论文摘要的英文翻译汇总20篇

University life is about to end, full of excitement and pride at the crossroads of life, ready to meet the future opportunities and challenges. Looking back on campus life and social practice, here it is necessary to summarize.

In ideology, positive progress, love the motherland, love the people, support the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Further in-depth study of the partys knowledge, the partys true policy, the system more profound understanding. Understand the first person, after learning the truth; in the school decided to submit the application form to join the party, and in the party school graduation was named "outstanding students", the glorious became a member of the Communist Party.

In the study, while trying to learn specialized courses, also selected the "computer programming", "psychology", "literary appreciation", "Japanese", "economic management" and a series of courses. At the same time pay attention to the computer, English and other learning, has passed the computer two, English forty-six examination. Can easily read the foreign literature. Through four years of undergraduate study, I have made great progress in all aspects, but there are still many shortcomings, to be further improved.

Knowledge is power, with the rapid development of society, the things learned in the University has been far from meeting the needs of society, in order to enrich themselves and improve themselves. I am enthusiastic, enterprising entrepreneurial spirit, during the school, and actively participate in social practice, and various cultural and sports activities, cultivate a certain degree of organizational and social skills, can quickly adapt to a variety of environments. Mastered a solid theoretical knowledge and business skills, with a certain amount of practical ability.

In life, frugal, positive, optimistic; in learning, hard-working, practical. In addition, I also pay attention to physical exercise, so I have a healthy body, strong physique; At the same time pay attention to communication with students and teachers, has a strong team spirit and strong organizational skills.

毕业论文开题报告范文

标题： 英语隐喻汉译

(on translating english metaphors into chinese)

1) 本选题国内外研究现状

对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以lakoff & johnson (1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受lakoff & johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途经。在近期出版的刊物中有对队喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只是局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。

2)本选题的意义、重点、难点及创新点

意义：本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要贡献的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。

重点：本选题重在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法。

难点：怎样从文化交际的角度对日常用语中的隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。

创新点：研究英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译理论及其方法。毕业论文开题报告范文

3)论文的结构及简要说明

1. 引言

2. 英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性

2.1 隐喻的定义

2.2 关于隐喻研究的常用书语

2.3 英语日常用语中的隐喻

3. 英语日常用语中隐喻的特点

3.1 日常用语中隐喻的分类 毕业论文开题报告范文

大学生毕业论文开题报告：大学生创业环境与创业成功探析

(一)研究背景

在XX年3月全国两会上，大学生就业问题再次成为大家关注的焦点。近十几年来，高等教育改革深入发展，各大高校连续扩招致使每年大学毕业生的数量在短时间内激增数倍(如图1-1)。有关统计数据显示，XX年我国普通高校大学毕业生人数为212万，XX年达到680万，XX年为699万，XX年达到近727万。从XX年到XX年短短十一年间，全国普通高校毕业生人数由212万增长到727万，增长近240%。高校毕业生人数的持续攀升导致劳动力市场供大于求，高校人才培养与社会需求不匹配，大学毕业生就业形势十分严峻。不仅如此，目前政府、企业和社会机构能够为大学毕业生提供的就业岗位明显减少，远远不能满足现有的日益增长的高校毕业生的就业需求，这使得高校应届毕业生不容乐观的就业形势雪上加霜。增强大学生创业意向，鼓励和支持大学毕业生自主创业，以创业带动就业无疑是解决我国高校毕业生就业难问题的根本途径。

近几年来，政府相关部门陆续颁布和制定了多项支持、鼓励和促进自主创业的政策，并采取了各项措施积极完善我国的创业环境。总体上来说，我国的创业环境条件在逐步提升。但是，据《全球创业观察中国报告:创业环境与政策》显示，在参与调研的受访者中，期望在未来三年内创办企业的人占22.4%，认为在未来六个月中存在创办企业良好机会的人占27.4%，认为创业是一个不错职业选择的人占72%，认为创业者社会地位较高的人占到76%。报告数据说明，一方面，对创业的未来预期很正面的人很多，另一方面，拥有创业意向的人却不多。因此，创业环境的改善并没有显著地激发潜在创业者的创业意向。

(二)意义

第一，可以降低大学生创业的风险，提高创业的成功率。创业总是有风险的，有数据表明，我国约40%的企业在开业一年内就倒闭，能生存5年的只有20%左右，而对于大学生创业来说，成功率更低，风险更大，据不完全估计，目前我国大学生创业成功率只有2—3%，远低于一般企业的创业成功率。因此，通过对创业环境的研究，阐明创业环境是如何影响创业活动的，可以规避一定的创业风险，提高大学生创业的成功率。

第二，研究大学生创业环境，可以建立有效的大学生创业环境评价指标体系。在创业过程中，环境对其影响十分显著。但是对于不同的创业者，环境对其的影响程度各不相同，用来评价创业环境影响创业的指标也不一样。因此，我们通过研究大学生的创业活动，建立了一套有效的大学生创业环境评价指标体系，从而来正确评价该地区的创业环境状况，并可以应用于其他地区。

第三，可以为政府制定政策提供指导意义。根据大学生创业环境评价指标体系，可以衡量各地区的大学生创业现状的优劣，政府可以从中发现对于创业者来说最为重要的因素，明确创业环境改善的方向，从而制定出有针对性的政策来改善该地区的创业环境，实现该地区创业环境的有效提升，向理想的创业环境迈进。

dear mr. chamberlaine:

hello!

i am a 04 session of hubei medical college senior students, immediately facing the graduate work is about to embark on, which will have a bearing on my future, so i did a careful selection, your hospital has always been my first employment goals, so i decided to submit this self-recom#mendation and sincere leadership, as the hospital to express their determination! thank you to continue to read my self-recom#mendation !

as before admitted to the universities to determine their own goals in life to be a "white angel" , so do so as soon as i started to learn medical knowledge, the four-year period in school, i not only com#pleted the outstanding achievements the university of courses, but also other medical knowledge often expo, including nursing, pathology, or microbiology, bacteriology, surgery .... in a series of professional medical knowledge, in order to enrich themselves to faster access to social role, i also participated in a school sponsored organizations have served as chairman of the student experience as i set foot on these jobs provided an important experience, i believe i can unite colleague, and leadership, the patient ... live in harmony!

because i am a fresh graduate, i am well aware that their knowledge remains in the realm of theory, which is why i am even more urgent need for your hospital can give me the opportunity to practice, i have to play their professional for patients the most serious medical services, for your contribution to the development of the hospital my light and heat!

may 2,

dear lucy，

next monday is my 20th birthday. imagine, there are already twenty years behind me! no wonder i feel old!

my parents are giving a dinner party to mark the party. the first person they wish to invite is you, my childhood pal. indeed, all of those 20 years are more or less associated with you.

