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北京故宫博物院英文导游词

hello, everyone,

we are now going to pay a visit to a place of special interest. this scenic spot is located at the center of beijing and is characterized by thousands of palatial architectures and purple walls as well as yellow glazed tile roofs- it is simply a sea of palaces. this is the world – famous wonder – the palace museum.

the palace museum has served as the royal residence during the ming and qing dynasties. it was here that a total of 24 monarchs ascended the throne and wielded power for some 500 years. the palace museum, as the most beautiful spot of interest throughout beijing, is unique for its location: to the northwest is beihai(north sea) park, famous for its white pagoda and rippling lake; to the west is the zhongnahai (central and south sea); to the east lies the the wangfujing shopping street; and to the north id jinshan park. standing in the wanchun (everlasting spring) pavilion at the top of jingshan(charcoal hill) park, you overlook the skyline of the palace museum. at the southern end of the palace is tian` anmen (gate of heavenly peace) and the famous square named after it . this is the symbol of the people` s republic of china.

a world-famous historical site, the palace museum is on the world heritage list of unesco and is an embodiment of oriental civilization.

the palace museum is rectangular in shape, 960 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west, covering a space of 720,000 square meters of which 150,000 is building area . it has 9000-strong rooms in it . according to legend there are 9999.5 room-units in all .the whole compound is enclosed by a 10-meter-hign wall and is accessed through four entrances, namely, the meridian gate in the south ,the gate of military prowess in the north, donghua(eastern flowery ) gate in the north, donghua ( eastern flowery) gate in the east and xihua(western flowery ) gate in the west. on each corner there is a turret consisted of 9 roof beams, 18 pillars and 72 ridge . encircling the compound there is a 3,800-meter-long and 52 meter-wide moat, making the palace museum a self-defensive city-within-a city.

the palace museum was made a center of rule during the ming dynasty by zhun di, the fourth son of the founding emperor zhuyuanzhang. the whole complex straddles on an 8-kilometers-long central axis that stretches from yongding (forever stable) gate in the south to gulou (drum tower) in the north. prominence was given to the royal power by putting the “three main front halls” and “three back halls ”on the axis while arrange other subsidiary structure around them .the construction of the palace museum involved manpower and resources across china. for example, the bricks laid in the halls ,known as “gold brick, ” underwent complex, two –dozen processes. as the final touch ,the fired bricks were dipped in chinese wood oil. involving complicated processes and high cost, these brick are called “golden bricks.” the palace museum serves as a living embodiment of good tradition and styles unique to china` s ancient architecture. it reflects to the full the ingenuity and creativity of the chinese working people. a carefully preserved and complete group of royal residences, the palace museum is a prominent historical and tourist site.

what we are now approaching is the main entrance to the palace museum-the meridian gate, which is characterized by red walls, yellow glazed –tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this walls, yellow glazed-tile roofs and upturned eaves. on top of this magnificent building ,there stand five lofty halls with a main hall in the center. the main hall is roofed by multiple eaves and covers a space of 9 room-units. it is flanked by two wings on each side .the wings are square in shape ,complete with multiple and four edged eaves and pinnacles. all of these structures are connected by a colonnade. because these halls resemble a soaring bird, it was also know as wufenglou (five-phoenix tower) . inside the main hall there is a throne. drums and bells were stored in the wings. whenever the emperor presided over grand ceremonies or observed rites in the hall of upreme harmony, drums, bells and gongs would be struck to mark the occasion.

as the legend goes, the meridian gate used to be a place where condemned ranking officials would be executed. this not true. however, flogging was carried out here by the ming emperors ,if a courtier falls afoul of the emperor, he would be stripped of his court dress and flogging with a stick .at one point the punishment became so harsh that a total of 11 people died from fatal wound on a single occasion .on the other hand, this building was also used to observe important occasions like the traditional chinese lantern festival (15th day of the first lunar month). on these occasions, chinese lanterns would be hanged and sumptuous banquets would be given in honour of the whole court of ministers and other ranking officials.

upon entering the meridian gate we began our tour of the palace museum. the river foowing in front of us is known as jin shui he (golden water river) and the five marbles bridges spanning it are known as the inner golden water bridges. the on in the middle was used exclusive by the emperor and its banisters were carved with dragon and phoenix designs. the bridges flanking the imperial one were reserved for princes and other royal members. the rest were used by palatines. aside from decoration, the golden water river was also dug as precaution against fire. most of the structures within the palace museum are made of wood. what is more ,according to ancient chinese cosmology, the south is the abode of fire, so this brook was dug on the southern tip of the palace. in this way, the palace museum reflects traditional chinese culture.

this building is called the gate of supreme harmony .in the foreground stand two bronze lions. can anybody tell which is male and which is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female? the one on the east playing with a ball is male, symbolizing power and universal unity. the other on the west with a cub cuddling underneath its claw is female, representing prosperity the endless succession. a layout of the palace museum is posted by the entrance . from it ,you can see that the palace museum has two main parts: the forecourt and the inner court. the three main halls constitute the mainstay of the forecourt, and it was here that the emperor announced decisions and observed rites. behind the forecourt there is the inner court, consisting of major halls and the imperial garden .it was where the emperor attended state affairs, lived and enjoyed his luxurious life. the exhibition system of the palace museum involves historical court relics and articles of ancient art and culture. the palace museum houses nearly one million articles of rare treasure, or one sixth of the total number in all of china `s museums. there are the three main halls of the palace museum, built on a triple marble terrace . since most of china `s architecture is made of wood, the buildings cannot be too tall. to gain the height of the architecture, ingenious ancient artisans built the hall on a gigantic stone terrace .it is also to this end that not a single plant was grown in the square. on stairways of triple marble terrace there are 18 bronze tripods .the verandah is flanked by bronze tortoises and cranes, which served as symbols of longevity .on the east is a sundial, an ancient timepiece. on the west there is a grain measure suggesting that the emperor was just and equitable.

in the front and on each flank ,there is a pair of gilt bronze vats (caldrons ) molded during the reign of emperor qianlong of the qing dynasty .each of these weights 2 tons and is filled with water as a precaution in the event of a fire .the structure in the very middle is the hall of supreme harmony ,also known as the throne hall. it is 64 meters in width and is 38 meters from entrance to rear. with terrace exclusive ,the hall is 26.92 meters in height and is 35.03 meters in all .covering and areaof 2,377 square meters, the hall of supreme harmony is china` s largest exiting wooden structure. the hall is supported by 6 thick ,round pillars carved in a design of coiling dragons. as the holiest place in the hall, the ceiling and colored patterns were made of the finest material available at that time. the throne was placed on a terrace and is flanked by statues of elephants, luduan (a unicorn which could travel 18,000 kilometers a day and understand all languages), cranes and incense barrels .over the throne there is the caisson ,or covered ceiling ,which consists of a coiling dragon playing with a ball in its mouth .this ball is known as xuanyuan mirror ,and was supposedly made by a chinese emperor of remote times to serve as a reminder that thee rulers to follow were his hereditary heirs. the throne is made of nanmu and painted in gold .magnificently built and luxuriously decorated ,this hall did not serve as a place in which the emperor attended to daily affairs. he used his hall for major events such as his birthday, conferral of title of empress or dispatch of generals to war.

behind the hall of supreme harmony ,there sits the hall of complete harmony. this structure is square in shape .each side is 24.15 meters. this was the place where the emperor relaxed and greeted his courtiers before proceeding to the hall of supreme harmony to observe rites. this was also the place where the emperor prepared prayers or examined seeds and sowers bef ore he attended ancestral sacrifices or participated in snowing ceremonies. a grand ceremony was also held here once every 10 years for the emperor to genealogize the royal blood. there are two sedan chairs on display in the hall. behind the hall of complete harmony ,you will see the hall of preserving harmony, which was used as a place where imperial examinations were held. the imperial examination was the hignest level of competing for meritorious appointment under the feudal system dating back to the sui dynasty. china` s last imperial examination was held in 1904 during the reign of emperor guangxu of the qing dynasty. to the rear of hall there is a marble ramp carved with cloud and dragon designs, the largest of its kind in the whole country . it is 16.57 meters in length, 3.07 meters in width, 1.7 meters thick and weighs 250 tons. it was quarried in fangshan county in suburban beijing. to bring this giant piece of stone to beijing people poured water onto the road and applied rolling blocks during the process.

we are now standing before the square of the hall of heaven purity. it served as a divide separating the forecourt from the inner court .this building is known as the gate of heavenly purity. emperor qianlong held court here. proceeding further north ,you can find three main rear halls ,i.e. the hall of heavenly purity. the hall of union and peace and palace of earthly tranquility. the hall of heavenly purity if flanked on either side by two gates named after the sun and moon .inside the enclosure there are 12 palaces and halls symbolizing constellations. all of the other buildings are centered around the palace of heavenly purity , which was meant to suggest that the monarch` s power was endowed by heaven. the empress and concubines lived in the inner court.

the hall of heavenly purity was where the emperor lived and attended to daily affairs. later the emperor moved to live in the palace of mental cultivation. looking up you can see a plaque bearing the chinese inscription “be open and above-board,” a manifesto to court struggle .behind the plaque a strongbox was stored containing a will bearing the name of the would –be royal successor. this approach of secretly selecting the next emperor was adopted by emperor yongzheng of the qing dynasty. two copies of the will were prepared .one was stashed by the emperor in person ,the other was placed inside the strong box behind the plaque. after the death of the emperor, the two copies would be compared and successor would be announced. it was in this way that emperor qianglong and others have ascended the throne.

behind the hall of heavenly purity you will see the hall of union and peace , which is indentical to the hall of complete harmony. it was there that the emperor received congratulations and tributes from imperial officials on major calender occasions , a total of 25 imperial seals are stored there. in the hall, you will see a plaque with the handwritten inscription of “we wei,” exhorting taoist doctrines.

further northward is the palace of earthly tranquillity, which once served as the living room of the empresses` . the hall was later converted into a sacrificial place .through the windowpanes on the eastern wall you can see the royal bed decorated with dragon and phoenix designs. this hall has also served as the bridal chamber of monarchs.

the gate of earthly tranquilliity leads to the imperial garden (known to westerners as qianlong` s garden ),which was used by the emperor ,the empress, and the concubines. a magnificent structure stands in the middle. it is called the qin `s an (imperial peace) hall. it is the only building in the palace museum that was built in taoist style. it served as a shrine to the taoist deity. the garden covers a space of 12,000 square meters ,and is 130 meters from east to the west and some 90 meters from north to the south. there are a dozen halls, verandahs, pavilions and waterside houses in the garden . on each of the fur corner there is a pavilion dedicated to the four seasons which is different in construction style and shape. the garden also features an imperial landscape. with rare trees and exotic rockery, the imperial garden served as a model for china` s imperial parks .in all ,a total of 10-strong building styles were applied.

the tall building we are now passing is the gate of military prowess, the back door of the palace museum. our visit is now drawing to a conclusion but the architectures of the palace are not . on the other side of the road is the 43-meter-hign charcoal hill , providing natural protection for the forbidden city. this was also an embodiment of china` s construction style-putting a pool in the front and a hill in the rear. now let` s climb up to wanchun (everlasting springs ) pavillion where we` ll have a great view of the palace museum.

北京天安门英文导游词

Tian’anmen( the Gate of Heavenly Peace), is located in the center of Beijing. It was first built in 1417 and named Chengtianmen( the Gate of Heavenly Succession). At the end of the Ming Dynasty, it was seriously damaged by war. When it was rebuilt under the Qing in 1651, it was renamed Tian’anmen, and served as the main entrance to the Imperial City, the administrative and residential quarters for court officials and retainers. The southern sections of the Imperial City wall still stand on both sides of the Gate. The tower at the top of the gate is nine-room wide and five –room deep. According to the Book of Changes, the two numbers nine and five, when combined, symbolize the supreme status of a sovereign.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Tian’anmen was the place where state ceremonies took place. The most important one of them was the issuing of imperial edicts, which followed these steps:

1) The Minister of Rites would receive the edict in Taihedian( Hall of Supreme Harmony), where the Emperor was holding his court. The minister would then carry the decree on a yunpan( tray of cloud), and withdraw from the hall via Taihemen( Gate of supreme Harmony)

2) The Minister would put the tray in a miniature longting( dragon pavilion). Beneath a yellow umbrella and carry it via Wumen( Meridian Gate), to Tian’anmen Gate tower.

3) A courtier would be invested to proclaim the edict. The civil and military officials lining both sides of the gateway beneath the tower would prostrate themselves in the direction of the emperor in waiting for the decree to the proclaimed.

