ 元整。待翻译完成后，乙方交付译稿给甲方时，甲方应一次性付清所欠的翻译费给乙方。甲方如需乙方邮寄发票应提前说明。

甲乙双方都必须遵守合同中的各个条款，如在执行过程中有争议，双方应互相协商解决。本合同一式二份，甲乙双方各执一份，本合同自盖章签字之日起生效，有效期为 ..................

未尽事宜以及在对合同的理解和执行过程中的争议，在双方协商后以书面形式附加以确立并视同合同的一部分。

付款方式：                   1 、银行转帐

开 户 名：

开户银行：

帐 号：

2 、快速汇款

开 户 名：

开户银行：

帐 号：

3 、邮局汇款

地址：

邮编：

收款人：

签署日期： _________ 年 ______ 月 _____ 日

甲方负责人： 乙方负责人 ：

以上是一种范本，具体合同在签署时可以协商增删。

您可以将您需要翻译的资料内容通过电子邮件传给我们。待翻译完成后再回传给您。电子邮件与书面合同一样具备法律效力。

1 、在您决定与我们合作以后，请按翻译合同预先支付总翻译金额 30-60% 的订金。

2 、在完成您所交给的翻译任务以后，我们会立即通知您和您的公司。您可以任意索要所交给我们的翻译任务的任意一个页面或者某个部分，我们会立即将该页译稿传回给您，让您确认我们的翻译任务已经圆满完成。

3 、在您确认我们已经完成您所交给我们的翻译任务以后请尽快按上述帐号将所欠的款项汇出。

4 、我们在收到您给我们汇出的钱以后将以最快的速度将译稿回传给您。

5 、对长期合作的客户，我们可以减少订金数量，也可以在相互守信的前提下减少程序，尽快将您所要的译稿交到您的手中。

Since 20xx, as an obstetrician and gynecologist, under the leadership of the higher authorities. In support of the President, the hospital Obstetrics and Gynecology has made certain achievements, now individual work since this year is summarized as follows:

In political thought, always adhere to the partys line, principles, policies, and earnestly study Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory and General Secretary Jiangs "Three Represents" and other important ideas, and always adhere to serve the people wholeheartedly, Reform, development and progress, and constantly improve their political theory. And actively participate in various political activities, to maintain leadership and unity of comrades, has a good professional ethics and professionalism, work hard working, painstaking efforts, many times to the higher level hospital training and learning.During the work, actively around the MCH policy, to improve the management level and operational capacity as the prerequisite to enhance the theoretical knowledge and improve business skills as the basis, adhere to the combination of clinical and social work, and actively cooperate with the hospital staff work together , Hard work, conscientiously completed the work tasks.

At work, I am deeply aware of a qualified Obstetricians and Gynecologists should have the quality and conditions, and strive to improve their level of business, and constantly strengthen the business theory of learning, learning about maternal and child health knowledge, enrich their theoretical knowledge. Often participate in training to listen to the lectures of higher experts and scholars, the first half to the hospital to learn new medical knowledge and medical technology, thus broadening the horizons and expand the knowledge. Always adhere to the new theory and technology applied to the work, to master the common gynecology and obstetrics, frequently-occurring disease and difficult disease diagnosis and treatment techniques, skilled diagnosis and treatment of obstetric diseases, cervical erosion, and other obstetric complications and Complications, skilled diagnosis and treatment of various emergency gynecological, severe, independent of gynecology and obstetrics commonly used surgery and a variety of family planning surgery. Strict implementation of the work of the work system, routine treatment and operating procedures, meticulous treatment of each patient, to the maximum extent possible to avoid misdiagnosis.

Since the obstetrics and gynecology, my diagnosis and treatment of obstetric and gynecological diseases, the accuracy rate of 80% or more, independent completion of several other gynecological surgery, the patient can be discharged on time, from the occurrence of error-free accidents. Really play a business backbone role. During my work, the grid in accordance with the requirements of the work of women and children, carefully developed practical work targets and plans.