well be expecting you any time after six. see you then. yours，

在市一届人大六次会议议案建议交办会上的讲话（摘要）

一、公仆意识更浓些，政治责任感更强些 对议案建议办理的认识程度，决定了对办理工作的重视程度。我们只有充分认识到办理工作的重要性和必要性，牢固树立公仆意识，把办理人大代表议案和建议过程，变为“三个代表”重要思想和党员先进性的具体实践过程，变为自觉接受人大监督、支持代表履职履权过程，变为密切联系群众、建设为民政府、为民办实事的过程，变为为池州谋发展促和谐的过程。只有这样，我们才能进一步增强政治责任感，克服畏难情绪，把办理工作变为发自内心自觉行动。 首先，认真做好议案建议办理工作，是落实“三个代表”重要思想和开展保持共产党员先进性教育活动具体实践。当前，全党正在开展以实践“三个代表”重要思想为主要内容的保持共产党员先进性教育活动。开展保持共产党员先进性教育活动，是坚持用“三个代表”重要思想武装全党的重大举措，是提高党的执政能力、巩固党的执政地位的重大举措，同时，也是我市奋力崛起、跨越发展、实现全面建设小康社会宏伟目标的重大举措。践行“三个代表”重要思想，归根到底，就是要维护好实现好发展好人民群众的根本利益，就是要时刻倾听群众的呼声，反映群众的意愿，集中群众智慧。人大代表是从广大人民群众中来的，他们以议案和建议形式，向我们提出书面意见，是集中反映了他们所联系阶层的人民群众的要求和呼声，我们办理这些议案和建议的过程，实际上就是倾听群众的要求和呼声的过程。因此，我们只有认真办理好落实好这些议案和建议，才能体民情、达民意、顺民心，才能真正代表人民掌好权、用好权，才能真正做到领会好实践好“三个代表”重要思想，同时，也才能在这次党员先进性教育活动中把先进性保持好发挥好。所以说，我们办理人大代表每件议案和建议，实质就是一次次“三个代表”重要思想和保持共产党员先进性具体实践。各承办单位一定要有这个认识，一定要积极主动地把这次议案和建议办理工作，自觉融入到当前全党开展以“三个代表”重要思想为主要内容的保持共产党员先进性教育活动中去，带头行动，带头实践，模范办理。第二，认真做好办理工作，是我们建设为民政府重要内容。我们只有一切为了人民，一切依靠人民，一切对人民负责，把人民群众利益放在第一位，我们政府工作才能联系群众贴近群众，才能得到群众真正理解、信任和拥护，才会卓有成效，建设为民政府的奋斗目标才会实现。建设为民政府的过程，既包括倾听广大人民群众的意见和呼声，为民解难题，办实事的过程，又包括让广大人民群众积极参政议政，不断提高政府决策科学化民主化的过程。我们倾听民意渠道和途径有多种形式，如领导接访、下访，人民来信和开通市长热线等。通过人大代表提议案和建议，是我们闻民声、解民意、察民情的一个重要途径。我们只有认真倾听这些意见和要求，才能准确把握人民群众思想脉膊，不断纠正自己思想意识上的偏差，不断促使自己站在人民群众的角度去思考问题和处理问题，也才能使自己在办理中真正自觉地投身于为民政府建设中去，为树立良好为民政府形象作出自己的贡献。其次，人大代表提议案和建议，不仅是代表履职履权一种途径，也是人大代表进行参政议政的最直接体现。他们提的议案和建议具有一定的宏观性、前瞻性、科学性和可操作性，贴近市情，贴近实际，贴近民生，既有一定深度，也有一定高度和广度，这对政府各项工作具有很大的借鉴之义，十分有利于政府决策的科学化、民主化、规范化水平不断提高，可以有效地减少和避免工作中可能出现的失误和偏差。第三，认真做好办理工作，是我们构建和谐池州最迫切的需要。构建和谐社会，既要让社会各阶层有它的渠道来影响国家政策，参与政治，又要让社会各阶层不同利益得到不同程度的兼顾，调动各方面的积极性。我们认真做好办理工作，一方面能充分吸纳来自不同阶层代表的意见和建议，会使我们制定的政策，更能反映方方面面的愿望和要求，更能体现公平和正义；另一方面，我们能及时兼顾不同群体的利益，有利于理顺情绪，化解社会各种矛盾，有利于调动各方面积极性，有利于扎实推进社会主义和谐社会的各项工作。因此，我们要正确对待办理工作，要时刻牢记群众利益无小事，对群众通过代表反映的问题，要看得重，拖不得；要正确反映兼顾不同方面群众的利益，正确处理人民内部矛盾和其他社会矛盾，妥善协同各方的利益关系，把方方面面积极性和力量凝聚到加快发展第一要务上去，凝聚到奋力崛起富民强市上去，凝聚到建设和谐池州各项工作中去。二、工作作风再实些，工作质量再优些作风实不实，质量优不优，关键看我们办理工作的态度，领导重视的程度，抓落实的劲头，问题解决的成效。过去，绝大数单位对待办理工作态度是端正的，作风是踏实的，办理质量是好的。今年我们要进一步转变作风，加强领导，沉下去，调查研究，把抓落实作为我们政府工作的生命，全面提高我们办理质量和水平。第一，端正态度，改进作风。首先要在思想上提高认识，变被动为主动，变要我办为我要办。要深刻认识到，人大代表向全市人民代表大会提议案和对各方面的工作提出意见，是他们依法行使国家权力，参与管理国家事务的重要形式，我们办理人大代表议案和建议是我们政府一项法定的重要职责，是自己一项份内本职工作，义不容辞，推脱不掉。为此，我们对待办理工作丝毫不能马虎，更不能敷衍塞责。要切忌做表面文章，重答复，不讲实效，遇到矛盾绕开走，遇到难题向上交。要知道，代表提的意见和建议，不仅仅关心能否及时得到答复，更关心的是他们提出的问题，特别是一些重要问题，是否引起有关领导和部门的重视，是否得以解决落实和解决落实程度如何。从历年办理的议案和建议工作实践看，广大人民群众和代表对议案和建议办理工作期望越来越高。这既是对我们过去成绩的肯定，也给我们工作提出了新的更高要求。办理议案建议工作是一项十分细致而艰苦的政治工作，是赢得人民群众真心实意拥护支持的“民心工程”。因此，我们一定要重视这项工作，切实改进作风，真抓实干，着眼解决问题落实问题，把好事办实，把实事办好，让人民群众真正拍手称快，让代表真正满意。第二，加强领导，形成合力。议案建议办理工作做得好不好，办理质量高不高，关键在领导和合力发挥。实践证明，哪个单位的领导重视办理工作，整体合力有效形成，哪个单位的办理工作就开展得比较好。各承办单位的领导同志务必高度重视议案建议办理工作，要把办理工作作为一项严肃的政治纪律，切实摆上工作议程，实行“一把手”工程，组织协调好本单位的办理工作。要以当前正在开展的保持共产党员先进性教育活动为动力，通过先进性教育活动促进议案建议办理工作，反过来，通过议案建议办理工作进一步推动本部门各项工作的开展，检验先进性教育活动的成效。要及时动员布置，做到对这项工作有研究、有计划安排、有分管领导、有职能科室、有责任人，把本单位方方面面力量团结起来，形成合力，力求将本单位承办的议案和建议办成社会上有影响有成效的议案和建议。在这里我还强调一下，刚才焰华同志提到市建委去年好的办理方法，即“三亲自”（领导亲自抓任务分解、亲自抓督促检查、亲自抓给代表答复）、“三结合”（结合代表建议抓工作思路调整，结合分管工作抓协调办理，结合年内意见工作抓任务的落实）和“三到位”（调查踏勘到位、联系商洽到位、即办即处到位）方法，对我们今年办理工作具有很好借鉴意义，值得推广。第三，强化质量意识，全面提高办理质量。今年，人代会议案在数量上比去年多，其质量水平也有明显提高。这一方面说明我们政府及其部门过去办理质量提高了不少，确实取得成效，激发了代表们参政议政热情；另一方面也说明我们代表参政议政和履职履权的能力也在逐步提高。这要求我们要进一步强化质量意识，要在提高办理质量上多下功夫，多做文章，用打造“精品”的理念来不断锤炼我们办理工作，力求办理工作有新突破，真正做到用质量上有为来争取我们在代表和群众心目中的有位。再从过去议案建议办理工作评比表彰情况来看，有的受表彰单位和个人办理的议案和建议件数并不多，但仍然还受到表彰；有的尽管承办件数很多，由于受其中一件或几件办理质量的影响，反而未表彰。讲明原因，我们评比的导向就让大家向质量看齐，在质量上多琢磨，出实招，出好招。这就进一步要求大家，今后在办理时，要牢固树立质量意识，既要在整体办理质量上上水平上档次，又要在个案办理中讲质量讲水平。我们讲质量不仅体现在解决实际问题内容上，还体现在办理形式即答复上，要求答复格式规范，答复内容要重点突出，针对性强，思路清晰，文风扎实，言简意赅。只有这样，我们办理工作整体质量才会不断有新起色，办理工作水平才会不断有新提高。三、工作办法再多些，代表满意率更高些人大代表的议案和建议，是经过认真调查研究，周密思考，下了很大功夫才慎重提出来的，具有较强的针对性，其中不乏真知灼见。我们对其办理也要慎重，认真对待。首先要从制度上采取保障措施，然后针对问题，主动和代表联系沟通，多想一些办法，多动一些脑子，积极创造条件进行办理，有的即使受客观条件所限制，我们也要积极探索新思路新方法新途径，及时给代表合情合理的答复，真正做到让代表满意，让群众满意。第一，建章立制，规范办理程序。建立健全办理制度，是我们议案建议办理工作一项最起码最基本的工作，是能让代表满意不满意，群众答应不答应最基础性的工作方法。我们承办单位首要任务是要建立完善一系列规章制度，细化办理程序，把办理工作纳入规范化、制度化、科学化和程序化管理，确保我们办理工作走完万里长征的第一步。今后，代表提出的建议和意见，凡符合法律、法规和政策允许能够解决的，必须采取措施，在规定时限内解决；符合法律、法规和政策但受条件限制短期难以解决的问题列入计划，并创造条件逐步解决；因法规、政策不允许或条件不具备长期无法解决的，应据实诚恳地向代表解释清楚。我们严格这一系列办理限制制度，有利于确保优质高效地完成办理任务，有利于使代表的权利得到充分尊重和实现，也十分有利于促进代表和群众满意率的提高。第二，加强联系沟通，增强理解。在议案建议办理过程中，各承办单位都要通过约请人大代表座谈、面会和走访人大代表等多种方式，更多地了解代表真实意图，尊重代表的意见，特别是对一些涉及面广、情况复杂的议案和建议，更要注意了解事情的来龙去脉，掌握问题的症结，努力与代表达成共识，便于对症下药，增强办理工作的针对性，变被动办理为主动办理，变“文来文往”为“人来人往”，提高办结率和满意率。从过去实践看，凡是承办单位注意与代表进行联系沟通的，办理工作细致严谨，办理效果就好，代表的满意程度就高；凡是忽视与代表联系和沟通的，办理工作停留在打电话、文来文往上，工作就显得马虎，办理效果就不明显，代表的满意就大打折扣。去年，不少承办单位在这方面做得很好。希望大家继续坚持。我们坚决反对关门办案和闭门造车的“衙门作风”，要实行“开门办案”和“现场办案”，不断增强办理工作的透明度，真正把办理过程变成与代表进行交流协商的过程，变成提高效率增加满意度的过程。第三，积极探索，创新办理方式。议案和建议，大都是代表经过精心选题，深思熟虑提出来的，有的乍一看，受现实和主客观条件限制，一时的确难以办理。如果我们精心进行分析研究，善于运用辩证的方法，突破“就事论事”；运用普遍联系方法，突破“为办理而办理”；运用创新的方法，突破“一接一转一答”的办理模式。我们很可能就会找到解决办理方法和途径。这就要求我们在实际办理过程中，要与时俱进，要不断拓宽办理思路，不断探索新方式新方法新途径，大胆创新，大胆尝试新的办理方式。只有这样，我们办理工作水平才会不断开拓前进，我们办理工作才会不断得到代表和人民群众赞赏和支持。