4) The courtier would then put the edict in a phoenix-shaped wooden box and lower it from the tower by means of a silk cord. The document would finally be carried in a similar tray of cloud under a yellow umbrella to the Ministry of Rites.

5) The edict, copied on yellow paper, would be made known to the whole country.

Such a process was historically recorded as “ Imperial Edict Issued by Golden Phoenix”.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties Tian’anmen was the most important passage. It was this gate that the Emperor and his retinue would go through on their way to the altars for ritual and religious activities.

On the Westside of Tian’anmen stands ZhongshanPark( Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Park), and on the east side, the Working People’s Cultural Palave. The Park was formerly called Shejitan( Altar of Land and Grain), built in 1420 for offering sacrificial items to the God of Land. It was opened to the public as a park in 1914 and its name was changed in 1928 to the present one in memory of the great pioneer of the Chinese Democratic Revolution.

The Working People’s Cultural Palace used to be Taimiao( the Supreme Ancestral Temple), where tablets of the deceased dynastic rulers were kept.

The stream in front of Tian’anmen is called Waijinshuihe( Outer Golden River),with seven marble bridges spanning over it . Of these seven bridges,historical records say the middle one was for the exclusive use of the emperor and was accordingly called Yuluqiao( Imperial Bridge). The bridges flanking it on either side were meant for the members of the royal family and were therefore called Wanggongqiao( Royal’s Bridges). Farther away on each side of the two were bridges for officials ranking above the third order and were named Pinjiqiao( ministerial Bridges). The remaining two bridges were for the use by the retinue below the third order and wre called Gongshengqiao( common Bridges). They anr the one in front of the Supreme Ancestral Temple to the east and the one in front of the Altar of land and Grain to the west.

The two stone lions by the Gate of Tian’anmen, one on each side were meant as sentries. They gaze toward the middle axis, guarding the emperor’s walkway. In front of the gate stands a pair of marble columns called Huabiao. They are elaborately cut in bas-relief following the pattern of a legendary dragon. Behind the gate stands another pair of similar columns. The story of Huabiao may be traced to a couple of sources. One of the versions accredits its invention to one of the Chinese sage kings named Yao, who was said to have set up a wooden pillar in order to allow the ordinary people to expose evil-doers, hence it was originally called a slander pillar. Later it ws reduced to a signpost, and now it serves as an ornament.

The beast sitting on the top of the column is called” hou”, a legendary animal, which is said to have been a watcher of an emperor’s behaviour. He was doing such duties as warning the emperor against staying too long outside the palace or indulging in pleasure and urging him to go to the people for their complaints or return in due time. Therefore, the two pairs of beasts were given the names” Wangjunhui”( Expecting the emperor’s coming back) and “ wangjunchu”( Expecting the emperor’s going out) respectinvely.

In the old days, Tian’anmen, as a part of the Imperial City, was meant for important occasions. The two rows of chaofang( antechamber), on the sides behind the main gate, wre reserved for civil and military members of the government waiting for imperial audience and in front of the gate, were offices of imperial administration.

On October 1, 1949, chairman Mao Zedong proclaimed on Tian’anmen Rostrum the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Since then Tian’anmen has been the symbol of New Chinea. Chairman Mao’s portrait is hung above the central entrance, flanked by two slogans:” Long Live the Great Unity of the Peoples of the World”. Today , the splendour of Tian’anmen attracts million of visitors from all over the world. The Rostrum on its top was opened in 1988 to the public for the first time in its history. It offers a panoramic view of the Square and the city proper.

Tian’anmen Square

Situated due south of Tian’anmen, the Square has an area of 44 hectares( 109 acres) that can accommodate as many as one million people for public gatherings. It has witnessed may historical events in China’s modern history and is a place for celebrations on such festive days as international Labour Day on May 1st and national Day on October 1st.

Around the Square are several famous buildings:

1 The Great Hall of the People

This is one of the largest congressional buildings in the world. Built in 1959, the hall consists of three parts: a 10,000-seat auditorium in the center, a banquet hall in the north wing facing Chang’an Street, with a seating capacity of 5,000, and offices for the Standing Committee of the National Peoples’ Congress of China in the south. In addition, thirty-four reception chambers are named after various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly unde the Central Government, plus Hong Kong and Macao. Each is different from the other in decoration and furnishings to stress their local features.

2 The Museum of Chinese History and the Museum of the Chinese Revolution

These two museums were also built in 1959. the museum of Chinese History houses a permanent exhibition in four parts, covering the entire process of Chinese history spanning from 1.7 million years ago to 1919:

1) The Primitive Society( 1.7 million years ago to the 21st century BC);

2) The Slave Society(21st century BC to 476 BC.);

3) The Feudal Society(475 BC. To 1840 AD.);

4) The Semi-Colonial and Semi- Fedual Society(1840 to 1919.)

The Museum of the Chinese Revolution covers the period from 1919 to 1949.

3 The Monument to the People’s Heroes

the monument was built in memory of thousands of martyrs who died for the revolutionary cause of the Chinese people. Its construction began on August 1, 1952 and was not completed until 1958. in the form of an obelisk, the Monument as made of more than 17,000 pieces of tranite and white marble. The purple piece inlaid in the front of the Monument was brought from Qingdao, Shandong Province. It is 38 meters(124ft 8 in) high, the loftiest of its kind ever seen in the country. Not only is it an historic memorial for immortal heroes, but also it is an artistic work of excellent architectural value.

On the front side of the Monument is an engraved inscription in Chinese characters written by Chairman Mao Zedong, which reads” Eternal Glory to the People’s Heroes!”. On the back of the Monument is an article written by Chairman Mao, but in Chinese calligraphy by the late Premier Zhou Enlai.

At the top of the Monument are eight gigantic carved wreathes of such flowers as peony, lotus and chrysanthemum, symbolizing nobility, purity, and fortitude. At the base of the monument are eight marble reliefs depicting the Chinese historic events since 1840. They are:

1) The Burning of Opium in 1840:

2) The uprising of 1851 in Jintian, Guangxi;

3) The Revolution of 1911;

4) The May Fourth Movement of 1919;

5) The May 30th Movement of 1925;

6) The Uprising of 1927 in Nanchang, Jiangxi;

7) The War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945;

8) The Victorious Crossing over the Yangtze River by the Peoples’s Liberation Army in 1949. This relief is flanked by two smaller ones—“ Supplying the Front” and “ Greeting the P.L.A.”.

4 Chairman Mao’s Mausoleum

Chairman Mao Zedong, the founder of the People’s Pepublic of China, passed away on Sepember 9, 1976. In commemoration of this great man, a mausoleum began to be constructed in November 1976, and was completes in August the following year. The Mausoleum was officially opened on September 9, 1977.

The mausoleum is surrounded by four groups of sculpture. East of the northern entrance is the sculpture depicting the period of the New Democratic Revolution( 1919-1949), and west of it is the one signifying the great achievements of the Chinese people during the period of slcialist revolution and construction since 1949. The sculptures in front of the southern gate are figures of workers, peasants soldiers, intellectuals, technicians and children.

Inside the Mausoleum are three main sections: A white marble statue of Chairman Mao is mounted on a platform in the front lobby. On the wall behind the statue is a 24-metre-long( 79-foot-long) tapestry, a fine needlepoint work with beautiful landscapes of the country.

In the main hall there is a crystal coffin, in which Chairman Mao’s body lies stately with the Communist Party’s flag covering over him.

On the wall of the southern lobby, a poem by Chairman Mao and in his own calligraphy is inscribed in gold inlay. It expresses his full great expectations for the country.

Tian’ anmen Square has now completed its renovation after eight months’ hard work to welcome the 50th anniversary of the People’s Republic in 1999.

河源苏家围英文导游词

The Sujiawei Hakka Village Tourism Zone is a must for tourists who are interested in the Hakka culture and customs.

Bordering Dongjiang River in the north and Jiushe River in the south, the village is located in the Heshui Township, 26km away from the city of Heyuan.

Today the village is described as a “picturesque village in south china”, featuring old trees and houses, wild lands, bamboos and fresh air. Also it has a profound cultural history and is said to be the habitat of descendants of Su Shi, who also known as Su Dongpo, a famous Chinese literate in Northern Song Dynasty. Hence All people living in the village now are surnamed “Su”.

It also provides some performances for travelers to get a better known of Hakka culture such as their wedding customs. You can take part in the producing lines of making bean curd, wine or oil; or enjoy yourself in activities like fishing, swimming and boating.

The first spot we encounter is the Yingqing Bridge, where has a panoramic view of Sujiawei. The bridge is a place to welcome all families, relatives and friends.

Here is purple perilla park. The purple perilla can be used as medicine to cure cold, or purple dye or cooking. The origin of this park is as follows: one day one of Su Shi’s offspring passed by this place, he dreamed five old men pointed a big tree and told him it is perilla tree. When he woke up, he found this place is full of perilla, and the environment is quite beautiful, so he thought the old men would like he move the Su clan here. So after he came back, he always mentioned this dream to his late generations. To fulfill his this dream, over 700 years ago, the Su clan moved here and Sujiawei started its story.

From this purple perilla park to Pool lips estate, is gallery of Hakka villages gender culture, which shows the Hakka people’s moral ideas and customs, they think everything has two opposite extremes like negative and positive. In Hakka dialect, have a boy baby is named “tian deng”, the same pronunciation as “add a lantern”. So in Chinese lantern festival, any family which has a new boy baby will hang a big lantern in their ancestors’ shrine.

Later we will visit Sugong Shrine Yongsi Hall, Guanghua hall, Su school and Yi Jiang temple. You may find the Hakka architecture is well preserved here. These ancient buildings are square flat houses with dark blue bricks and roof tiles that belong to the style of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The oldest house, Yongsi Hall, was built in 1481 in memory of Su Dongshan, the eighth-generation descendant of Su Dongpo and as a place for the villagers to worship their ancestors and discuss important affairs.

Now we walk along the Dongjiang river and enjoy the Hakka folk music. At the riverside you see bamboo everywhere. Su Dongpo loved bamboo, he once said “I can eat without meat, but I can not live without bamboo. No meat to eat only makes me thin; but live without bamboo makes me vulgar”!

Walking so long time, are you a bit tired and thirsty? Let’s go to Her Workshops to taste Hakka traditional snacks and tea. There are tea leaf, sesame, peanut, red jujube and longan in the tea. Do you taste them?

Ok, after a break, we go to experience traditional Hakka wedding performance. If you are lucky to be chosen and act as the bridegroom, you will be invited to the stage and join their show.

The village also preserves many slogans printed on the walls during 1950s to 1970s, which are silent witnesses to Chinese modern history.

Do you see the big bamboo hats holding by bamboo sticks in line? It is farm four seasons gallery. On the bamboo hats marked farming planting and harvesting dates and festivals.

Finally we have 15-minutes free activity in the countryside vegetable fields. You may like farmers to pick fruits, vegetables you like in the fields.