Doctor-patient communication in place, mutual understanding and unity of staff, hospitalized delivery of pregnant women, observation of labor closely, patience and well-patient communication for pregnant women and their families understand the process of labor and possible cases, let the psychological, and A psychological preparation and understanding of the process, surgical patients strictly grasp the surgical guidelines for critically ill patients as soon as possible treatment, strict aseptic surgery, no case of puerperal infection.

Strictly abide by their own scheduling system and the first diagnosis is responsible for the development, put an end to the occurrence of medical malpractice. Department of disinfection responsibility clear, regular, timely records

In short, in this year both at work or technical level has greatly improved, there are still many shortcomings, the need to further improve the quality and theoretical level of business, improve the level of writing and overall quality, so that Their successful completion of their work satisfactorily; hope that next years work to make persistent efforts.

Invitation

尊敬的__ __

Dear___ ___

为感谢您及贵公司对我们长期以来的支持与厚爱，我们热情的邀请您到中国进行商务考察。，尽情期待您的光临!

Thanks for you and your company supports as always. We are going to invite you to china for a business trip. We are looking forward your coming. 时间Time： 地点Location: Beijing CHINA

联系人Contact person:

联系电话Telephone:

传真Fax:

20xx-3-12

1、选题符合行政管理专业培养目标要求，也体现出较强的时代特色性与实践应用性，全文结构基本合理，思路比较清晰，语言比较通顺，层次分明，观点表达基本准确，论据与论点基本上保持一致，参考的文献资料与论题和论文内容结合紧密，能综合运用行政管理专业原理知识并结合社会实际来分析文中的主要问题，但格式还不是很规范，创新点不够，部分论点的论证还缺乏说服力，语言凝练的还不够，总体上说，基本达到毕业论文的要求。以…….为主题，全文首先分析了……，然后再分析…..，最后重点探讨了……， 2、全文结构基本合理科学，逻辑思路清晰，观点表达准确，语言流畅，论证方法较合理，参考的文献资料符合主题要求，从主题到内容符合专业要求，部分与本分之间衔接的比较紧密，但个别引文没有标著出来，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多，个别概念比较模糊，总体上达到毕业论文要求。

3、研究内容具有现实性和可操作性。选题社会热点问题，逻辑结构严谨。观点表达清楚，论述全面。语言平实简洁，通俗易懂。在论证过程中也能较好地将专业知识原理与现实问题结合起来。但论据还不够。总体上符合毕业论文要求。

4、选题较具时代性和现实性。全文结构安排合理。观点表达基本准确。全文内容紧扣行政管理专业要求来写，充分体现出行政管理专业特色。查阅的相关资料较多。但不足之处主要是属于自己创新的东西还不多。总体上符合毕业论文要求。

5、研究-------为题，充分的体现时代特色性。能为中国行政管理问题的解决提供参考价值。全文结构合理，思路清晰，观点明显。在论证过程中能教好的将论证与案例论证结合起来。不足之处是部分论点的论据还缺乏说服力。

6、以-------为题进行研究。能为解决--------的问题提供参考和借鉴作用。在全文结构中，首先要调整基本概念提出问题，然后在对问题进行深入的分析，最后为 ------提出有效的建议。全文体现专业特色要求，部分与本分之间衔接的比较紧密，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多。总体上达到毕业论文要求。

7、选题符合行政管理专业培养目标目标，能较好地综合运用社会理论和专业知识。论文写作态度认真负责。论文内容教充分，参考的相关资料比较充分，层次结构较合理。主要观点突出，逻辑观点清晰，语言表达流畅。但论证的深度还不够。

8、本文选题符合行政管理专业要求，又充分反映出社会现实的需要性。全文结构安排合理，思路清晰，观点正确，能很好的将行政管理专业知识与要分析论证的问题有机地结合起来。该文在写作的过程中查阅的资料不仅充分而且与主题结合紧密。但格式欠规范，案例论证不够。

9、本文立意新颖。全文以-------为线索，结合各地的准规较全面的分析了------的问题和原因。并针对存在的问题提出解决问题的对策。内容论证也教科学合理。全文充分体现行政管理专业特色，格式规范。但创新点不够。