May 5,20xx

Dear ,

This Saturday is my birthday and my parents will hold a simple celebrating party for me. I am glad to invite you to come to the party. Blair, Emma and Roan will also be invited. I am sure we will have a good time. We will have dinner at 18:30 so that you are wished to come at 18:15. My mother is a good cook and you will enjoy the dishes. After the dinner, we will play some small games and then eat the cake. My parents and I sincerely expect you to come and hope to see you then.

True yours,

Daniel

Time flies in the companys three-month trial is coming to an end, the memories of this short but rich practical life, I am both nervous and novelty, but also a lot of harvest. Here is my brief summary of my internship life.

First of all, in the ideological and organizational discipline, abide by the provisions of internships, no late, leave early, absenteeism and sick leave, and actively participate in health, water conservation, public property, civilized courtesy, modesty, respect leaders and colleagues, unity and fraternity , And colleagues get along. Second, the work attitude, work hard work, dedication, hard work, listening and coordination with the leadership of the squad leader arrangements, humbly accept the car supervisor and other colleagues criticism and suggestions, and strive to do their work, can do rigorous work, Diligent study to ask, and complete the squad leader layout of the task. In practical ability, the harvest the most, the biggest satisfaction is learned before the company has no contact with the equipment so that I know more about driving equipment and textbooks outside the knowledge and doing things the truth. In practice, the theory can be linked with practice, by solving the problems encountered in practice, increased self-knowledge and ability to solve things, but also learned a lot of things that have not previously learned. In life, to know a lot of work together with their colleagues to get along with them, in learning to learn from each other with advice, to help each other, mankind also received a lot of life. I am very grateful to Hai Chang company to give me this rare internship opportunities and work, but also very grateful to the leadership and car supervisor Zhou monitor for my trust and concern, I also cherish this opportunity to learn in this three months trial a lot Things, I believe that if we can work for the Hoi Chang more, their own is also learned more.

The trial in the , brought me some of my previous company did not touch the knowledge, which will be our future work, life, and the next electrical maintenance work of great help. More importantly, in the electrician internship I learned is a serious and scientific attitude, through the electrical practice, so I Siemens electrical control systems, inverter, ship loading machine, bucket wheel, and electrical technology Have a deeper understanding of the rationale for electrical technology and other aspects of expertise to do a better understanding. At the same time, through internships to obtain the actual production knowledge and installation skills such as electrician technical knowledge, develop their ability to link theory with practice, improve the ability to analyze and solve problems, enhance the ability to work independently, to cultivate cooperation among colleagues, to explore and advance together spirit. More than three months of trial, so I more deeply understand the importance of practice, through the practice of more understanding of the "apply what they have learned," the truth of this sentence, there is a problem there is gain, there is increased.Theory and practice are very different, and many things need to think for themselves, only to pay, will get, there is thinking, there is a gain, it means to improve, it increased the practical ability and thinking ability.