唐蕃古道是我国古代历史上一条非常著名的交通大道，也是唐代以来中原内地去往青海、西藏乃至尼泊尔、印度等国的必经之路。它起至陕西西安(即长安)，途经甘肃、青海，至西藏拉萨(即逻些)，全长3千余公里。整个古道横贯中国西部，跨越举世闻名的世界屋脊，联通我国西南的友好邻邦，故亦有丝绸南路之称。

唐蕃古道的大致走向为：从陕西西安市出发，过咸阳，沿丝绸之路东段西行，越陇山，经甘肃天水、陇西、临洮至临夏，在炳灵寺或大河家渡黄河，进入青海民和官亭，经古鄯、乐都、西宁、湟源，登日月山，涉倒淌河，到恰卜恰(公主佛堂)，然后经切吉草原、大河坝、温泉，花石峡、黄河沿，绕扎陵湖、鄂陵湖，翻巴颜喀拉山，过玉树清水河，西渡通天河，到结古巴塘，溯子曲河上至杂多，沿入藏大道，过当曲，越唐古拉山口、至西藏聂荣、那曲，最后到达拉萨。

千百年来，唐蕃古道作为祖国内地通往西南边陲的大道，象是一条情谊缠绵的纽带，联结着藏汉人民友好团结的感情。这段历史可以追溯到汉朝时，因为早在那时，中原通往青海、西藏的大道就已基本形成。到公元七世纪中期，吐蕃首领松赞干布十分敬慕唐王朝的强大兴盛与中原汉族的灿烂文化，为了加强吐蕃与唐王朝的关系，公元634年，松赞干布派使臣前往大唐国都长安，拜见当时大唐皇帝唐太宗(李世民)，并请求联姻和好。公元641年，唐太宗派员专人护送文成公主远嫁吐蕃。文成公主沿唐蕃古道进藏途中，不仅播下了汉藏友好的种子，也揭开了唐蕃古道历史上非常重要而又影响深远的第一页。之后，公元720xx年，唐中宗景龙三年，应吐蕃之请，唐王朝又将金城公主嫁往吐蕃，从而有成为唐蕃古道上的又一桩盛事。此后，唐朝与吐蕃间使臣不断，贸易往来十分频繁。唐蕃古道迅速兴盛起来，并很快成为一条站驿相连、使臣仆仆、商贾云集的交通大道的。至今在古道经过的许多地方，仍然矗立着人们曾经修建的驿站、城池、村舍和古寺，遗留着人们世代创造的灿烂的文化遗存，传颂着数不清的反映藏汉人民友好往来的动人佳话。

唐蕃古道就是唐朝和吐蕃之间的交通大道，是我国古代历史上一条非常著名的道路，也是唐代以来中原内地去往青海、西藏乃至尼泊尔、印度等国的必经之路。著名的文成公主远嫁吐蕃王松赞干布走的就是这条大道。它的形成和畅通至今已有1300多年的历史。

公元七世纪初，在祖国中原地区，李世民父子创立李唐王朝。几乎与此同时，吐蕃王国在赞普松赞干布的率领下也迅速崛起，统一了西藏地区的许多部落，建立了强大的奴隶主专制政权，进而向北扩张，最后于公元663年攻灭吐谷浑，从而与唐王朝接界，互为邻壤。唐太宗贞观八年(公元634年)，松赞干布派使臣前往唐朝首都长安，拜见唐太宗，并请求联姻和好。唐太宗也派出使臣前往吐蕃回访，但未答应联姻。公元640年，松赞干布再次派大相(宰相)禄东赞携带金、白银及其他珠宝数百件，前往长安求婚，唐太宗审时度势，答应将自己的宗室女儿文成公主嫁给松赞干布。公元641年，唐太宗派江夏王李道宗作为国舅，专程护送文成公主远嫁吐蕃，双方结为甥舅之邦，揭开了唐蕃友好历史的新篇章。在此以后的220xx年中，双方虽然也曾发生过误会、摩擦甚至一时失和的情况，但和睦相处、友好往来却一直是唐蕃双方关系的主流。从吐蕃首次遣使来唐到两个王朝覆灭前夕，有据可查的使者往来就达19多次，可见双方关系的密切和频繁往来的情况。因此可以说这条古道的重大意义绝不仅仅限于道路本身，而在于当时乃至以后的漫长历史岁月里，它起着维系唐蕃甥舅情谊、加深和强化藏汉两大兄弟民族友好的重要桥梁和纽带的作用。

文成公主受父皇之命，带着大批卫队、侍女、工匠、艺人和大量绸缎、典籍、医书、粮食等嫁妆，从长安迤逦西行，经甘肃，到青海，过日月山，经大河坝，到达黄河源头。为了保障公主一路顺风，唐太宗命沿途官府修路架桥，造船制筏，建筑佛堂，开辟通道。松赞干布则亲自率领满朝官员与大队人马迎亲于柏海(即今扎陵湖和鄂陵湖)，并在此举行欢迎仪式。然后，松赞干布与文成公主结伴而行，前往逻些完婚。文成公主进藏途中不仅播撒下了汉藏友好的种子，也留下了众多的胜迹与美好的传说。文成公主远嫁吐蕃，不仅揭开了唐蕃古道历史上非常重要而又影响深远的第一页，而且作为唐朝与吐蕃之间的重大事件而载入史册。公元720xx年，即唐中宗景龙三年，应吐蕃之请，唐王朝又将金城公主许配给了赞普赤迭袒赞。金城公主又沿着文成公主进藏的道路嫁往吐蕃，成为唐蕃古道上的又一桩盛事。从文成公主嫁往吐蕃起，唐朝与吐蕃之间使臣不断，贸易往来十分频繁。唐蕃古道正是在这种情况下逐渐开辟、迅速兴盛起来，并且很快成为一条站驿相连、使臣仆仆、商贾云集的交通大道的。

唐蕃古道西段山高路险，气候严酷，至今仍然是人烟稀少的牧业地带。时至今日，在现代条件下，以车马代步，走起来也还是比较艰辛的事情。人们不难想见，当日文成公主进藏、使节商旅往来长途跋涉的困苦情景。

内蒙古自治区位于北纬37°30′至53°20′，东经97°10′至126°02′，全区面积118.3万平方公里，她东起茫茫的兴安岭,西至阿拉善戈壁,地跨东北、华北、西北，毗邻八省区，接壤俄罗斯、蒙古国。在这片辽阔的土地上,有茂密的森林、丰美的草场、肥沃的农田、广阔的水面、众多的野生动植物和无穷的地下宝藏，素有"东林西铁、南粮北牧、遍地矿藏"的美称。

内蒙古自治区是一个多民族聚居的地区，目前有49个民族居住在这块土地上。到1996年末，全区共有人口2306.55万人，其中蒙古族377万人，汉族1760多万人，其少数民族90多万人。

内蒙古自治区现设有呼和浩特、包头、乌海、赤峰4个省辖市和呼伦贝尔、兴 安、哲里木、锡林郭 勒、乌兰察布、伊克昭、巴彦淖尔、阿拉善等8个盟，下设101个旗、县、市、区、(4个旗、17个县、14个市、16个市辖区)，其中包括鄂伦春、鄂温克、莫力达瓦达斡尔3个少数民族自治旗。内蒙古地域辽阔，资源丰富，农牧林业是内蒙古最大的资源优势，人均耕地、草场面积、森林面积均居全国第一。

“蒙古”是蒙古族的自称。原为蒙古诸部落中的一个部落的名称，后来随着历史的发展和演变逐渐成为这些部落的共同名称。据文献记载，蒙古族属于东胡系，是由室韦部落的一支发展而来的。大约在公元7世纪以前蒙古族就居住在额尔古纳河一带，后来西迁到了鄂嫩河上游不尔罕山(大肯特山)和克鲁伦河一 带。在我国唐代史籍中称为“蒙瓦”，《辽史》中称为“萌古”。公元13世纪初，成吉思汗统一蒙古诸部 后，逐渐融合为一个新的民族共同体，“蒙古”也就由原来一个部落的名称变成为民族名称。在汉文史籍中就统称他们为“蒙古”。

说起内蒙古的美丽，没有领略过它的风光的人大概很难想象。且不说那雄伟的大青山，巍巍贺兰山，滔滔黄河水;也不说那莽莽苍苍的林海，烟波浩淼的湖泊，浩瀚无垠的沙漠奇观;只看看那无边无际的草原的景色，就足以让你感叹不已，留恋往忘返了。如果你在夏天来到草原，展现在你面前的将是一泻千里的绿 野。那平地是绿的，溪水是绿的，线条柔美的小丘也是绿的，到处翠色横流，直至遥远的天边。在那苍翠欲滴的绿野上，间或点缀着一些野花，姹紫嫣红，把千里草原打扮得更加迷人。而那星星点点散布在草原上的雪白的蒙古包升起的缕缕炊烟，彩云般流动着的马群、羊群，牛群，远处飘来的牧羊姑娘的阵阵歌声，又给这幅美丽的画面增添了无限的生机。放眼远眺，天空是那么蔚蓝，那么高远，大地是那么碧绿，那么壮阔。

天津旅游景点导游词范文

天津位于华北平原海河五大支流汇流处，东临渤海，北依燕山，海河在城中蜿蜒而过，海河是天津的母亲河。今天第一范文网小编为大家带来天津旅游景点导游词范文，希望对你有所帮助。

天津旅游景点导游词范文

各位游客大家好!

欢迎您来到美丽的渤海之滨天津，我是旅行社的，大家可以叫我小*，这位，是我们的司机*师傅，这两天就由我们陪您度过，您在旅行过程中有什么需要，我将竭诚为您服务，朋友们，我先向大家介绍一下今天的行程，首先，我们乘车游览天津博物馆、五大道、利顺德大饭店，乘船游览海河，古文化街，然后前往马可波罗广场，意大利风情区，而后参观梁启超故居和意大利兵营车现在行驶的位置是梅江居住区，它位于天津市南部友谊路的延长线上，是天津市政府统一招标建设的大型安居居住区。

现在我们行驶是这条路就是友谊路了，这条路是天津市政府迎宾的主干道，北起马场道，南至黑牛城道，比邻快速路，全长3.5公里。

现在我们看到的是气势雄伟的天津博物馆，它坐落在银河广场上，从外形上看酷似从湖面振翅欲飞的白天鹅，总体造型简介流畅、极富时代感和艺术性。天津博物馆是国家一级博物馆，是在原天津历史博物馆和天津艺术博物馆基础之上组建成的，是展示中国古代艺术和天津历史发展大型的综合性博物馆，这里馆藏各类文物20余万件，其中，一级文物近千件，北宋时期著名山水画《雪景寒林图》为北宋“山水画三大家”之一范宽的传世真迹，还有堪称国之瑰宝的西周太保鼎也收藏于此，相信天津博物馆将呈现给您中国艺术的璀璨殿堂。

车行驶的右方是水晶宫大饭店，是著名华裔设计师吴乡设计的四星级酒店。

下面我们游览的是五大道，它坐落于天津市和平区，共有22条道路，五大道原为英国租界，这里有20xx余所风格不同的花园式洋房，说是五大道，实为六条道，它们是：马场道、睦南道、大理道、常德道、重庆道、成都道，而非五条，但流传久了，俗称成了一种官称，而今五大道成为了天津小洋楼的代名词。

我们现在行驶的这条就是马场道了，它是五大道中最长的一条道路，全长3516米，因通往英租界跑马场而得名，这里曾是近代天津大官显贵云集交错往返的一条繁华道路，这里还云集了许多名人故居，大家请看这座正面有大时钟的法国罗曼式风格建筑的就是著名的天津外国语学院了，它建于上世纪20xx年代，校园内的建筑均为法式建筑。

现在我们拐上的就是河北路了，大家往右前方看，这座具有非常浓郁的意大利风情的4层小洋楼就是粤唯鲜酒楼了，俗称“疙瘩”楼，内部装修极为考究，特别是收藏了清道光年间的圣旨、各种石雕、古代兵器，有上至春秋下至民国的近4000件文物，被誉为“能吃的博物馆”，更令人叫绝的是，该房305房间曾是著名京剧大师马连良的旧居。

前面的这条道就是泰安道了，它是我们天津的又一迎宾主干道，这座希腊古典复兴式的建筑就是天津市委所在地，这里是原开滦矿务局大楼。这边是原北洋军阀孙传芳的故居，现在是计生委的办公地点。

大家请看我们正前方的这座饭店就是利顺德大饭店了，它始建于1863年，是由英国牧师殷森德出资修建的，故而得名，但是，还有一种说法是取自儒家孟子志士名言“理顺以德”而得名，店内文物不胜枚举，因此，1996年被国务院列为全国重点文物保护单位。

天津旅游景点导游词模板

各位朋友：

大家好!欢迎诸位来天津古文化街参观游览。1985年建成的古文化街为天津城市增添了几许异彩，以其特有的“中国味”、“天津味”、“古味”、“文化味”吸引着来自远来的异乡游客。

这条街上有一座享誉几百年的古庙，它原名“天妃宫”，后该称“天后宫”。天津东临渤海，背倚京城，自古就是舟车汇集的水陆交通枢纽。天后宫就是在漕运大发展的情况下，为庇佑漕运建立起的祭祀海神天后的庙宇。

天后宫始建于元朝泰定三年，公元1320xx年，坐东朝西，是天津市区目前最古老的建筑。

天后宫，从东到西，由戏楼、幡杆、山门、楼牌、前殿、正殿、藏经阁、启圣祠，以及分列南北的钟鼓楼、张仙阁和配殿等建筑组成。

幡杆，在天后宫门前。据说，幡杆初立时，一方面挂灯，为往来三岔河口的漕船导航，另一方面则作为天后宫的陪衬物，使整个建筑群显得错落有致，气势不凡。后来，幡杆在农历每月初一、十五进香日及庙会期间，专门悬挂天后封号长幡。

山门是砖木混合结构组成。门额是用整砖雕刻“敕建天后宫”，这个山门是清朝乾隆年间增建的。

进得山门，迎面是木结构的两柱--楼式牌楼。牌楼是元、明时代天妃宫前的标志。“护国庇民”意思是“上以护国家，下以庇民生。”