10、本文符合专业要求，反映社会热点问题。因此，该主题的研究有利于推进我国-------的进一步发展。全文首先-------的问题，然后分析--------的原因。在此基础上又分析出相关的------。全文结构恰当，思路清晰，观点基本正确。

11、论文思路清晰，语句通顺。能很好的调查--------存在的问题。作者对于论文内容有一定的了解和熟悉。思路清晰，层次清晰，逻辑结构合理。观点表达准确。研究原理采用恰当。在论证过程中能有效的将专业原理与要研究的主题结合起来。个别地方论证的观点不是很明确，总体上达到毕业论文要求。

12、全文以-------为题。重点探讨出--------的问题，然后针对问题提出有效的建议。全文结构符合要求，逻辑思路清晰，论据较充分，观点表达准确，语言流畅，论证方法教合理。参考的资料与主题结合紧密。

13、全文以-------为题。重点探讨分析--------的问题及原因，然后针对问题提出一些具有可操作性的对策。全文选题新颖，具有很强的研究性。全文结构符合要求，逻辑结构严谨，思路清晰，观点鲜明，论据具有较强的说服力。论证方法合理，了大量的数据来论证，更增加了论证的可靠性。能综合运用行政管理专业知识来分析--------，但不足之处主要是语言不是很精炼。

14、该文参考的文献资料充分且符合论题的需要。该文以--------为例，重点探讨 --------。该文选题符合行政管理专业要求，结构完整，思路清晰，观点表达准确，格式规范，能较好的将行政管理专业知识运用来分析现实中的行政管理实践问题。但个别观点论证还不充分。总体上符合毕业论文要求。

15、该文选题具有较强的现实性、针对性和实用性。结构安排科学合理，思路清晰，层次分明。各部分之间联系紧密，观点表述准确，论证内容比较具有说服力，但文章缺乏自己原创的内容。

17、全文以-------为题，选题具有较强的新颖性和实用性。全文结构科学合理，逻辑性强，思路清晰，查阅的参考文献资料符合论文要求。论证方法较合理。论证内容较有说服力。对问题的分析比较透彻。该生在论证过程中也能很好的将行政管理专业知识原理与社会现实结合起来。无论从选题上还是观点论证上都符合行政管理专业培养目标要求。但创新点不够。

18、本文以--------为题，首先对---------的论述，然后在重点分析-------的原因，并针对原因提出解决问题的有效对策。因此该文在选题上紧扣专业要求，文章结构科学合理，文章观点表达准确，用词正确，语句通顺，思路清晰。部分与部分之间联系非常紧密，在论证方法上采用事例论证与案例论证。查阅的资料充分合理。不足之处解决问题的对策还缺少可操作性。

19、该文以--------为主题，充分体现出时代性和现实的社会价值。全文分------个大部分。首先对-------进行了论述，然后重点分析---------。全文基本上都是紧扣主题来展开论述。在论述过程中该生较好的运用了行政管理专业知识来分析解决--------问题。语言较流畅，但观点不够精炼。在论证过程中能恰到好处地运用理论论证方法与实践论证方法。观点表达准确，思路清晰，文章整体性较强。整体上符合行政管理专业培养目标要求。

20、本文以-------为主题，选题具有很强的现实性和应用性且符合行政管理专业培养目标要求。该论文结构基本合理，全文共分-------大部分。其中第一部分 ---------，在此基础上重点探讨--------。在论证过程中，该生的参考文献资料与所要论证的观点及内容结合紧密，运用的研究方法主要是理论研究与事例研究法。用词基本准确。但存在的问题主要是论据不够充分，还缺乏说服力，个别引用内容没有标明出处。

21. 选题较具时代性和现实性，全文结构安排合理，观点表达基本准确，思路基本清晰，全文内容基本上按照行政管理专业培养要求来写，查阅的相关资料也较多，但行政管理专业特色体现的还不够充分，属于自己创新的东西也还不多。总体上符合毕业论文要求。