Establish the overall concept, do their jobs No matter what work, establish a global consciousness is the primary problem, electrical maintenance is no exception. I think the electrician should be the first time to deal with equipment problems, to meet production. Collection of problems in order to make timely improvements, so that better maintenance to meet future production requirements. As the electrician should have a strong professional and technical knowledge, but also should have good communication skills, some equipment has been due to the use of improper operation before there is a problem, and often not reflect the maintenance of not, so this time we need to find Out of the crux of the problem, and they flow, regulate the operation, so as to avoid such problems

I think the electrician should be the first time to deal with equipment problems, to meet production. Collect questions,

In order to make timely improvements, so that better maintenance to meet future production requirements. Proficient in professional skills, diligent on-site observation of independent thinking, and more exchanges with colleagues, and strive to continuously improve their level. Every maintenance of a driving, is the companys traffic equipment to further promote the work of technical understanding. This three-month trial, I learned a lot of things, not only learning, but also learned a lot of truth in life, for me to benefit greatly. This is my future into the future work is very useful.In addition, I learned how to better communicate with others, how to better state their views, how to persuade others to agree with their point of view. I believe that these valuable experiences will be the most important cornerstone of my future success. Trial is a must have every experience into the plant, it allows me to understand the companys equipment in practice, work content, regulations and society, so we learned a lot in schools and companies simply do not learn the knowledge, but also opened the Vision, an increase of knowledge, for me to better serve the future Haichang lay a solid foundation.

The information age, the basic hands-on ability is all work and create the basis and necessary conditions, and only continue to increase their ability to have a very rich knowledge in the future competition will not be eliminated. There must be good technology and judgment to make the work go smoothly. The internship, let me feel. In the process of learning in the future, I should try to combine theory and practice, focusing on the ability to exercise their own hands, so that their future work face a certain confidence and confidence.

硕士研究生学位论文开题报告

西北农林科技大学硕士研究生学位论文开题报告:我国房地产信托投资基金发展研究the research into the development of chinas real estate investment trusts

论文语种：中文

您的研究方向：金融学

是否有数据处理要求：是

您的国家：西安

您的学校背景：985&211重点院校

要求字数：5000开题报告

论文用途：硕士毕业论文

是否需要盲审(博士或硕士生有这个需要)：否

补充要求和说明：

西北农林科技大学硕士研究生学位论文开题报告:我国房地产信托投资基金发展研究the research into the development of chinas real estate investment trusts

1选题背景

中国房地产开发企业的融资渠道比较单一，主要依赖商业银行贷款，一旦国家收缩信贷，房地产企业将面临资金链断裂的危险。根据中国人民银行XX年第二季度货币政策执行报告，XX年上半年，商业性房地产贷款余额为6.21万亿元，同比增长18.8%，占同期全部人民币贷款余额的16.5%;其中，房地产开发贷款余额为2.35万亿元，同比增长20.5%，个人购房贷款余额为3.86万亿元，同比增长17.8%，房地产贷款余额占人民币贷款余额的比重达到16.5%。XX年，在房地产开发企业陷入销售停滞、信用紧缩以及证券市场首次公开发行(ipo)暂停的背景下，房地产开发企业的直接融资通道又被卡死。房地产业对银行资金的高度依赖性导致房地产市场的风险被大量转嫁给银行，从而使房地产金融积累了较大的金融风险。因此，房地产业迫切需要寻求银行外的融资渠道，以解决房地产开发与经营的资金短缺问题。在这种情况下，房地产投资信托基金进入了我们的视线。

2研究目的及意义

3国内外研究综述

4研究思路及研究方法

5论文结构框架

6.论文进度安排

7. 参考文献

【1】陈淑贤，约翰•埃里克森，王诃.房地产投资信托:结构、绩效与投资机会[m].经济科学出版社，.

【2】拉尔夫•布洛克.房地产投资信托[m].中信出版社，.

【3】何宇明， reits 在中国的适用性研究[j]，北方经济，.

【4】张永岳.国际房地产概述[m].上海人民出版社，.

【5】施金亮.房地产投融资[m].上海大学出版社，

【6】洪艳蓉.房地产金融[m].北京大学出版社，

【7】中国景气监测中心等.中国房地产产业地图一[m].社会科学文献出版社，

【8】章程玲.关于美国房地产投资信托基金的研究[j].时代经贸，，

【9】中华全国工商业联合会房地产商会，太平星集团，新加坡国立大学.房地产投资信托基金指南[m].中国建筑工业出版社，.

【10】吴晓灵，刘士余.房地产指标与金融稳定[m].中国金融出版社，.

【11】倪鹏飞.中国城市竞争力报告no.4一楼市:城市中国晴雨表[m].社会科学文献出版,.

【12】张鸿雁，杨雷.中国房地产评论[m].东南大学出版社，.

【13】牛凤瑞.中国房地产发展报告no.2[m].社会科学文献出版，.

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【16】陈前;蒋勇 关于我国发展房地产投资信托基金的政策建议[j]-广西社会科学 (07)

【17】屈昆鹏 美日发展reits模式及在我国的运用[j]-现代企业 (05)

【18】代继科.我国发展房地产投资信托基金的探索[j].上海房地,(3):41.

【19】金秋萍.初探我国廉租房融资的现状及模式创新[j].北京房地产,(2):92.

【20】高英慧.信托市场可持续发展的科学发展观分析[j].辽宁工程技术大学学报:社会科学版,,8(6):593.

【21】邓启峰.新加坡 reits(房地产信托 )的发展与借鉴[j]，中国房地产金融，，(2).

【22】周亮华，林锦辉.新加坡房地产投资信托基金[j].上海房地，，(6).

【23】 薛怀宇 ，杜晓军 ，张涛金 . 境外房地产投资信托(reits)发展对我国的启示[j].金融理论与实践，.

【24】屈昆鹏.美日发展 reits 模式及在我国的运用[j].现代企业，，(5).

【25】郭建鸾，侯斯文.房地产融资新模式 ：房地产投资信托基金(reits)[j].财务与会计理财，.

【26】李国平、李德峰、乔志敏，房地产投资信托研究的发展，国际金融研究[j],

【27】毛志荣.研究报告一房地产投资信托基金研究[j].深圳证券交易所综合研究所，.

【28】 任纪军.房地产投资基金——组织、模式与策略.北京：经济管理出版社.第一版..

【29】 陈柳钦. 美国房地产投资信托基金的发展及其借鉴.国家行政学院学报，(1)

【30】 孙靖. 房地产投资信托基金的海外经验及在中国的适用性探讨[j].中国房地产金融，(3)

【31】 龙云，傅欣.房地产信托——海外的发展状况及中国的实践[j].亚太经济，

各位同学：

大家好，我叫，来自济宁邹城。孔子和孟子都出生在我们家乡。(掌声)所以，我们那里又被称为孔孟之乡，礼仪之邦。我这个人小毛病很多，想必大家有所听说。有做的不对的地方，还请大家告诉我一声，我会改正。

在大学里，第一要学会做人，我要改变自己。在座的都是青年才俊，有句话是这样说，我要向大家学习。

前面同学有人谈到专科和本科的关系，并引经据典，阐述观点。这令我想起清人龚定庵的一句话，是科以人重科亦重,人以科传人可知。科，就是科举，高考前身。举个例子，我刘长清是烟大的轮机专科，以后我厉害了，烟大的名气也高了。(笑鼓掌)一个人什么没有，只好对别人说，自己是烟大的本科生。这样的人我们都知道他是什么样的人。来到烟大，我很喜欢这个校园。轮机，好。我在浏览信息时看到这个专业，觉得很好，很适合自己。我来自农村，虽然很胖，家里也不富裕，所以应该能吃苦。

我来此求学，希望能得到师长和同学的教诲。我要让自己的大学生活很充实，不要空虚和无聊;我要时刻保持一种饥渴感，对知识的饥渴，对生活的饥渴。

我认为出海有个很好的好处，可以给我一个空间，让我静下来，读书。我不知道能不能带些书到船上。但我曾幻想，自己在海风中看书，在海浪边写日记。我比较喜欢看文学方面的书，感觉这样的生活很理想。

谢谢大家!

xx年x月x日

TIMBER SALE CONTRACT - SAMPLE

The following document offers excellent guidelines when preparing a timber sale contract. Separate articles may be added to suit specific circumstances. It is advised that the Seller and Purchaser employ legal counsel to review the contract prior to its endorsement.