在牌楼两侧的，北边是鼓楼，右边是钟楼。

过牌楼，就是前殿。前殿是天妃宫最早的山门，供奉护法神王灵官和人称“四大金刚”的“千里眼”、“顺风耳”、“加善”、“加恶”。

越过前殿，就是天后宫的主体建筑正殿，正殿是敬奉天后娘娘的地方，天后娘娘中局佛龛，身披霞披，头戴凤冠，四位侍女捧印、抱瓶、打扇恭立两旁。

穿正殿，即为藏经阁。藏经阁是砖、木结构的二层楼阁。现为民俗博物馆展厅。

在藏经阁的后面，过甬路，为启圣祠，即后殿。

昔日，天后宫供奉主神，当然是天后娘娘。但是，由于历史的原因，天后宫在漫长的岁月里，形成了佛道混杂，百神聚集的复杂情况。南北配殿供奉王三奶奶、挑水哥哥、送药天师、白老太太、龙王、药王诸神。

现在的天后宫内两侧厢房陈列有介绍天津城、天后宫及皇会的兴起和变迁，陈列明代天津城砖、清代漕运模型及各种民俗造型(婚礼仪仗、服饰等)、清代水机等文物。

综观天后宫的建筑，经历了各个时期的重修、大修及重建阶段，形成了其特有的风格。

天津旅游景点导游词内容

大家好!首先，我代表天津中国旅行社欢迎大家参加本次旅游活动。我叫王，是本车的导游员，大家叫我小王就可以了，这位是经验丰富的驾驶员李师傅。俗话说：千年修的同船渡。今天应该是千年修的同车行。我们一定会为大家提供优质的服务，如果大家有什么要求，请尽管提出来，不要客气，我们一定会尽量满足你的要求。最后望大家能够在天津度过一段美好的时光。

各位游客朋友，现在我们经过的是天津的解放桥，河下流躺着被天津人民誉为的母亲之河的——海河。经市政府斥巨资，海河以成为贯穿市区的一条独具特色的风光游览线，沽水流霞、龙潭浮翠。您可以乘坐豪华游轮，领略海河沿岸风光。

各位游客朋友，我们现在来到的就是鼓楼步行街。提醒大家的是：要注意安全，管理好您的财务，记住我们的游览车为白色客车，车号为津234119，您只需记后三位倒过来911即可。四点钟整我在停车处恭候大家。

它位于天津老城厢繁华商业区，整个截取呈现优雅的明清建筑风格，是集旅游、文化、休闲、娱乐、购物于一体的大型旅游商贸步行街，20xx年9月开放，被评为“津门世纪景”。

老城厢就是由西马路、东马路、北马路、南马路围合而成的区域，是天津的发源地和历史上政治军事经济文化的中心。现在的天津城就是由此逐步拓展发展而来的。这座城当时东西长，南北短，形如算盘，所以人称“算盘城”。它设四个城门，分别以镇东、安西、定南、供北命名。1920xx年八国联军入侵时，城墙被拆除，在原址修成东南西北马路，设商店形成商业街道。

鼓楼是商业街的中心，原鼓楼位于旧城的中央。建于明代弘治年间，鼓楼其实没有鼓，实际是钟楼。楼高三层，底层是一座方台，台上有两层楼：第一层供奉观音，天后圣母，关羽和张飞;第二层有一口重三百多斤的大铁重，每日早晚各敲54下，提醒市民的作息时间，因此鼓楼被称为天津卫的三宗宝之首(鼓楼 炮台 铃铛阁)。1950年因街道拓宽而拆除，现在我们看到的鼓楼是20xx年市政府巨资重建的。设计为砖墙木楼形式，木楼外形为明清形式，设飞檐及斗拱，重檐歇山屋顶，脊上飞檐走兽。

依托鼓楼有三条步行街，鼓楼北街又称“古董珠宝街”，历史上就以经营珠宝著称，现在北街将传统文化与现代艺术融合，加之仿清风格建筑，给人以美丽视觉享受。鼓楼南街又称“东方不夜城”，他开创了天津商业街新概念，成为市民8小时之外的最佳去处。鼓楼东街又称精品购物街，“女人街”为了最大限度满足人们求新求异的消费心理，在此开设了“精品服饰区”，“休闲服饰区”等。东街还成立了天津市第一家超大规模的“旅游超市”，它可让市民从有出门的意向开始，到踏上行程，甚至出境游等一系列相关事宜轻松即可办理。

领略完步行街的风采，我们将前往广东会馆。广东会馆始建于清光绪年间，主要提倡者为天津海关道唐绍仪。明清时期，河海运输的发展为长途贩运提供了良好的商机，广东福建的商贾开始向内地和海外发展。1920xx年广东人创建了广东会馆，他建馆以来对促进南北经济的沟通起了重要作用，如广东的土产、木材、药、酒、香料等源源不断涌入天津。

我们从分界洲岛的名字可以知道，这个岛属于分界线，那么，具体是什么的分界线呢?让我来一一为大家讲解。 分界洲岛的“三分天下” 气候之分：分界洲岛位于海南省陵水与万宁交界的海中，是牛岭向南海延伸塌陷地段。据说，整个牛岭是五指山山脉的延续，这是由于亿万年前，大陆板块的挤压所形成的。分界洲岛是牛岭的下部分，后来冰川期，海水的浸入，淹没了较低的部分，切断了分界洲岛与牛岭的联系，从而形成了现在的样子。虽说整个海南岛都处于热带，但是由于北面以平原地地型为多，南面以山地为多，这样来自南边的暖气流受到东西走向山脉的阴隔，导致山体迎坡(南面)和背面坡(北面)的气候出现差异，以致这座小小的山岭对海南岛东南的气候也产生了影响。也正因为这样，站在分界洲岛上，经常就可以看到牛岭“牛头下雨，牛尾睛”的奇观。 行政区域之分，这里是万宁市与陵水县行政区域的分界岭，岭北为万宁市，岭南是陵水黎苗族自治县，两个县市的分界碑就在这山岭上。 人文分界，分界岭连接着中部的五指山山脉和西部的鹦哥岭，构成了一条东西纵横山脉分隔了海南岛南北，自然的分界也成为古代海南人文分界，也就是汉族、黎族聚集程度的分界，岭南主要聚居黎族，岭北主要以汉族为主。所以不要小看了这个小小山岭以及这小小岛屿，竟可以如此“三分天下”呢。 分界洲岛的传说 分界洲岛由寿龟湾、福龟湾两个海滩组成。现在的龟寿湾是游人们喜爱的海滨浴场，各位走在这绵软的沙滩上是否感觉象是踩在了鸟的羽毛上一般呢?没错这就是着名的“平沙落雁”，相传就是飞经此地的海鸟们为帮助前来此地产卵的海龟而用羽毛混以细沙铺成的，这样海龟宝宝们就能顺利出生在既温暖又柔软的沙滩上了。那么，海鸟们为什么要帮助海龟呢?而海龟们又为什么要在这里产卵了，周围都是坚硬的岩石，并不适合生育下一代呀?而且从上岛以来我们就见到了好多形态各异的海龟雕塑，尤其还有一只小海龟破壳而出的石雕非常生动可爱，难道这小岛与海龟之间有着什么样不解的渊源吗?这与我下面为大家讲的一个故事有关。 传说在很久很久以前，这里久旱无雨，河水都干涸了，稻田也都旱死了，唯一可以引用的水井又被当地的恶霸占据，并用以高价售水敲诈勒索，生灵涂炭，百姓民不聊生。南海龙宫中一只负责巡海的老仙龟知道了这件事后，心中很不安宁，便瞒着南海龙王，带上自己的龟子龟孙，来到这里，假传龙王的口谕，扣开天门，降下雨水，并帮助当地黎民百姓挖井掘泉，开沟筑渠，灌溉禾田，供给饮水，使老百姓终于度过了难关，开始新的生活。 但是，恶霸岂能善罢甘休，他们毁坏沟渠，结果沟渠变得凶猛把前来破坏的狗腿子一个个淹死;他们想霸占新挖的水井，结果他们一靠近水井就冒着黑烟发着恶臭，恶霸们只好败兴而去。当老百姓来但井边时，井水就依然清甜沁心，从此百姓们过上了幸福的生活，百姓们都非常感谢这口充满灵性的井水。久而久之，人们就把这个地方叫成了“灵水”。后来才改名为现在的名字“陵水”。 而那只善良正义的老仙龟，为了当地百姓的长治久安，风调雨顺，便决定留在这里，驻足在山坡上，日夜守护着这里，直到年老寿终，便化成了一块巨大的龟形巨石。还有更神奇的呢?据说当年老仙龟的子孙们为了不引起龙王的注意，它们决定在这里产卵孵化，所以就有我们先前看到的“平沙落雁”。这件善事最终被玉帝知道了，玉帝深受感动，于是下令，凡是在这里出生成长的海龟，寿命一律延长500岁，由原先的100岁，变成了600岁。同时这里的海赐名为“福海”，岛上的山岭为“寿山”。 至此以后，南海里的许多的动物都纷纷游到这里来产卵繁殖，希望沾点瑞气，借点吉祥;听当地人每年的八月十五中秋节前后，果然会有大量的海龟来到这里产卵，这里沙滩柔软，温度适宜，产卵的成活率很高，而东海、北海的海龟听说了消息后也不远千里万里来这里产卵，希望自己的子孙们也能得以长寿，真像现代人想尽千方百计地去国外生孩子，希望自己的孩子一生下来就成“小洋人”。

滕王阁，江南三大名楼之一。位于中国江西省南昌市赣江畔。屡毁屡建，今日之滕王阁为1989年重建，与古貌相比更为气派。

滕王阁座落于南昌市西北，赣江东岸。始建于唐永徽四年。为当时任洪州都督的唐高祖李渊之子李元婴所建。据记载，李元婴于永徽三年迁任苏州刺史，调任洪州都督时建此阁以为别居。由于李元婴封号为“滕王”，故名滕王阁。20多年后，当时的洪州都督阎公首次重修。竣工后，阎公聚集文人雅士作文记事，途经于此的王勃就是于此时写下了其代表名篇《滕王阁序》。并由此令滕王阁名扬四海。韩愈在《新修滕王阁记》中赞道：“愈少时则闻江南多临观之美，而滕王阁独为第一，有‘瑰伟绝特’之称。”清代诗人尚镕《忆滕王阁》诗云：“天下好山水，必有楼台收。山水与楼台，又须文字留。”

后来历经宋、元、明、清，滕王阁历次兴废，先后修葺达28次之多，唐代五次、宋代1次、元代2次、明代7次、清代13次，建筑规制也多有变化。上元二年(675年)洪州都督阎公重修此阁，王勃写成《秋日登洪府滕王阁饯别序》;贞元六年(790年)和元和十五年(820xx年)，御史中丞洪都观察使王仲舒两次重修，韩愈为之作《重修滕王阁记》。宣宗大中二年(848年)夏，滕王阁毁于大火，江西观察使纥干于次日在原址上重建，同年八月竣工。宋朝大观二年(1120xx年)，江西洪州知府范坦重建滕王阁，丞相范致虚为之作《重建滕王阁记》曰：阁“崇三十有八尺，广旧基四十尺，增高十之一。南北因城以为庑，夹以二亭：南溯大江之雄曰‘压江’，北擅西山之秀曰‘挹翠’。”元代姚遂《新修滕王阁记》称宋阁“其基城为阁……大抵非唐屋矣”

元代滕王阁几经战乱而破败不堪，至元三十一年(1294年)，第一次重修滕王阁，阁高五丈六尺。元统二年(1334年)江南行台御史大夫塔夫帖木儿游登滕王阁，下令重修，第二年七月竣工。明代洪武初年(1368年)朱元璋击败陈友谅，在滕王阁上大宴文武群臣，正统初年，江西布政使吴润重建，改阁名“迎恩馆”。景泰三年(1452年)，都御史韩雍巡抚江西，重建之，“堂高逾二十尺，而楼又逾其半，宏深富丽，……”;成化二年(1466年)，布政使翁世资重建“西江第一楼”，同年十月落成，工部尚书谢一夔作《重修滕王阁记》。正德十四年(1520xx年)滕王阁亦毁于宁王朱宸濠兵乱。嘉靖五年(1520xx年)，都御史陈洪谟重建，次年二月落成，吏部尚书罗钦顺撰《重建滕王阁记》曰：“阁凡七间，高四十有二尺，视旧有加。”;万历二十七年(1599年)，江西巡抚王佐重修。万历四十四年(1620xx年)又一次毁于火，江西左布政使王在晋、大中丞王佐发起募资重建，再由王在晋撰《重建滕王阁碑记》，捐款人“皆得列名于右”。崇祯六年(1633年)江西巡抚解石帆捐款重修滕王阁，由邹维琏撰《重造滕王阁记》。