22. 本文以官员问责制为题进行研究，能为解决我国官员问责制存在的问题提供参考和借鉴作用。在全文结构中，首先对官员问责制的基本原理问题进行了分析，然后再对我国官员问责制存在的问题进行深入的分析，最后为解决前面的问题提出有效的建议。全文体现专业特色要求，部分与本分之间衔接的比较紧密，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多。总体上达到毕业论文要求。

23.该文选题符合行政管理专业培养目标要求，能较好地综合运用行政管理知识来分析企业行政管理实践问题，论文写作态度比较认真负责，论文内容较充分，参考的相关资料比较切合论题的需要，层次结构比较合理，主要观点表达的比较明确，逻辑思路基本符合要求，语言表达基本通顺。但论证的深度还不够，创新点不足。

24. 本文选题较合理，符合行政管理专业要求。全文以……为主题来分析论证，对提高我国行政管理的…………..具有参考与借鉴意义。内容论证也较科学合理，格式较规范，参考的资料紧扣文章主题需要，但创新点不够，论证不够，尤其文章最后一部分论证太薄弱，缺乏说服力。总体上基本达到毕业论文的要求。

25 本文以……为主题，重点探讨……..问题，选题基本符合行政管理专业范畴，充分体现出专业特色。全文结构符合要求，逻辑思路清晰，论据较充分，观点表达准确，语言流畅，论证方法也较合理，但创新点不够，部分观点论证不充分，格式还不是非常的规范，真正属于自己的思想不多。总体上基本合格。

26. 该文选题具有较强的现实性、针对性和实用性。结构安排科学合理，思路清晰，层次分明。各部分之间联系比较紧密，观点表述也基本准确，论证内容比较具有说服力。在论证过程中基本上运用了行政管理专业基本知识原理来分析文中的主要问题，但参考的资料还欠充分，文章缺乏自己原创的内容，少数观点论证不深刻和全面。

27 本文以官员问责制为题进行研究，能为解决我国官员问责制存在的问题提供参考和借鉴作用。在全文结构中，首先对官员问责制的现实意义进行了分析，然后再对我国官员问责制的困境进行深入的分析，最后提出化解困境的有效建议。全文体现专业特色要求，符合行政管理专业培养要求，参考的文献资料符合论文观点与主题的需要，实践论证还不够，但，真正属于自己创新的内容还不是很多。总体上达到毕业论文要求。

28 论文思路比较清晰，语句基本通顺，层次清晰，观点表达准确。作者比较很好的将行政管理专业基本原理知识与党内监督实践问题有机结合起来进行分析，并针对党内监督的现实问题提出了一些比较好的解决建议，查阅与参考的文献资料与主题结合的比较紧密，但个别地方论证的观点不是很明确和有说服力，总体上达到毕业论文要求，部分内容与主题结合的还不是很好，逻辑结构也存在一点小问题。总体上说，基本达到毕业论文的基本要求。

29 论文主题明确，语句基本通顺，层次基本清晰，观点表达基本准确。作者比较很好的将行政管理专业基本原理知识与邓小平关于行政改革的思想有机结合起来进行分析，格式基本规范，选题符合行政管理专业培养要求，但查阅与参考的文献资料太少，部分论证内容与主题结合不紧密，逻辑结构也存在一点小问题。总体上说，基本达到毕业论文的基本要求。

相关阅读 ：

指导教师需认真审阅学生的毕业设计(论文)，写出指导教师意见和预评成绩。具体操作时，一般围绕下述顺序阐述指导教师的意见，即：

1.学术水平评价：该文选题有什么理论意义和现实意义(或有什么理论价值和应用价值)，设计(论文)内容在那些方面富有创新性，有独立的新见解?是否达到综合训练的目的?这一层评语应写得明确、具体，不能抽象的肯定，要把设计(论文)中的新意高度概括出来，必要时，须引用设计(论文)中体现新意的“句子”，点出设计(论文)的“新”新在哪里，哪怕有一点新见解也是值得肯定的。一点新意也没有，那么该文没有学术水平，只不过重复前人或剽窃前人的观点罢了。所以这一层评价是整个评语的核心内容。(30分)