Contract entered into this ______ day of _____, 20___., by and between __________ of _________ Illinois, hereinafter called the Seller, and _____________, of ____________(city), ___________(state), Illinois Timber Buyer License Number _______, hereinafter called the Purchaser, WITNESSETH:

1. The Seller agrees to sell and the Purchaser agrees to buy for the total sum of ________dollars ($_______) under the conditions set forth in this contract all of the live standing timber marked or designated for cutting and all of the dead or down timber marked or designated upon an area of approximately _____ acres, situated in the _________ of Section ________, Twp._______ R._______, ____________ County, Illinois, on land owned and recorded in the name of _______________________.

The Purchaser further agrees to pay to the Seller as an initial payment under this contract the sum of _________________ dollars ($_________), receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, and a final payment in the sum of ________________ dollars ($_______), prior to any cutting or removal of timber under this contract.

2. The Seller further agrees to mark and dispose of the timber conveyed in this contract in strict accordance with the following conditions:

(a) All trees to be included in this sale will be marked with a distinctive mark on the bole and stump of each tree.

(b) No trees under _____ inches in diameter at a point 4 1/2 feet from the ground will be marked for cutting.

(c) No concurrent contract involving the area or period covered in this contract has been or will be entered into by the Seller without the written consent of the Purchaser

(d) The Purchaser and his employees shall have access to the area at all reasonable times and seasons for the purpose of carrying out the terms of this contract.

(e) Unless otherwise specified, all material contained in the marked or designated trees is included in this sale

(f)

(g)

3. The Purchaser further agrees to cut and remove all of the timber conveyed in this contract in strict accordance with the following conditions:

(a) Unless an extension of time is agreed upon in writing between the Seller and Purchaser, all timber shall be paid for, cut, and removed on or before and none after the _____ day of _______, 20___, and any material not so removed shall revert to the Seller.

(b) Unmarked trees and young timber shall be protected against unnecessary injury from felling and logging operations. If, however, unmarked trees are cut, damages shall be paid the Seller at the rate of $1 per tree per M bd. ft. for all other species, and in the event that any such trees are cut, said trees shall remain upon the premises and shall be the property of the Seller.

(c) Necessary logging roads shall be cleared by the Purchaser only after their locations have been definitely agreed upon with the Seller or his representative, and any trees to be removed in the clearing operations shall first be marked by the Seller.

(d) During the life of this contract and on the area covered, care shall be exercised by the Purchaser and his employees against the starting and spread of fire, and they shall do all in their power to prevent and control fires.

(e) Any liability for damage, destruction, or restoration of private or public improvements or personal damages occasioned by or in the exercise of this contract shall be the sole responsibility of the Purchaser, and the Purchaser shall save harmless the Seller on account of such damages.

(f) The risk if loss or damage to the trees herein purchased, from any and all causes whatever, shall be borne by purchasers from the date hereof.

(g) The Purchaser will not assign this agreement without the written consent of the Seller.

(h)

(g)

(i)

4. The Seller and Purchaser mutually agree as follows:

(a) All modifications of the contract will be reduced to writing, dated, signed, and witnessed and attached to this contract.

(b) Any need for reassignment of interest of either party may be changed within 10 days following written consent by both parties. All terms of this contract legally bind the named representatives to excuse this document as written.

(c) The total number of trees conveyed is _____ (having a volume of approximately _____bd. ft.) composed as follows:

_______ white oak, _______ red and black oak, __________________, ____________________, ______________________, __________________.

(d) In case of dispute over the terms of this contract, final decision shall rest with a reputable person to be mutually agreed upon the by parties to this contract. If the parties hereto do not agree upon a third party within 10 days following the initiation of the dispute, or in the case of further disagreement, then within 15 days from the initiation of the dispute, it shall be submitted to a Board of Arbitration of three persons, one to be selected by each party to this contract and the third to be selected by the other two. The Board shall decide the dispute within 5 days after the matter is referred to it.

In the event that damages are awarded to the Seller by the Board of Arbitration and are not paid on the date that the award is made, then all operations of the Purchaser shall immediately cease, and if the award is not paid or satisfied within 30 days after the date of award, the Seller may take immediate possession of the premises upon which the timber is located, shall retain as liquidated damages all money paid by the Purchaser, and the title to all timber shall revert to and become the property of the seller.

In witness whereof, the parties hereto have set their hands and seals this __________ day of ______________________ 20____.

WITNESSES:

______________________________   ______________________________

for the Purchaser               Purchaser

______________________________   ______________________________

for the Seller                  Seller

I hospital obstetrics and gynecology , now years old, member of the Communist Party of China, in July 20xx graduated from College of Clinical Medicine, in 20xx made Yunyang Medical College clinical medicine undergraduate diploma and practicing physician qualification certificate, with the end of Rated as excellent workers.During the work, the hospital party committees and leaders of the concern and help, I actively participate in political learning and business learning, strict compliance with the rules and regulations, better completed the tasks assigned to the hospital. The main work is now reported as follows:

First, pay attention to political theory study, strengthen party spirit accomplishment. Always adhere to the partys line, principles and policies, conscientiously study the partys theoretical knowledge of innovation, adhere to study and practice the scientific concept of development, and implement the idea of serving the people wholeheartedly, constantly improve their political theory, actively participate in hospital activities; Leadership, and unity of comrades, have a good professional ethics and professionalism, and actively cooperate with the leadership work, establish a correct outlook on the world, life, values, to be a healthy person of pure thought.

Second, efforts to learn business knowledge, improve business level. I deeply understand that to be a qualified gynecologist, we must strive to improve their own business level, and constantly strengthen the business theory of learning. In the spare time, I subscribe to business magazines and books, often learn to understand the domestic advanced knowledge of this discipline and technology developments. Many times on behalf of the hospital participated in the county, city organization of gynecology and obstetrics physician training, enriched the knowledge, broaden their horizons, but also make their own soberly aware that only unwilling to backward to be eliminated by the development of the times. In the spare time to do a good job of professional theoretical study, I work with practical experience to write academic articles, written academic papers "..." in 20xx September in the "Chinese Journal of misdiagnosis" published.

Third, do a good job of medical work, adhere to job responsibilities. In the hospital work, I assumed the obstetrics and gynecology ward and 2-line work, 24-hour standby, the hospital has to work overtime, with the call with, mastered the diagnosis and treatment of common diseases and frequently-occurring obstetrics and gynecology, Under the guidance of the cesarean section, total hysterectomy, ovarian cysts, family planning and other operations, the use of traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease with good results. Strict implementation of the work system, routine treatment and operating procedures, meticulously handle every patient, to the maximum extent possible to avoid misdiagnosis. During the work also participated in the county organization of gynecological diseases and census of upper gastrointestinal diseases. In 20xx the hospital took the lead in the implementation of electronic medical records, as a young comrades, I actively use their own computer knowledge, familiar with the system operation after the other comrades to explain the key points to lead physicians quickly grasp electronic medical records, and assume part of the computer maintenance work. In addition, with the hospital leadership, to complete the objectives and tasks, to ensure that the provincial, city and county organizations of the sampling, assessment, acceptance passed.