清代顺治五年(1648年)清军围攻南昌，滕王阁付之一炬，十一年(1654年)，由巡抚蔡士英重建，康熙十八年(1679年)，滕王阁毁于大火，由安世鼎重建之;康熙二十四年(1685年)，阁又遭火焚，由中丞宋荦重建。康熙四十一年(1720xx年)，阁又大火，江西巡抚张志栋重建滕王阁落成，立即飞奏朝廷，康熙大喜，亲书董其昌之《滕王阁序》以赠。康熙四十五年(1720xx年)又被大火烧毁，惟“御碑亭”幸存，巡抚郎廷极随即重建。雍正九年(1731年)阁毁于火，乾隆元年(1736年)，由江西总督赵-、巡抚俞兆岳重建。乾隆五十四年(1789年)江西巡抚何裕成重建;嘉庆年间，滕王阁年久失修，江西巡抚秦承恩、江西巡抚先福先后重修。道光二十七年(1847年)，阁遭火毁，不久修复;道光二十八年，阁又遭火毁，江西巡抚傅绳勋重建。咸丰三年(1853年)四月，太平天国翼王石达开奉命出镇安庆，赖汉英、胡以晃率军进攻南昌，围城三月，清军方面由安徽巡抚江忠源稳守南昌，把总李光宽被太平军乱枪轰毙，滕王阁烧成为一片灰烬。同治十一年(1872年)，江西巡抚刘坤一主持集资重建。光绪末年(1920xx年)，阁又遭火焚，于宣统元年(1920xx年)重建，此时清廷内外交困，民穷财尽，修阁规模大不如前。1920xx年滕王阁再度毁于军阀混战，赣军师长岳思寅下令火烧南昌城外，大火延烧三日，街巷尽成焦土。1920xx年纵火者张风歧、岳思寅等被处以死刑。此后50多年里一直没有重修。

现在的滕王阁是1985年按照梁思成绘制的《重建滕王阁计划草图》重建，于1989年10月8日建成。成为南昌市的标志性建筑之一。新楼为仿宋朝木结构样式，净高57.5米，共九层，采用宋朝楼阁“明三暗七”格式。其中明层皆有回廊可俯瞰赣江景色。楼体为钢筋混凝土建成，南北有回廊连接着“压江”、“挹翠”两个辅亭。建筑面积13000多平方米。

滕王阁主体下部为象征古城墙的高台阁座，高12米。主楼入口处为毛泽东书“落霞与孤鹜齐飞，秋水共长天一色”的不锈钢楹联。西大厅内有铜制1:25的滕王阁模型。二楼有一副长卷丙烯壁画《人杰图──江西历代名图卷》，描绘了历史上自先秦至清朝末年的八十位江西籍名人如陶渊明、徐孺子、曾巩、欧阳修、王安石、汤显祖等。画高2.55米，长43.9米。

山西是中华文明的发祥地之一,悠久的历史留下众多的文化遗产,博大丰厚,无论种类、数量还是品位均居全国前列,现已公布的各级文物保护单位近万处。下面是第一范文网为大家带来的山西著名景点导游词，希望可以帮助大家。

山西著名景点导游词范文1：太谷县

太谷县位于山西省中部，地处晋中盆地，始建与西汉，历史悠久，文化商贸发达，是文明遐迩的晋商发祥地之一，是盛唐诗人白居易的祖籍，近代名人孔祥熙的出生地。久负盛名的清宫圣药“龟龄集”和“定坤丹”出产于太谷。明末清初，太谷达官富贵云集，因资本一度集中而成为山西的金融、商业中心，固有“旱码头”、“小北京”之称。

太谷县总面积1033.6平方公里，总人口27万人，其中耕地面积45万亩，农业人口21万人。太谷县属暖温带大陆性气候，年平均气温9.8摄氏度，无霜期175天，降雨量462.9毫米，地下水资源可开采量9600立方米。农业基础条件好。因盛产粮、棉、油、果、菜、肉、蛋、奶而著称三晋，是山西省的商品粮基地县，农业高新技术产业师范区，全国的瘦肉型猪基地。太谷拥有各类工业企业20__余家，目前已形成玛钢铸造加工、精细化工、农机、建材、农副产品加工、制药、纺织、运输等主导产业。

第三产业、城乡基础建设以及社会各项事业蓬勃发展，城乡人民生活水平稳步提高。太谷县农副产品资源十分丰富，四十五亩粮田，适宜北方各种农作物生长，而且是全国八个最适宜种植优质酿酒葡萄的区域之一。近年来，除了稳定以小麦、玉米为主的粮田面积外，大力发展蔬菜、林果、色素、酿酒葡萄等特色经济作物。其中年产小麦0.6亿公斤，玉米0.5亿公斤;蔬菜种植9万亩，总产量3.2亿攻击;红枣、核桃产量1.4亿公斤;水果产量1.2亿公斤;色素种植年加工菊花和辣椒0.3亿公斤;法国葡萄拈阄葡萄种植3000亩;畜牧业方面已形成规模养殖小区206个，虎年饲养量38万头，虎年饲养量300万只，产蛋3700万公斤。

通讯十分方便。城内程控交换机容量10000门，农村交换机容量5000门。人均拥有电话量名列全省前茅。无线寻呼机和移动电话畅通，实现了全国联网漫游。科技、文化、医疗卫生发达。本世纪初孔祥熙就在太谷创办了铭贤学校，目前县境内还有“一大三专”，即山西农业大学和太谷师范学校，晋中卫校、山西交通技工学校等三所中等专业学校，县内还驻有山西果树研究所、山西生物制药厂、兵器工业部753厂，航天工业部513所等研究单位和军工企业，为我县增添了浓厚的科技文化氛围。

医疗卫生方面，县内有山西省精神病院、晋中二院、人民医院、中医院、职工医院等较强的理疗体系。本县工业已初步形成玛钢、农机、化工、建材、食品五大支柱产业，其中玛钢管件年产量占全国三分之一，中华精品飞象牌农用车、“远”字牌龟龄集和定坤丹、糖醛、树脂、顺酐、硫酸、水泥、铁锹、药用曲颈安瓶及乳制品、电力金具、纸面石膏板等名优产品在国内国际市场享有教高声誉。农业基础交好，规模种植、养殖、林果业发展迅速，成为远近闻名的瓜、果、菜、肉、蛋、奶之乡和农副产品基地。同时，商业兴盛，市场日益繁荣。

望天树(学名:Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie.)，别名擎天树，大乔木，高40-60米，胸径60-150厘米;树皮灰色或棕褐色，树干上部的为浅纵裂，草包下部呈块状剥落。幼枝被鳞片状的茸毛，具圆形皮孔。叶革质，椭圆形或椭圆状披针形。

望天树木材坚硬、耐用、耐腐性强，不易受虫蛀;材色褐黄色，无特殊气味，纹理直，结构均匀，加工容易，刨切面光滑，花纹美观，为制造各种家具的高级用材。

1975年，中国云南省林业考察队在西双版纳的森林中发现。该属共11名成员，大多分布在东南亚2B一带，望天树是只有在中国云南才生长的特产珍稀树种，只分布在西双版纳的补蚌和广纳里新寨至景飘一带的20平方公里范围内。

在距勐腊20公里补蛙原始湿润雨林内，生长着40-70多米高的望天树，架设在望天树上的"空中走廊"，全长2.5公里，它把公路两旁的原始森林连接起来，可在广阔的视野上尽情地领略热带雨林的风光。沿着密林中的溪流，钻入幽深沟谷，还可观赏热带植物群落，森林里还生存着野象、野牛、长臂猿等动物30多种;生长着竹柏、石梓、苏铁 、云南鸡毛松、西双版纳团花树等十多种珍贵树木，并有珍贵药用植物马前子、美橙木，花叶龙血树等30多种。

如果说望天树只是长得高，那当然不见得有那么珍贵，当然也无指望被列为国家一级保护植物了。它的名贵还在于它是龙脑香科植物，是热带雨林中的一个优势科。在东南亚，这个科的植物是热带雨林的代表树种之一，是热带雨林的重要标志之一。过去某些外国学者曾断言"中国十分缺乏龙脑香科植物"、"中国没有热带雨林"。然而，望天树的发现，不仅使得这些结论被彻底推翻，而且还证实了中国存在真正意义上的热带雨林。

1986年10月，世界野生生物基金会会长、英国爱丁堡公爵、菲得普亲王参观了西双版纳热带植物园，并亲手种植了一株望天树。如今，这株望天树已枝繁叶茂，亭亭如盖矣。

位于泉州市北郊3公里处,包括清源山、灵山圣墓、九日山三个景区，总面积62平方公里。景区文物荟萃，风景秀丽，有"闽海蓬莱第一山"之称。主要景点有：老君岩，高5.63米，宽8.1米，厚6.85米，为我国宋代石刻艺术代表作之一，属国内罕见的大型道教石像;有宋代石雕释迦牟尼坐像及千手千眼观音坐像的千瑞寺;有米芾手迹的"第一山"石碑;有弘一法师舍利塔的千手岩;有附于峭壁的药师、释迦、弥陀三世石像及巨幅"寿"字摩崖石刻的碧霄岩、瑞像岩;有泉从石窍流出，称为"第一洞天"的清源洞等。

山西地处黄河流域的中于地带，是中华民族古代文明和灿烂文化的主要发祥地。早在远古时代，中华民族祖先就在此劳作、生息和繁衍。相传，华夏民族的开山始祖黄帝、炎帝曾于此活动;中国史前的三位伟人尧、舜、禹也都先后在山西建都立业。山西名胜古迹甚多，现有国家级和省级文物保护单位上千处，石窟、佛寺及艺术雕刻遍布全省，辽金以前的地上木构建筑占全国的72%以上，国家级重点文物保护单位119处，居全国首位。全国仅有的四座唐代木构建筑。其中有3座在山西，总之，山西有“中国古代文化艺术宝库”之称。经过多年的开发建设，大同云冈石窟、应县木塔、五台山风景名胜区、恒山风景名胜区、晋祠风景名胜区、平遥古城、晋商大院文化旅游区、关帝庙、永乐宫、普救寺等旅游资源的产品已蜚声海内外。特别是平遥古城、云风石窟，已先后被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。

山西不仅文物古迹多，自然风光也十分壮美。山西境内有国家级和省级风景名胜区11个，其中国家级的有五台山、恒山、壶口、北武当山、五老峰等5个;国家级与省级的自然保护区11个;国家级和省级森林公园27个。黄河流经山西965公里，在壶口、龙门、孟门等河段形成了独特的景观，成为中外游客向往的去处。近年来陵川王蟒岭、锡崖沟、壶关太行大峡谷、宁武芦芽山、黎城黄崖洞、介休绵山、盂县藏山、阳城蟒河、沁水历山等得到初步开发;同时，各地兴办旅游的积极性高涨，旅游资源的开发全面开展，取得了较好的效果。目前，山西省对外开放的主要旅游区有大同、五台山、太原、临汾、运城、晋东南，全省仅年接待5万人以上的旅游景区、景点就达100多处。改革开放20_年来，山西旅游业发展的基础条件已有很大的改善，省内道路畅通，通讯便利，环境卫生发生了深刻变化，接待服务条件可以满足需求。

在新的世纪，山西经精心策划包装，推出了三大旅游区，即，以大同云冈石窟、佛教胜地五台山为主的晋北佛教文化旅游区;以平遥古城和乔家、渠家、王家、曹家等四大院为主的晋中晋商民俗文化旅游区;以黄河壶口瀑布、运城解州关帝庙为主的晋南黄河根祖文化旅游区。

今天，我和爸爸、妈妈一起去个园玩。

我们一走进大门，就看见满眼的翠竹，一条弯弯曲曲的小路伸进竹林，我们沿着小路走到了一个亭子，亭子边有一个池塘，池塘里有许多许多的金鱼，一条条非常可爱。我看见有几个人在那里喂鱼，我也想喂，我和妈妈去买了几包鱼食，就连忙跑到爸爸为我早已选好的一块在树荫下靠近池边的石头上。开始，我只是捏了一两颗鱼食扔到水里，可惜只有一两条游过来吃，我索性抓了一把扔下去，这时，好多的鱼都游了过来，有红的、黄的、白的、还有花的，它们都争先恐后的来抢鱼食吃，一边吃一边嘴里还发出“吧嗒、吧嗒”的声音，有的还跳出了水面，好像鲤鱼跳龙门一样，不一会儿，一袋鱼食便全喂完了，我一包接一包地喂，直到全喂完了，成群的鱼儿还是围在我的身边转来转去，久久才散去……