2.论证能力方面的评价：能否熟练地掌握和运用基础理论、专业知识?观点是否正确?材料(论据)是否充分、齐全、可靠?研究方法是否恰当?是否加强了定性与定量分析(特别是经济与管理类学科的设计(论文))?论述是否缜密?是否具备科研写作的初步能力?这一层评价也是评语的十分重要的内容。(30分)

3.撰写质量(写作水平)的评价：结构是否严谨?逻辑性强不强?内容是否翔实、深刻?文字表达是否准确、流畅?语言是否生动?标点符号、图表、数理公式、设计(论文)编写格式是否符合规范?(30分)

4.其他优缺点：是否出色地完成了规定的工作量(包括阅读文献数量，开题报告撰写质量，设计(论文)主体部分的字数)?学习态度是否认真(包括是否认真对待设计(论文)写作工作，是否遵守组织纪律，是否按时完成设计(论文)写作工作等)?(10分)

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商务英语毕业论文开题报告范例

题 目：on the characteristics & translating skills of english advertising(广告英语的特征和翻译)

选题依据及研究意义：

随着经济全球化的进一步加快，国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞，英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分，广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。广告是商战中的有力的武器，广告英语是一种专门用途的英语，他与普通英语有着较大的差别，本文结合大量的实例，从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点，并浅析了其翻译策略 。英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域，引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意，发展仍然不够成熟和完善，这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径，为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴，同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。

选题的研究现状：

对于商务沟通中的礼貌策略，曾有两语言学家提出过。

美国语言学家格莱斯于1967年提出的礼貌原则被称为“合作原则”。此原则中，会话双方需要共同遵守的原则包括数量、关系、质量和方式几个准则。有了“合作原则”，交易双方所说的话就不会逻辑混乱，说话者和听话者能顺畅沟通，以达到成功交际的目的。20世纪80年代，在合作原则的基础上，英国语言学家利奇又提出了著名的“礼貌原则”，其主要内容为：通过减少自身利益，使对方从中获得更大利益的方式获得对方好感，推进合作，使对方从中获得更长远的利益。

总而言之，“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”都是要求商务信函中要坚持礼貌策略，以达到维护交易各方地位均等、关系友好的目的。

拟研究的主要内容：

1. 礼貌、礼貌原则和商务英语的表达原则;

2. 商务英语信函的写作原则

3. 礼貌原则在商务英语写作中的具体应用;

4. 商务英语信函语言表达形式中礼貌的表现。

研究的创新点及重、难点：

本研究的创新点：本研究立足于商务贸易间来往，提出了不容忽视的礼貌策略，符合现代商务沟通的基本准则，有利于更好的撰写商务英语信函，促进贸易。

本研究存在的主要问题：参考文献的局限性以及信函中的创新概念，避免千篇一律。

研究的进程安排：

20xx-1-15——20xx-2-15 确定选题，收集资料，撰写开题报告

20xx-2-16——20xx-2-18 撰写初稿

20xx-2-19——20xx-2-20 完成二稿

20xx-2-21——20xx-3-1 定稿

主要参考文献：

[1] 曹顺发，冯波，国际商务英语谈判[m].沈阳：辽宁教育出版社，2017.

[2] 彭林霞，黄莉：商务电子邮件与传统商务信函中礼貌策略的对比分析[j].温州大学学报，2017第19卷第5期：49-56.

[3] 秦晓杰：英文商务信函中的“合作”和“礼貌”[j].西安外国语学院报，2017第9卷第4期：11-14.

[4] 曹菱，商务英语谈判[m].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2017.

[5] brown g&yule, g discourse analysis,beijing:foreign language teaching and reserch press

[6] bilbow g t.phd.2017.write for modernbussiness.longman

Subject: Casual Leave of Absence

Peter, I would like to know if I could ask for a casual leave of absence for one day on April 4th, this Wednesday.

This morning I received a telephone call from my dentist, urging me to come to his practice for immediate treatment of my teeth. I have been experiencing a stinging pain, depriving me of my sleep during the past fortnight. The situation could worsen, should infection occur.

Concerning my workload: As Wednesday is not as busy as the other weekdays, I think a one-day leave this Wednesday may be the best solution. I apologize for the inconvenience my absence from work may cause.