Individuals have the ideal position based on their own career aspirations and down-to-earth spirit of hard work, to correctly handle the division of labor, conscientiously perform their duties, no complaints, excluding gains and losses. Respect for the leadership, unity, comrades, on time to work, do not be late to leave early, with an open mind to study the surrounding comrades, and strive to each common disease and frequently disease from the theoretical clarity, in practice, well, Diligent for the patient service.

As a young comrades, there are many deficiencies in the work, professional and technical knowledge and operational capacity also need to be further improved. Through the summary, I will strive to carry forward the advantages in the future work, to correct shortcomings, and continuously improve the theoretical level and ability to work better to complete the work tasks. Above is my personal summary, the inadequacies of the leadership please give criticism.

一、现状及建议

现状一、教学模式化，模式化走向单一化

学习新课改名校做法，很多学校很多教师都要使用小组合作、预习案、导学案、作业案，都要采用课前自主预习、质疑，课堂明确学习目标、检查预习、展示、总结，课后练习巩固几个环节。这样做的好处是确实充分关注了学生的主体性、发挥了学生学习的自主性。但是，也存在一些问题。

这些问题是任何模式化都比较容易带来的弊病。模式化确实有它的好处：模式化训练的结果是训练操作及思维的规范化、系统化。缺点是操作不当或者说不知变通就容易使每堂课简单单调，简单单调就容易使人疲惫，不容易激起人的兴趣。比如常见的课改课堂开头：请同学们把昨天的预习案拿出来;我们一起来读一下本堂课的学习目标;昨天预习存在的问题是，等等。长期使用这样的课堂用语，毫无疑问太过单调了。学生慢慢地会失去对课堂的期待，至低会降低对课堂开头的期待。传统的教学模式并非一无是处，比如它的划分段落、概括段意和中心大意。但每节课都是如此，就少了些新鲜的刺激，思维的激活就无从谈起。这也是传统课堂被诟病的原因之一。完全依赖模式化，没有变化，实际上是走入了传统教学模式的老路。

因为，不管新模式还是旧模式，都是既有有点又有缺点，长期如此，优点得到强化的同时其缺点也得到了强化。

我的建议：学习东部沿海地区的课堂开头，他们每节课开始都有一个环节：热身。热身就是我们常说的引导，就是激趣。引导的话语和激趣的内容必须和本节课所学内容紧密相关，以便顺利的把学生思维引到所学内容当中去。这样，有多少种内容就有多少种“热身”，每节课都有相应的兴趣点，每节课都带给学生新鲜的感受，每节课学生都有期待，学生还会疲惫吗!

对模式化，我还想多说两句，不要太过相信别人的模式，要努力构建自己的模式，至低应该改造别人的模式，完全照搬别人的模式一定会失败，前苏联的教育实践已经证明了此法行不通。

现状二、课改学校的练习量不断加大，师生都感疲惫

现在我们学校，每天每科至低有三份作业：预习案、导学案、巩固案。学生还要自查资料，准备展示。质量不高的三案，量大错误多，学生劳而少功低效甚至无功无效。教师每天批改作业至低也得有三样。推行之初，教师不批改学生就不做。教师不得不熬夜批改，时间一长，人人喊累。推行课改，要能减负。不能减负，还要加重负担，尤其是加重学生的负担，学生会有疲惫感，甚至厌倦感。学生疲惫，教师喊累的情况下，就得不到教学双主体的参与、支持。师生都不愿意推行课改时，课改还能继续下去吗?

同时，请每位教师回想一下，这学期你布置了多少作业，你作为专业教师，你能记起来的作业有多少，能全部记起来自己所教内容和布置的作业练习试题的教师恐怕屈指可数。你都记不起，学生一天面临那么多学科，哪能记得起来呢!你还要去埋怨学生，说这个我曾经讲过的嘛，你们这脑子干什么去了。是的，你讲课时，由于专业意识和专一性单一性，可能一下子会想得起来，但学生不一样，他们不具备我们所具备的专业性专一性单一性。我们每个人面临事多且杂的情况都会有脑子不清的时候，更何况学生呢!

我的建议：研究怎样减少作业量，怎样才能提高作业的质量和精度。我今天的作业比昨天的作业少而精，质量高，我这学期的作业量要远少于上学期。我们要有这个追求，要往这个方向前进。

现状三、学生自主展示过多，旁逸斜出的现象突出，，准确性不够，教师要重新引导、强调，费时费力，教学进度不易完成;课堂松散，学生觉得收获不大，教师心中没底。

学生自主展示的内容：问题展示、讨论展示、结论展示、评价展示。在各个展示环节，学生都容易游离于主题之外，不讨论不解答会挫伤学生的积极性，讨论起来解答起来，会耗费时间。学生自主讲解的另外一个弊端是，在概念、定理等定性内容的理解使用上准确性不够，不纠正会使学生以误传误、以讹传讹，会使学生在思维上成绩上都大受影响。教师不得不花费更多的时间来纠正，这样，就会比传统的习惯教法更花时间。既然花更多的时间来取得相同的效果且严重影响教学进度，为什么要推行课改呢?

课改课堂，有时会让人觉得松散，学生说了很多话，做了很多事，课后一问，感觉没啥收获，当堂内容自己理解没有，自己说不清楚。教师心中更是没底。这种师生谁都没底的事儿，谁还会去坚持呢!

我的建议：一要加强研究课的预设，有好的预设才会有好的生成，没有好的预设就没有好的生成，至低不会持续有好的生成，光靠课堂的灵光一现不行，我们不是天才，恐怕没有那么多的灵光。二要苦练引导功夫。一个教师的能力高低，主要表现在引导功夫上。

Dear sir/madam:

[Organization] would very much like to have someone from your company speak at our conference on [topic].

As you may be aware, the mission of our association is to promote. Many of our members are interested in the achievements your company has made in.

Enclosed is our preliminary schedule for the conference which will be reviewed in weeks. I’ll call you [date] to see who from your company would be willing to speak to us. I can assure you that well make everything convenient to the speaker.

Sincerely yours,

[name]

[title]

Dear Tom，

I’am very sorry to heat that you are seriously ill and that you have been in hospital for about two weeks. We are very concerned about you and your studies.

Our head teacher is coming to see you today， so we ask him to bring you a package，with some lucky stars and colorful paper cranes in it. I hope you will like it and it will bring good luck to you. Also you’ll receive 10，000 yuan， which will help you pay the medical fees. Don’t worry about your studies， we’ll try to help you make up the lessons you have missed， because we are good friends. I hope I can come and see you soon on Sunday.

Everyone in our class misses you very much， hoping you’ll be well again and get back soon.