接着我们又游玩了其它的一些景点，给我印象最深的还是竹子。个园里的竹子种类可真多：有龟甲竹、罗汉竹、黄杆乌哺鸡竹、凤尾竹等等。我还知道了竹子不仅可以给熊猫吃，还可以美容并且具有清热解毒的功效，其实我也喜欢吃竹子呢，呵呵，是竹笋。

今天我真的很开心，游个园不但让我享受了游园的乐趣，同时也给我增添了好多关于竹子的新知识。

甲方：

乙方：

在甲方经营的景点游玩时发生意外受伤事件，依据有关法律法规，双方本着平等协商、互谅互让的原则，经协商达成协议如下：

一、甲方愿一次性赔偿给乙方医疗费、误工费、交通费、住宿费、精神抚慰金及其他费用合计人民币肆仟元整(￥4，000.00元)

三、上述费用支付给乙方后，乙方不得以任何形式、任何理由就此事再向甲方要求其他任何费用。

四、甲方履行付款义务后，此事的处理即告终结，乙方不得再以任何理由向甲方主张权利。以后因此事衍生的结果亦由乙方自行承担，甲方对此不再承担任何责任。

五、本协议为双方平等、自愿协商之结果，是双方真实意思表示，且公平、合理。

六、本协议内容甲乙双方已经全文阅读并理解无误，甲乙双方明白本协议所涉及后果，甲乙双方对此协议处理结果完全满意。

七、本协议为一次性终结处理协议，协议签订后，双方再无其他争议，任何一方不得反悔。

八、本协议书壹式贰份，双方各执壹份，经双方当事人签字或捺指印后生效。

甲方：(盖章) 乙方：

日期：

五台县位于山西省境东北部，东与河北省以太行山脊为界。面积2865平方公里，辖6镇24乡，人口30.25万，县政府驻城关镇。五台县，因境内五台山而得名。西汉置虑县，北魏太和年置驴夷县，隋大业初改名五台县，金升为台州，明洪武二年复为五台县，今因之。境内山峦重叠，地形复杂，地势东北高西南低。五台山雄峙县境东，由东、西、中、南、北、五台组成，其中最低南台海拔2485米，最高北台3085米，号称“华北屋脊”。中部为丘陵区。

全县平川极少，主要分布在豆村、茹村两个小盆地和沟南、东冶一带。河流主要有滹沱河、清水河等。五台县位置偏北，地势又高，气候寒冷，素有“华北小兴安岭”之称。年均气温5℃，一月零下11℃，七月21℃。年降雨量500毫米，无霜期90—150天。 全县共有耕地51.03万亩，农作物以玉米、土豆、谷子为大宗，高梁、莜麦、蚕豆等也有种植。成片林50多万亩，零星树一千多万株。五台县矿产资源主要有煤、铁、铜、硫磺、石灰石、白云石、大理石等20多种。工业有煤炭、化肥、机械、化工、建材、采矿、陶瓷、大理石、工艺美术等。向外销售的主要产品有硫铁矿、大理石、铝床、塑料制品、铸字机等。交通较为方便，忻州至长城岭、忻州至繁峙、盂县至繁峙等干线公路途径县城，还有通往繁峙西留属的支线公路以及各种县级公路。此外，往东有公路可通河北阜平等地。

五台山是中国四大佛教名山之一，五峰耸立,峰顶如台,其顶壑、顶崖之间及台怀修建有大小不同的寺庙，成寺刹者百余处。其中有中国现存最古的木构建筑—重建于唐建中初年的南禅寺;荟萃北魏、北齐、唐、宋、金、明、清各代多种建筑风格于一体的佛光寺，始建于东汉永平年间，与洛阳的白马寺并称中国最早寺院建筑的灵鹫寺(显通寺);另外还有卓有声誉的塔院寺舍利塔、龙泉寺汉白玉石牌坊、碧山寺缅甸王佛等，为佛国风光增添了色彩。五台山在中国佛教史上占有特殊重要的地位，在日本及东南亚国家也享有盛名。它以成为中外友好往来的纽带和佳宾云集的旅游胜地。五台县主要特产有台参、台蘑、大理石、般若矿泉水、五台山石砚、中药舒筋散等。

各位团友，大家好!

欢迎来参加此次九华山的旅行。我是中国太和旅行社的导游员李强，大家叫我小李就好了!今天大家的到来让我感到非常的喜悦，而且也希望我的服务能可以让大家感到满意。站在我旁边的.这位就是我们这次旅游活动的司机王师傅。王师傅有十几年的驾龄。驾驶技术非常的娴熟。大家可以把两颗心交给我们，把放心交给我们的王师傅，把开心交给我，让我们一起共享此次的旅程。

各位团友，我们的旅游车正行驶在进山的佛光大道上。由于此地到九华街还需要很长一段的时间，在这之前我先给大家介绍一下九华山。九华山主要位于池州市，青阳县境内。是安徽两山一湖的北部的重要景区。风景区的面积120平方千米。九华山保护范围内174平方千米，现为国家5A级风景旅游区。全国文明的旅游区。中国四大佛教名山之一。被誉为国际性的佛教道场。

安徽九华山风景秀丽南朝时因此山高出云表，且其数有九，人们称之为九子山，唐代大诗人李白浏览九华山，观九峰出莲花，写下"妙有分二气，灵山开九华。"的诗句。九华山为花岗岩名山。其主峰十王峰海拔1342米，是九华山几景十分美丽的地方。

安徽九华山是中国四大佛教名山这一，与海天佛国普陀山，光明佛国峨嵋山，青莲佛国五台山一起称为中国四大佛教名山。公元7世纪新罗国王子航海东来，访遍名山最后选择了九华山，苦修数十载，其死后，肉身不腐，"灵迹事现"人们认为金乔觉是地藏王菩萨的化身，九华山从此被认为是地藏王菩萨的道场。地藏王也从此被称为金地藏。

好的，现在呢，我们的旅游车已经到达了九华街的入口处，请大家拿好自己的物品准备下车进入景区。各位游客，现在呈现在我们面前的就是高9米，跨高8。5米的九华圣境门坊，大家知道横额上"九华圣境"四字是谁题写的吗?不错，这是康熙皇帝御书的。穿过门坊，是不是有一种进入圣地的非凡之感呢?

朋友们，现在呢，我们来到的就是九华山最早的宫殿式寺庙——祗园寺。祗园寺现为国家重点寺院、九华山唯一的子孙丛林寺院，是典型的组合式建筑。它的山门偏离了大殿中轴线，这外置的山门可不是建造时的大意，而是有讲究的。据说呀，这样一是为了避邪;二是门向要朝着开山祖寺化城寺。并且，在祗园寺前院墙上还有一条时刻"泰山石敢当"五个大字十分醒目，据说也是为了避邪镇妖，这也是祗园寺独有的。

祗园寺法相庄严、完整，是全闪之最。寺中供有大肚弥勒、四大天王、韦陀菩萨、十八罗汉等尊像。其中最为庄严的要属大雄宝殿中供奉的12米高的药师佛、阿弥陀佛、释迦摩尼佛三尊大幅。寺内佛、菩萨、罗汉塑像排列规范，工艺精湛，形象逼真。

祗园寺始建于明代，规模居九华山四大丛林之首。九华山佛教协会在此多次举办大型传戒、讲经法会和祈祷和平、息灾法会，现每年举行水路法会和举办焰口等佛事活动千余台，为全山佛事活动中心之一。

现在我们来到的是化城寺，化城寺是九华山开山始寺，现为全国重点寺庙，是上个世纪70年代后期辟为历史文物馆。展览内容分为两大部分：第一部分展出金地藏生平事迹;第二部分展出珍贵历史文物。部分经书可谓是镇寺之宝。寺前有放生池，据传是金地藏率众徒弟修建化城寺时挖的。池前是化城广场，广场上建有纪念金地藏母亲的娘娘塔。接下来我们将要去的就是上禅堂。上禅堂位于神光岭南的半山腰，为全国重点保护寺庙。上禅堂有三最：香火最平、风景最佳、寺院最丽。电视剧《西游记》曾在此拍摄。

游览过了上禅寺，现在我们来到的是大家最好奇的肉身宝殿。肉身宝殿又名"地藏坟"，始建于唐贞观元年，原来是一座三层石塔，安葬的是金地藏肉身，所以俗称肉身塔。因为塔基之地曾现金光，后人便将此地取名为神光岭。肉身宝殿的特色可以概括为"殿中有塔，塔中有缸，缸中有肉身。"大家请跟着我进入大殿，请看那边的横额上写的十六个金字，"众生渡尽，方证菩提，地狱为空，誓不成佛。"是地藏菩萨誓愿。其实，地藏菩萨本来可以成佛的，然而他愿意到六道轮回中最苦难的地狱去广度众生，地狱一日不空，他就一日不成佛。在未来佛弥勒佛出生之前承担普度众生的重任。肉身宝殿是九华山的象征。每逢地藏法会，人山人海，盛况空前。

大家注意了，马上我们将要乘坐缆车前往百岁宫，请各位注意安全，有序排队。现在我们所处的位置就是百岁宫。百岁宫又名百岁庵，现为国家重点寺庙，供奉海玉和尚肉身。建筑上利用南高北低的地形形成了五层走马通道。寺与周围峰、石、洞融为一体，殿宇与山体有机结合，巧夺天工。百岁宫建筑是九华山古寺建筑的代表，深受中外游人好评。各位游客，今天的九华街景区的游览活动到此结束了。谢谢大家的支持与配合，有服务不周到的地方请大家多多包涵。

南京旅游概况

南京与西安、洛阳、北京一起，并称为中国四大古都。三面环山，一面靠江的这座古城，历代帝王都喜欢在此建都，并称其为“帝王之宅”。这趟旅程，我们来到美丽的古都，偶遇古老城墙，了解古城含辛茹苦的世事，登上紫金山，领略钟灵毓秀的美景，徜徉烟雨的秦淮河，邂逅老城区的民国建筑。在玄武风云间，探寻这座六朝古都的悠悠过往。

南京不倒的明城墙。无论你从哪里来，进入南京城必定要穿过古老的城门，嘿嘿，那我的解说就从明城墙开始吧。望着这沧桑的明城墙，就像浏览一本史册。南京的明城墙始建于1366年，共动用数十万民工，历时28年建成，绕城一周约三十五公里。在此后的六百多年，南京明城墙饱经风雨，如今，它的军事防御价值已经不再重要，但历史却赋予了它珍贵的文化和文物价值。明城墙竣工仅仅20几年后，明朝的第三位皇帝朱棣，迁都北京。之后，儿子效仿老爷搞得更大了，也在北京建起了万里长城。

很早以前，古城墙的西北角的八字山与清凉山之间，四望山上就有一座石头古城，那里现在还存有它的文物遗迹。历史上的南京最初属于吴国，越王勾践打败吴王夫差后，便在靠近楚国的地方，建立一个叫“越城”的城堡。公元前333年，楚威王兴致勃勃地来到南京，希望借长江天堑为屏障来图谋天下，于是利用峭立江边的“石头”来建城，他按照风水师的主意，在狮子山的背面埋了些黄金，称其为金陵邑。金陵是这座城最初的名字，也是南京最雅致而古老的称呼。正是由于“金陵邑”险要的地理位置，随着此地影响力的越来越大，“金陵”也就越叫越响，因此，“金陵”之名一直沿用至今。

南京明城墙，由宫城、皇城、京城、外扩城，四重城垣构成，是一个完整的防御体系，也是世界最长、规模最大、保存原真性最好的古代城垣。在明代城墙原有的13座城门中，中华门是保存最完好、结构最复杂的一座古堡垒瓮城，是京城的正南门。中华门原来叫聚宝门，它的瓮城设置在城门里边，为明朝首创。据说，建成所用的城砖，由工部、军队卫所及37府参与烧制，上至主管，下至普通工匠，均需在砖上留名，呵呵，这可能是那时的质量控制和问责系统。

明城墙中华门外不远处秦淮河畔的大报恩寺，是中国历史上最为悠久的佛教寺庙。寺内有一座玻璃材质的宝塔模型，塔内外置长明灯一百四十六盏，它的原型是南京大报恩寺琉璃塔。当时的琉璃塔通体琉璃美轮美奂，位列中世纪世界七大奇迹，被西方人视为代表中国的标志性建筑，可惜毁于太平天国时期的战火。大报恩寺的前身可以追溯到东吴时期的建初寺在此后的千百年间，宝刹曾多次毁损，1412年朱棣下令在毁于火灾的废墟上重建新寺，寺院的施工极其考究，完全按照皇宫的标准来营建，金碧辉煌，昼夜通明。朱棣把它命名为大报恩寺，以报答朱元璋和马皇后的养育之恩。