Thanks. I will call you at 1:30p.m. or you can call me at any time.

One possible version:

June 8, -

商务英语论文开题报告格式

一、论文写作目的：

毕业论文是商务英语专业教学计划的最后一个环节，也是对学生2年半学期各门课程学习效果的检查.其主要目的是：

1、培养学生的英语阅读、写作能力及运用商务知识分析问题和解决问题的能力，达到学以致用的目的。

2、检查学生对所学专业理论知识和基本技能的掌握程度，并将论文成绩作为学生能否毕业的主要依据之一。

3、训练学生搜集运用资料的技能，同时培养学生理论联系实际，增强独立思考问题和解决问题的能力。

二、 论文写作要求：

1、以英文/汉语完成论文写作。

2、字数要求不低于3000个单词或字, 统一采用a4(210x297mm)页面复印纸单面打印.其中上边距2.8cm，下面距2.5cm,左边距2.5cm，右边距2.5cm，页眉1.6cm页脚1.5cm装订线0.5cm.字间距为标准，行间距为1.25倍行距.页眉内统一为：用5号宋体

3、论文的内容要与本专业所要求的知识和技能相结合，要求论述者阅读一定量的英文和中文资料，能够对所有的资料进行合理删减、组织和编辑，掌握论文撰写的结构与布局。要求语言流畅，层次清晰，论点明确，论据充分。具有以下特性:

1) 科学性:观点正确,论据充分可靠,结构合理,能反映出学生对本学科知识系统掌握的程度及其某一问题有较深理解很认识

Deal all:

This is one of the hardest emails I have ever had to write, and for those of you who really know me, you know I am rarely speechless and always have a lot to say, So here it goes…

The last 2 years have truly been amazing and I have come to care about so many of you so much more than just co-workers. You have been my best friends and I will miss you all so much. I feel so grateful to have had the chance to work with you and get to know so many of you. It is so lucky to have such an amazing team and I feel so lucky to have been able to spend two years with you.

while here, I have laughed a lot, cried a little, and even screamed and yelled every now and then - to those of you that were on the receiving end of the yells, please believe that it was nothing personal. I hope you understand why I am making this move, and please believe me when I say it is not an easy one to make.

I wish all of you have a successful future, but more importantly, I wish you and your families a full life of good health and happiness always.

If any of you ever need anything that I can help or support, please do not hesitate to contact me. My new contact info is below and I truly hope to keep in touch with you.

Thank you for your friendship and the amazing memories that I am taking away with me. I love you all - please keep in touch!

英语论文开题报告范文例文

英语论文的开题报告范文

function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

英语论文开题报告范文

系别：外语系 专业：英 语 所选题目名称：

english idioms and their cohesive function

课题研究现状：

english idioms are an important part of the english vocabulary. the general tendencies of present-day english are towards more idiomatic usages. halliday and hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of english idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). another scholar, fernando c. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

chinese linguists like hu zhuanglin (1994, 1996), zhu yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and zhang delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

this paper is firstly intended to define english idioms and analyze the features of them. it then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

as english idioms are much alive in everyday english, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. this dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. introduction

2. a general study of english idioms 2.1 the definition of english idioms 2.2 features of english idioms

3. cohesive function of english idioms 3.1 cohesion

3.2 functional categories

3.3 cohesive function of relational idioms 3.4 cohesive function of other idioms

4. the cohesive function in terms of syntax and pragmatics 4.1 syntactic cohesion 4.2 pragmatic function 5. conclusion

课题研究计划：

january 22-march 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials march 11-march 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

march 26-april 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice may 1?june 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

june 11?june 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence

主要参考文献：

[1] fernando, c. idioms and idiomaticity. shanghai foreign language education press,

[2] halliday, m.a.k. and r. hason. cohesion in english. longman press, 1985

[3] lakoff, g. and m. johnson. metaphors we live by. university of chicago press, 1980

[4] makkai, a. idiom structure in english. the hague press,1972

[5] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[m]. 武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[m]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程[m]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999

指导教师意见：

签字： 年 月 日 领导小组意见：

签字： 年 月 日