Yours sincerely，

Li Hua

毕业设计(论文)开题报告格式要求

(1)题目名称：要求与毕业设计(论文)题目名称一致，小二号，黑体加粗，居中，段前后各空一行。

(2)学生、指导教师和教学单位署名：学生、指导教师及所在单位(院系或工作单位)在题目下隔一行，居中，格式：学生：× × ×，× × ×学院(系)，另起一行居中，格式：指导教师：× × ×，工作单位，署名采用小四号仿宋体。

(3)开题报告正文，撰写格式按毕业设计(论文)的排版格式规范要求。

注2：题目类别是指“研究论文”、“毕业设计”或“毕业创作(设计)”;

题目来源是指题目来源于教师的科研项目、生产/社会实际或实验室建设、其它等。

6. 正文内标题：正文另起一页，论文题目用小二号黑体加粗，居中，前后段间距1行或12磅。理工农医类专业正文标题采用阿拉伯数字标引(阿拉伯数字与标题文字之间空一个汉字符，不加标点符号，如一级标题1 ……;二级标题1.1 ……;三级标题1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 ……)，一级标题用小二号、二级标题用三号、三级标题用小四号，字体用黑体加粗、顶格排列、前后段间距0.5行或6磅;文科类专业正文一级标题采用中文序数(如一、二、三、……)标引、小二号黑体加粗、距左边正文边框两个汉字排列;二级标题采用两边加圆括号的中文序数(如(一)(二)(三)……)标引、三号黑体加粗距左边正文边框两个汉字符;三级标题采用阿拉伯数字(如1. 2. 3. ……)标引、小四号黑体加粗距左边正文边框两个汉字符。各级标题中的英文字母和阿拉伯数字采用半角times new roman字体。各级标题与正文前后段间距0.5行或6磅。从此页开始编页码。

7. 正文文本：宋体小四号、标准字间距、行间距为固定值22磅、所有标点符号采用宋体全角、英文字母和阿拉伯数字采用半角times new roman体的要求排版，每段首行缩进两个汉字。

9. 参考文献：位于正文结尾后下隔2行，“参考文献”4字居中，采用四号黑体;具体参考文献目录按五号宋体、两端对齐的方式排列，行间距为固定值18磅。正文中应按顺序在引用参考文献处的文字右上角用[]标明，[]中序号应与“参考文献”中序号一致。

期刊论文——[序号]作者(多个作者用“，”隔开，下同).题名[j].期刊名称，出版年(不带“年”字，下同)，卷次(期号)：起～止页码

专著——[序号]作者.书名[m].版次(第1版不标注).译者(对译著而言) .出版地：出版者，出版年：起～止页码

甲方：____________________

乙方：____________________

甲乙双方经友好协商，就乙方为甲方提供__________语口译服务达成协议如下：

1.期限

口译服务时间为________年_____月_____日到________年_____月_____日，共__________天。服务天数从乙方翻译人员与甲方人员见面的当天起(包含)，到乙方翻译人员与甲方人员分手的当天为止(包含)。不足一天，也按一天计算。

2.服务地点及具体内容

3.口译费

每天人民币__________元，共计人民币__________元。

4.付款

签订本合同之后，乙方提供口译服务之前，甲方需向乙方预付人民币_______________元，余款完成口译任务后立即支付。

5.质量保证

乙方保证派遣人员符合口译要求，能为甲方提供圆满服务。

6.其它

本合同一式两份，甲乙双方各执一份。

甲方(公章)：_________ 乙方(公章)：_________

法定代表人(签字)：_________ 法定代表人(签字)：_________

_________年____月____日 _________年____月____日

The year end is coming, before we move on to the new year, it’s high time for all of us to do a review for the year. To me, doing this annual review is like getting a report card. It’s no different with my annual review – except these results aren’t for my studies – they’re bigger. They’re for my life.

时间转瞬到年底，在我们步入新的一年之前，我们所有人都应该对这一年做个回顾总结。对于我来说，年终总结就像是拿成绩单。年终总结和成绩单一样，只不过收获的并不是学习成绩，它们更重要，是关于我的人生。

What have you experienced this year? What have you learned from them? With every experience we face, there are important things to learn. We can either let these incidences paus by, or we can stop to understand, internalize them, and draw lessons from them. Life is your school, and the lessons are dressed up as your everyday incidences. You don’t want to be living year after year without learning from your experiences. That’s just sleepwalking your life away.

这一年，你经历了些什么?从中你又学到了些什么?我们面对的每一次经历，都有一些重要的东西值得学习，我们可能会让发生的这些事情就从我们的生命中匆匆而过，或者我们也可以选择停下来，理解并消化这些经历，从中学到经验教训。生活就是你的学校，这些经验教训会假扮成每天的琐事。你也不想年复一年只是过生活，却从不从经历中学到些什么吧，那样的话，你只是在梦游度日。

There are a lot of lessons which I learn every year. Looking back at my review for , one of the biggest lessons I learned is that our reactions to life’s situations is a choice, and it’s up to how we make out of situations we encounter. This realization came after a highly intense period at my job. At that time I was already a positive person, but the situation was so out of control that it really made me negative. It was after a short period of feeling miserable that I realized that the reality was such and it was up to me to make the best out of it. I could either sit and bi-tc-h about it which would do absolutely nothing to change the situation, or I could take action and make the best out of it. This small shift in my mindset created a big shift in my reality – it made me a lot more proactive and solution-oriented. It made me realize that many of us generate unnecessary baggage with negative situations in life, and it’s all about taking action to create the lives that we want. Happineis truly a choice.

每年我都能学到很多。现在回头看看我xx年的总结，我学到的最重要的一课是“我们对生活环境的反应是一种选择”，取决于我们如何解决遇到的情况。这种感悟是在我的工作经历了一段高度紧张的阶段之后得出的。其实那时候我是个很积极向上的人，但是当时的情况完全不在我的掌控下，让我也变得消极了。有那么一小段时间，我觉得很痛苦，然后我就意识到，生活就是这样，如何做到最好取决于我自己，我可以选择干坐在那里抱怨牢骚，但这根本对改变现状一点帮助都不起;我也可以选择采取行动做到最好。

这样简单的心态转变使我的生活出现了很大的改变：我变得更加主动，积极选择解决问题的方法。这也让我意识到，我们许多人在遇到不利状况时，总是背负了太多不必要的包袱，只要采取行动，我们就能创造想要的生活。幸福快乐其实只是个选择。

Because I would write down lessons I learned each time (in my life handbook), I could then build upon my learnings. Rather than deja vuing through life situations, every time I would think about how I could apply what I had learned earlier and how I could do something different. As a result, I kept moving forward in my growth.

因为我每次都会记下学到的经验教训(在我的生活手册里)，所以我从所学中慢慢成长。每次总结后我都会想，下次遇到我会如何利用之前学到的改正错误，而不是一次次的重复犯错栽跟头。就这样，我在成长的路上一步步前进。

2. Wrap up what you’ve done this year

打包今年所做的事情

Many things can happen in a year and this is the perfect time to wrap them up. Were there any ups and downs? Did you get a promotion? Did you recently quit your job and joined a new workplace? Did you just start up a business? Did you move to a new place? Did you just end an unhappy relationship? Did you move on from a bad partnership? Any major events took place? Or perhaps there are nothing significant that happened?

每年都会发生许许多多的事情，现在就是你把之前的事情打包的最佳时机。生活中有一些起起落落?你升职了?最近刚辞职进入新的工作环境?刚开始创业?搬到新地方?刚结束一段不快乐的感情?走出了一段很糟的伙伴关系?发生了很多大事?也或许没什么重要的事情发生?

This is the time to wrap up the year. It’s time to let go of past baggage, tie up the loose ends, tidy up your feelings, and get ready for what’s ahead.