南京城墙之外的紫金山。南京是一本最好的历史教科书，阅读这个城市，就是在回忆中国的历史。紫金山又名钟山，它有“钟山龙蟠，石城虎踞”之称，是南京名胜古迹荟萃之地，中山陵、陵园路、明孝陵、梅花山、美龄宫、音乐台、灵谷寺、天文台等等，分布在此山中的各类名胜古迹多达200多处，其中84个景点可供游览，绝对是超值的旅游名山。

中山陵位于紫金山南麓，是孙中山先生的陵寝及纪念建筑群。孙中山生于广东，逝于北京，何以葬在南京?因为他对紫金山有着特殊的感情。1925年，中山陵的设计，面向海内外公开征集方案。近四个月时间，共收到应征图案40余份，最终，选定了吕彦直设计的，整体造型像美国费城的“自由钟”方案入选，这个平面呈钟形，寓有“唤醒民众”之意，如果从高空看中山陵，整个中山陵像一座平卧的警钟。很多人点赞说：“警钟之形，意味深远”，不过吕彦直很耿直，说碰巧像罢了，当初没想那么多。

沿着梧桐掩映的陵园路，向西南行走，便可到达明孝陵。踏上陵园路，两侧种植南京最主要的行道树法国梧桐，成了钟山风景区的一道靓丽的“绿荫长廊”。两人才能环抱的参天大树带来慑人的威严之风，让最聒噪的人噤声。这里是路，也是风景，更是活的历史博物馆。一路走来，尘封的往事慢慢浮现。南京人喜爱这里夏天“绿荫长廊”的模样。这些种植于1929年春天的法国梧桐，至今已有80岁高龄。不知是否真会有凤凰栖息枝头，但是四五米高的大树洒下的浓密树荫，却真是夏季最好的蔽日之所。所以有人说：上有天堂，下有苏杭，都比不上南京的绿荫长廊。

在中国的传统文化中，梅花被赋予高洁、坚韧、不屈不挠的品格。南京人喜爱梅花，是从六朝就开始了，相沿不衰，至今已有1500多年的历史，因而，梅花成了南京的市花。在明孝陵景区内，春天梅花盛开时，遍山梅花争芬斗艳，游人如织。梅花山因梅花闻名，山上植梅数千株，品种繁多，目前在世界上已发现的380多种梅花中，梅花山就有360多种。

紫金山的山脚下，小红山上有一条绿宝石项链，其中的“宝石”就是美龄宫。这条“项链”由两边通往美龄宫主楼的陵园路上的梧桐树悄然天成。据说，当年的设计方案中，并没有项链的设计，这只是一个迷人的巧合。美龄宫设计者赵志游是浙江宁波人，为蒋介石的远亲，他留下的一张美龄宫图纸显示，整个建筑最初设计形似水滴。宫殿般的建筑原是国民政府主席的官邸，后来改为高级官员晋谒中山陵的休息处。抗战胜利后，房子被翻修成别墅，蒋氏夫妇常在此居住，这里便得了“美龄宫”的名字。秋天的美龄宫，诉说着蒋介石和宋美龄的爱情。

中山陵东北的音乐台，是中山陵的配套工程，原本用于纪念孙中山先生仪式的大型音乐演奏及集会演讲，如今它又多了一个新功能，成为音乐爱好者消夏聚会好去处。音乐台建筑风格为中西合璧，在利用自然环境，以及平面布局和立面造型上，充分吸收古希腊建筑特点，而在照壁、乐坛等建筑物的细部处理上，则采用中国江南古典园林的表现形式。

相对于梅花山，中山陵的另一侧1.5千米处是灵谷景区，由寺庙建筑、国民革命阵亡将士公墓和灵谷公园组成的风景名胜。灵谷寺始建于514年，是南朝梁武帝为纪念著名僧人宝志禅师而兴建的“开善精舍”，初名开善寺。明朝时朱元璋亲自赐名“灵谷禅寺”，并封其为“天下第一禅林”，为明代佛教三大寺院之一，与大报恩寺、天界寺并列为大刹。嘿嘿，只有品过灵谷寺的桂花茶香，才能说没有错过秋天最浪漫的金陵故梦。

南京除了紫金山、梅花山外，还有牛首山、栖霞山、幕府山、汤山、青龙山、黄龙山、方山、祖堂山、云台山、老山、灵岩山、茅山等，另有富贵山、九华山、北极阁山、清凉山、狮子山、鸡笼山等聚散于市内，形成了山多水多丘陵多的地貌特征，它们宛如一幅绝美画卷，美到耀眼。南京有着“春牛首，秋栖霞”的说法，春秋两季一定要约上小伙伴去感受南京山的热情哈。

紫金山自古以来就是一块风水宝地，对于南京人而言，紫金山就是自己后院的一座山，没事就去上山逛一逛，紫金山承展了南京人的日常和记忆。如果说，南京人对墙的情结是属于明城墙;对于河的情结是秦淮河;那么，南京人心里的那座山的情结就是紫金山了。

南京城墙以内的古秦淮河。

南京一个六朝古城，是中华文明的重要发祥地，具有浓厚的文化历史。它让人想起的总是“风花雪月”的秦淮名妓，飘逸风流的竹林七贤......因而，说到南京，不能不说秦淮河，说到秦淮河，不能不说夫子庙。

南京夫子庙是供奉祭祀孔子的地方，是中国四大文庙之一，明清时期这里是南京的文教中心，也是秦淮河风光的核心地带。夫子庙附近的河房和画舫就像郑板桥描述的“绮窗丝幛，十里珠帘，灯船之盛，天下无比”的盛景，许多名胜古迹、历史掌故、风流韵事，都发生在它的身旁，被历史文人骚客吟颂传唱。河房和画舫是夫子庙最有活力的象征，是追随着奏淮河缓缓流淌的一道风景线。夫子庙的最大特点是文化搭台，经济唱戏——它的文化是科举，经济便是吃喝玩乐;夫子庙的故事就是《儒林外史》，就是《桃花扇》。

南京最容易被人津津乐道的就是六朝繁华，旧时王谢堂前燕，飞人寻常百姓家，成了歌咏这个城市的基调。秦淮河是南京历史的见证，传说中六朝繁华的活标本。有才子，自然就有佳人，才子和佳人相遇，没有故事，也会生出一些故事。桃花扇底看前朝，于是有了李香君的香巢，有了柳如是和马湘兰的活动场所。可以说，才子和佳人成就了秦淮河的繁华。呵呵，秦淮河边读书人越多，商家生意就越好做。不舍离去的落第秀才越多，商家就越高兴。青砖小瓦马头墙，庙堂挂落花格窗。一家挨一家的店铺老板非常开心，比屋而居的妓院老鸨非常高兴。因此，夫子庙一带酒家青楼林立，这都是落第秀才的最好去处。

夫子庙灯会是南京延续了千年的传统民俗，早在三国时期，南京城就出现了在重要节庆，张灯结彩的现象，当时的彩灯多是由织锦制成，成本较高，能够扎得起彩灯的，还仅限于宫廷和少数富贵人家，到了两百年后的南朝，造纸技术发展迅速，成本低廉的纸张取代了丝织品被大量应用，灯彩艺术才得以迅速发展，走向民间。

南京不仅山美，水更很美，除了秦淮河，还有皇家湖泊玄武湖。

玄武湖原来只是一片沼泽湿地，三国时期引水而入，才成了后来的玄武湖。“玄武”是中国神话故事中的四神之一，它的具体形象是龟与蛇的复合体，青龙、白虎、朱雀和玄武共同代表著东南西北四个方位，其中玄武湖实际上就是北湖的意思。1391年，明朝开国皇帝朱元璋，在玄武湖的府库里存放“黄册”，这里成了明朝管理户籍与赋役资料的“国家级档案库”，被列为皇家禁地。

长江之上的南京首座大桥建成于1968年，它是长江上第一座由中国人自己建造的跨江大桥，它的建成曾被广泛持久地宣传，是那个时期最耀眼的建筑成就，也是中国桥梁建设的重要里程碑。如今，南京已有五座大桥，它们不仅是新中国技术成就与现代化的象征，更承载了中国几代人的特殊情感与记忆。

南京民国遗韵的天然的历史博物馆。

昙花一现的民国曾经是中国历史的一个重要转折点，西方文化、科技、思想的引进，中国旧的封建秩序的瓦解………因此，遗落在南京各个地方的民国建筑成了这段历史的重要载体，它们是近代南京在中国发展过程中的重要见证人。

南京民国建筑是指1912年-1949年的民国时期，包括官方和民间私人在南京兴建的各类建筑的总称。南京作为中华民国的首都，是“中外观瞻所系”，它的建筑物中，有相当一部分是在《首都计划》的指导下设计建造的，南京民国建筑不仅数量众多，而且涉及政治、经济、文化、社会生活等各个方面，类型齐全，反映了中国近代建筑的历史变迁。它们是穿越时空的城市精髓，是被遗忘的风景。

据有关部门统计，南京现存民国建筑有900处1500余座，堪称一枝独秀的“民国建筑大本营”，其中具有代表性的民国建筑有200多处，这些建筑流派纷呈，造型独特，风格各异。紫金山的中山陵、美龄宫、音乐台就是民国建筑的典型杰作。直到今天，民国建筑依然是南京城市建筑中的一大景观，那些有着浓厚民国遗韵的街区，哪条巷子都有故事，哪幢老房子都有说法，都令人驻足流连。所以说，南京就像一座天然的历史博物馆，无论你走到哪里，都可能和过去的事件和传说迎面碰撞。

位于长江路292号的南京总统府，是中国近代建筑遗存中规模最大、保存最完整的建筑群。总统府门楼是拥有百年历史的民国标志性建筑，在中国历史上留下了其特殊的地位，只要看过解放南京的老影片，走到这里，当年解放军战士爬上门楼顶，摘下国民党旗子的镜头就会出现在脑海里，这里成了中外游客到南京必去的打卡点之一。大门南立面是八根爱奥尼亚立柱，并镌有巴洛克线条;南侧是三樘拱形连顶缕空铁门，每拱两扇，向内开启，涂黑漆，中镀飞金，铰链、插销、铁锁、暗扣等五金大件从法国进口。北侧是方形，寓意“外圆内方”，又含“天圆地方”之意。

在南京，当你穿过大街小巷时或在某个角落，仍然会看到许多民国遗迹。在完全不经意间，有人会告诉你：这个位于南京长江北岸地方，是建于1914年的浦口火车站，当年津浦铁路的终起点就在此地，历来为南北交通要冲和兵家必争之地。它不仅具有独特的民国建筑，还蕴含着深厚的历史情节，孙中山灵柩运达南京、人民解放军发起渡江战役、朱自清《背影》中的镜头皆发生于此。90年代开始这里便永久性停止了客运，但近年来逐渐成为民国背景影视剧的重要外景基地，当年红极一时的《情深深雨濛濛》也曾在此取景。

还有人会告诉你：那个位于高校内的民国建筑群是原来的金陵大学建筑，现在是南京大学;原来民国金陵女子大学是现在南京师范大学;南京农业大学主楼前的石狮子、南京林业大学樱花深处永不褪色的老图书馆、南京工业大学“镇火”的天宝阁……都是民国时期的建筑。这一座座目睹过烽烟战火、故园重建的古老建筑，以一种高傲威严的姿势挺立、守望在这里。或许你曾经的母校没有这样的背景，如今，在南京的校园逛一逛，应该可以弥补某种缺憾。

有人说“一条颐和路，半部民国史”。上世纪三四十年代，这里是南京最集中的民国公馆区和民国党政军要员、富豪、外国人的花园别墅区，这片区域至今完好保存的老房子仍有200多栋，是旧时南京品位的象征。这些洋房千姿百态，宛如万国建筑博物馆。据统计，公馆区有蒋纬国、马歇尔、陈诚、顾祝同、汤恩伯、阎锡山、马鸿逵、汪精卫、杭立武、邹鲁、薛岳、胡琏、周至柔、钮永建等名人公馆18处。这里还有美国、加拿大、墨西哥、巴西、葡萄牙、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾等使领馆8处。这些名人故居和使领馆，其院落和建筑各有特色，它们各自有着自己的故事，刻录下了历史的变迁。

黄墙黛瓦的院墙一路伸展而去，一幢幢的老派洋楼掩映其间，没有修缮的痕迹，依旧是原始的状态。徜徉在这些中西合璧的百年老建筑之间，仿佛又回到那个新旧交替、绮梦幽幽的岁月。枝繁叶茂的老槐树为街道搭起一条绿色长廊，绿苔斑驳的砖墙无声述说着风雨的洗礼，尚未沾染上些许商业气的颐和路最适合怀旧不过了。