现在是该打包这一年的事了，也是时候放下这些过去的包袱，做一些收尾让工作有始有终，收拾起情绪，准备迎接即将到来的新一年。

3. Regain focus

重新找到重点

After working for a few years, you’d find that the years sort of just start to blend into each other. Soon it’s hard to tell one year apart from the next. Subsequently, it’s so easy to fall into a routine without being conscious of it. Sometimes I hear people commenting that they’re not sure what exactly they’ve been doing with the past few years of their lives, because everything just seems like the same.

工作了几年后你会发现，每年似乎开始有些混在一起的感觉，很难把它们区分开来。然后不知不觉，工作就很容易变成例行公事的老套路。有时候我会听到人们在说，不知道过去的几年具体都干了些什么，因为一切看起来都一样。

It’s just like driving. When you’re driving in a car, it can be hard to see where you are and where you’re heading to. On the other hand, pausing for a short moment to look at the map can be amazingly helpful. Where are you right now? How far have you traveled? Where do you want to go to? Doing so helps you to regain focus.

这就像开车一样。当你开车的时候，很难看出来你开到哪和要去哪。而另一方面，如果你停下来看看地图，你会发现超级有帮助。你现在正在哪儿?你走了有多远了?你想去哪儿?年终总结会帮你重新找到重点。

Like I mentioned above, doing my annual review is like getting the report card for my life. How do I grade myself for this year? Do I give myself an A+? A? B? C? D? or even F? This assessment reminds me if I have lived this year the way I had wanted to.

我之前提到过，写年终总结，就像拿成绩单一样。今年给自己打多少分?A+? A? B? C? D? 还是F? 这样的自我评估会提醒我，让我反思过去的一年是否是我想要的生活方式。

4. Start the next year on a high note

以高起点开始下一年

Last but not least, your annual review will help you to start the next year on a high note. As I’m going to share later in the post, doing your review includes setting your goals for the next year. For this year , my one single biggest goal was to build this blog. So this year, while other people were figuring out what to make out of their year, I was a person on a mission. By mid-year I had already exceeded some of my goals, and now that it’s the end of the year, I’ve accomplished what I had set out to do at the beginning, and more.

最后，年终总结会帮你从一个高起点开始下一年的工作和生活。正如我稍后要跟大家分享的，年终总结会包括你下一年的目标。xx年我的最大目标是建好这个博客，所以在这一年，当其他人还在找寻到底该干些什么的时候，我已经是一个有任务的人了。年中的时候我就已经超额完成目标，现在到年末，我已经完成了年初的目标，甚至做的更多。

公司英文年度总结

国际专利许可合同(附英文译本)

7.5 if the third test again fails， and if party b is responsible for the failure，party a has the right to terminate the contract at its discretion and lodge claims asstipulated ih article9.if the responsibility for the failure lies with party a， the twoparties shall negotiate as tohow to further implement the contract.article 8 technical improvements

8.1 if the technical documents provided by party b are not applicable to party asactualproduction condidions (such as design standards， raw materials， purchased partsfor the ma-chine， production facilitie)， party b is obliged to assist party a inmodifying the technicaldocuments and confirm the same. upon the condition that theproperties of the contracted products are not affected， raw materials， fittings andequipmint of chinese origin may be used.

8.2 during the currency of the contract. if eithet of the two parties effets improve-ments on or developments of the products within the xcope stipulated in the contract，thd said party shall submit， free of charge， to the other party the technologicalinformation con-cernign such improvements or developments.

8.3 the ownership of such improvements on or developments of the ontracted productshall belong to the party who has effected such improvements or develpments. the otheparyt shall not apply for patent ortransfer the same to any third arty.article 9 guarantees and claims

9.1 party b guarantees that the technical& nbsp;documents to be supplied by party b are thelatest technical information which has been put into practical use by party b. party balso undertakesto supply to party a in time the technical information relevant to anydevelop-ment of or improvement on the contracted product.

9.2 party b guarantees that the technical documents to be supplied by party b arecom-plete，correct，legible and are to be despatched in time.

9.3 if the documents suppied by party b are not in conformity with the stipulationin article 6， party b shall， within the shortext possible time but not later than 3odays after re-ceipt of party as written notice， despatch free of charge to party athe missing or the cor- rcet and legible technical socuments.

9.4 if party b fails to despatch the said documents within the stipulated period asper appendix 2 party b shall pay penalty to party a in the following proportions:

（1）percent of the total contract price for delay from 1 to 4 weeks.

（2）percent of the total contract price for delay form 5 to 8 weeks.

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本科毕业设计论文开题报告范文

一、选题背景和意义

(一)选题背景

近年来，随着网络通讯技术和计算机的快速发展，互联网已经深入到人们生活的各个领域，同时也催生了一种新型的通过电子信息网络进行交易的经济活动，买卖双方并不需要当面接触，典型性的代表有“阿里巴巴”、“淘宝”这一类通过网站订货和购物，这就是电子商务。据中国电子商务研究中心数据显示，截止XX年6月底，中国电子商务市场b2b交易额达到2.05万亿元。预计全年b2b交易额为3.85万亿。截止到XX年6月，我国规模以上电子商务行业网站总量已经达20700家。其中，b2b电子商务服务企业有8200家，b2c、c2c与其他非主流模式企业达12500家。预计XX年电子商务行业网站总量将超过2.3万家。电子商务无疑已经成为当前网络经济与实体经济发展的重要方向，电子商务已经席卷了经济的各个层面。

随着电子商务逐步成为经济主流和商业核心，许多企业纷纷建立自己的电子商务行业网站，希望向深度和广度的方向发展。杭州市是国家电子商务、电子政务和国家信息化试点城市，被称为“中国电子商务之都”，电子商务建设和应用起步都比较早，基础扎实，涉及领域广泛，成效十分显著。b2b信息服务模式的电子商务行业网站建设规模水平处于国内领先地位，杭州目前b2b网站约有1200余家，较为著名的的有“中国化工网”、“中国化纤信息网”、“全球纺织网”等。但整个电子商务市场的竞争异常激烈，平均每天就有两个以上的电子商务行业网站推出，规模大小不一，质量也参差不齐，各具特色。激烈的竞争引来了服务、产品和网站建设内容的大大丰富。对电子商务行业网站的评价和选择已引起专家和研究人员的广泛关注。

Although the beginning of military training, when feeling particularly suited to the training is tired and pain, soak in their sweat all day, doing everything to obey orders, not arbitrary, but I can always stick to it, even in the The most tired of the moment did not relax the requirements of their own, asked when the hand and shoulder pressure was sore, I still teeth to maintain, maintain Junzi, and actively hone their own will quality. Later, more sweat, to adapt, and do not feel tired.

Military training let me understand how to do a qualified military is not easy, the military to pay more than we can not imagine the sweat, to be a soldier, we must discipline, obey orders. I am in military uniform is half of the military, through strict military training in their own requirements, my physique and will have been honed even stronger, this kind of bitter and tired I may never meet again, but may Will encounter even more tired of the challenges. I believe that after the military training I will not fear any hardships, I will be brave to face all challenges, no matter how serious the task, I will continue to complete the task.

Military training is also a team training, hard training created a well-trained company, marching, side guns, kettle, we everywhere unified action, we are concerned about each other, mutual exchange of experience, let us squareMore neat. Thirteen companies, even though this company formed only a short period of ten days, but it has been firmly in memory in each of the hearts of thirteen, 13 is the pride of the entire battalion! We created it Honor, and we are proud of it!