从浩浩长江的中山码头，到巍巍紫金山南麓，南京城内当年奉安大典所经过的道路，构成一条长约13公里的“中山大道”，因为道路沿线民国元素密布，有人形象地称中山大道为“民国子午线”。而中山北路、中山路、中山南路至中山东路则是国民政府的行政机构集中区，见证了近代历史上许多重大事件。南京民国建筑在造型、色彩和材料运用等方面，吸纳了西方建筑的艺术精华。宏伟高大的建筑无不透显出昔日的荣光。

现在中山路上当年响当当的名称：前国民政府立法院、监察院、“中央”饭店、前国民政府交通部、前国民政府外交部、前国民政府中央监察委员会、前国民政府海军司令部等民国建筑，如今依然矗立在这里。

民国已成往事，物是人非，留下的只是成片的民国建筑，路过的人又有多少人知道这里曾经住过的人，曾经发生的事呢。可能只有这一栋栋空荡荡的房子记得它曾经的主人，向人们诉说着那段历史，这也让我感受到建筑不仅仅是凝固的音乐，更是凝固的历史。

南京“秦淮河时代”迈向“扬子江时代”

超过一千万人口的南京，在地理位置上占有优势，加上本身发展成为都市圈的潜力高，因此，南京在人口、交通、地形方面都是占有优势的。南京是国内重要的交通中心，同时也是海运很河运重要的交换中心，是空、铁、海的交汇处。而长江的辐射能力也是南京的重要优势。

南京地处中国东部、长江下游、濒江近海，是中国东部战区司令部驻地，长江国际航运物流中心，长三角辐射带动中西部地区发展的国家重要门户城市，也是东部沿海经济带与长江经济带战略交汇的重要节点城市。

科教文卫方面，南京是国家东部的中心城市，这里的高校无论是在质量还是在数量上都还不错。而且南京经济在最近这几年中发展也在向着好的方向大踏步前进，工资方面也缩小了跟沪深这种城市的差距。

南京未来规划显示，将建设“一主一新”两个中心城区。中心城区是“一主一新”，即江南主城和江北新主城，形成“一江两岸”联动发展的新格局;南京将真正从倚重江南的“秦淮河时代”迈向拥江发展的“扬子江时代”。

总的来说南京的优势还是比较大的，这些主要集中在今后的发展上，相信南京也一定会在未来十年中超越更多的城市。

半坡遗址位于西安市以东，是一个典型的母系氏族公社农村遗址，属于俯韶文化。这类遗存仅在黄河流域的闭中区域就收现了400多处，因此，黄河流域素有中国今代文化收源地之美称。

1958年，在考今收掘的基础上修立了我国第一座遗址性专物馆――半坡专物馆。半坡专物馆现有2个陈列室以及1个遗址大厅。第一展室次要展出在半坡遗址收现的出产东西，有石器、渔具、纺轮、骨针、鱼钩、鱼叉等，我们可以或许由此懂得半坡人出产行为的各种场面。第两展室展出的文物回响反馈出半坡人的社会生活、文化艺术以及各种收亮造制。人面鱼纹是半坡彩陶画的典型做品，这仄生动的形象回响反馈了半坡人歉富的艺术想象力。人面鱼纹线条亮快，人头像的头顶有三角形的收髻，二嘴角边各衔一条小鱼。此图回响反馈了半坡人以及鱼之间的密切闭系以及特殊的感情，西北地区，大概是半坡氏族信奉的图腾。

半坡遗址是黄河流域一处典型的新石器时代俯韶文化母系氏族聚落遗址，距古5600-6700年之间。该遗址1953年春收现，遗址面积50000仄方米。从1954年9月到1957年冬日，中国科学院考今研究所组织近200名考今事情者，先后收掘5次，延续近4年光阴，揭露遗址面积达10000仄方米，取得了大量珍贵的科学资料。共收现房屋遗迹45座、圈栏2处、窖穴200多处、陶窑6座、种.种墓葬250座(此中成人墓葬174座、幼女瓮棺73座)和出产东西以及生活用具约近万件文物。

钓鱼台位于宝鸡市东南40公里蟠溪河上，南依秦岭，北望渭水，山清水秀，古柏叠翠，景色绮丽，历史久远，是古今中外颇享盛名的游览胜地，是省级风景名胜区和省级重点文物保护单位。钓鱼台因西周名士姜子牙在此隐居十载，滋泉钓干遇文王而闻名于世，史料典籍均有记载。唐贞观年间：“太公兵家者流，始令蟠溪立庙。”并植柏四株，至今犹存。至清乾隆年间有庙宇17处，著名的有太公庙、文王庙、山门口、三清庙等，河东岸的钓台遗迹，河道中央的“璜石”，河西的望贤台以及飞瀑流霞，浪声莫测。钓鱼台建筑风格典雅、自然景色迷人。

根据记载，太公钓鱼台有3处，初钓河南新安城东，继钓陕西咸阳城西，后钓宝鸡县伐鱼河谷，而三处中又以幡溪钓鱼台最为有名。因为，姜太公在此垂钓的时候，遇到周文王的拜谒，辅佐朝政，才出现了我国历史上的“文武之治”盛世。从此以后，北魏地理学家郦道元，唐代诗人李白、许浑，宋代诗人苏轼都曾游览于此，并赋诗记胜。唐代的钓鱼台就此建庙塑像，历经3次重建，至今人们还可以看到“太公庙”、“文王庙”、“望贤台”、“乞子崖”、“钓鱼台”等一些庙宇，祭钓堂、殿、廊、楼、台和一石驮五柏等壮观奇景。《吕氏春秋》(水经注)有“太公钓兹泉”的记叙，民间亦有“太公背泉垂钓”、“周文王纳谏邀贤”、“武吉代薪奉母”等传说。古往今来，钓鱼台就以其盛名招待游客，宋代文学家苏轼曾游此地，留下“夜入幡溪如入峡，照山炬火落惊猿”的名句。站在伐鱼河上的瓦子坡村南眺，秦岭群峰峥嵘起伏，重峦叠嶂，郁郁葱葱，气势磅礴，蔚为壮观。近看，奇峰耸峙，翠柏葱绿，庙宇宏伟，水色碧透，绚丽诱人。

然而，最引人注目的还是那块屹立在伐鱼河畔的奇特巨石——“丢石”。丢石，是一块庞大而完整的石英花岗岩体，上大下小，呈碗形，丢石上几乎找不到任何裂隙。丢石北侧有清乾隆五十九年三月，宝鸡知县徐文博书写的4个1米见方的苍劲大字：“孕磺遗璞”。丢石高6.6米，上部直径11.2米，下部直径仅4米，伐鱼河湍湍急流擦石而过，大有一触即倒之势，然而，千百年来，它始终“稳如泰山”，充满着神秘的色彩。

雄伟壮观的姜太公庙在丢石右上方的河边。房屋出檐斗拱，雕梁画栋，古香古色，为唐贞观初年所建，明嘉靖年间整修，清乾隆二十六年重修。庙前正立着4棵40余米高的参天古柏，枝杆粗壮，根深叶茂，四季常青，传说为唐代所植，此为钓鱼台景观之一。 周文王庙，由姜太公庙盘山而上即到。文王庙依山而建，庙堂重瓦危檐，布局严谨，巧夺天工。隔河山腰，还有规模更加宏伟的武王庙和武吉庙。武吉庙内原有一根武吉担柴用的铁肩担，重60公斤，“_”中丢失。据钓鱼台碑得记载，这里 自唐代设神修庙，计有庙宇、祭堂17处，殿、廊、搂、台共40余间，现在多数已重建恢复。从丢石顺水而下，河水层层下跌，浪花飞溅，向下游直泻，形成一个个深潭，犹如朵朵雪莲盛开。离丢石100米处，有一水面宽广，水色碧透的深潭，名“滋泉”，泉边有一石英花岗岩巨石嵌入河心，巨石上有两道40厘米长，15厘米深的平行光滑浅槽，相传姜子牙来此隐居后，每每在此垂钓，年深日久，便在巨石上跪出了两道槽痕。钓鱼台即由此得名，侧方岩壁上雕凿有“钓鱼台”3个巨型篆字。

从丢石溯水而上，两岸高山对峙，河谷狭窄，谷坡陡峭，水流湍急，有“一步跨过伐鱼河”之称。沿峡谷再上河谷，豁然加宽。一座双曲拱大坝挡住了去路，这即是“钓鱼台水库”。钓鱼台水库，坝顶宽2米，坝长200米，坝高50米，水深45米，总库容量255万立方米， 1973年开工， 1978年 12月建成，可灌溉2200公顷农田。水库大坝东端有一八角亭，记载了水坝开工时间，使用人力及竣工日期，具有古代亭台楼阁和现代建筑艺术的综合风格，典雅灵秀。大坝中间有一观景楼。登上观景楼，整个风景区尽收眼底。 钓鱼台水库为这里增添了不少风景。夏秋季节，水面碧波荡漾，周围高山披红挂绿，湖光倒影，煞是好看，游人乘坐小船或游艇漫游水面，恍如置身于桂林漓江之上，杭州西湖之中，十分惬意。从坝侧溢洪跌下一道瀑布，约40多米高，瀑布飞流而下，如白练垂挂，似银河倾泻，訇然之声震耳欲聋，水珠飞溅数丈之远，日光照在迷蒙瑰丽的水雾上，竟幻化出一道绚丽无比的七色彩虹，云蒸霞蔚，壮观无比，充满诗情画意。冬春季节，水库冰封水面，光滑平整如明镜，雪落山间，银装素裹，一片银色世界。巨厚的冰层，成了游人的天然滑冰场。水库的天然景色和人工建筑浑然一体，构成了一幅耐人寻味的风景画。

历史上的姜太公，姓姜，名尚，字子牙，号飞熊。生在商世，因见纣王无道，遂弃官出走，隐居在此，终日以垂钓度日。“姜太公钓鱼，愿者上钩”成为后世人们的俗话。后来他终于被周文王发现。文王礼贤下士，亲到伐鱼河畔迎聘。于是，被尊为军师的姜太公遂辅佐文武二王开创了在中国历史上卓有成就的西周霸业，自己亦名留青史。

中山大学由孙中山先生创立于1920_年，现为国家“985工程”大学和“211工程”重点建设的大学，同时也是教育部批准建有研究生院的56所高校之一。

在20_年英国《泰晤士报》世界大学排行榜中排在171位(大陆第五名)，国际声誉和影响明显扩大。学校的一批学科在国内和国际学术领域有更大的影响，中山大学在15个学科领域的论文总被引次数进入全球前1%，仅次于北京大学，与复旦大学、上海交通大学和浙江大学并列国内高校第2位。这15个学科领域分别是化学、临床医学、物理学、生物与生物化学、材料科学、分子生物与遗传学、工程学、植物与动物学、环境/生态学、药理学与毒理学、神经与行为科学、数学、微生物学、农业科学和社会科学总论。ESI数据库共22个学科领域，15个学科领域进入全球前1%，已超过ESI数据库学科领域三分之二。论文总影响力(总被引次数)达126276篇次，世界排名399位，处于前0.08%的位置;十年间我校ESI论文的篇平均被引次数为7.65，在国内高校排第4。

1835年，美国的伯驾医生在广州设立医局，培养了中国最早的西医医生。在此基础上建立了博济医院，于1866年设立医学堂，这是中国最早的医学专科教育机构。1888年，由美国人开设的格致书院在广州开学。

1920_年，孙中山先生亲手将清末以来在广州地区建立地实行近代教育模式的学校，包括国立广东高等师范学校、广东公立法科大学以及广东公立农业专门学校等整合为一体，创立国立广东大学，并亲笔题写校训：“博学、审问、慎思、明辨、笃行”。孙中山先生逝世后，学校于1920_年定名为国立中山大学。至上世纪三十年代，国立中山大学设有文、理、法、工、农、医、师范等7个学院。1935年设立研究院，开始招研究生。

巴彦塔拉旅游城坐落在杜尔伯特草原深处呼和浩特至锡林浩特101省道近旁，距呼和浩特140公里，距乌兰察布市政府所在地集宁区152公里，是四子王旗仅次于格根塔拉草原旅游中心的第二大草原旅游景区。巴彦塔拉，蒙古语意为富饶的草原。这里，旅游旺季日均接待游客1000余人。20__年—20__年，累计接待游客逾70万人次，总创收创汇近500万元，为四子王旗的政治、经济、文化的发展和社会的进步做出了应有的贡献。巴彦塔拉旅游城始建于20__年，景区占地面积1000亩。以绿草如茵、一碧千里的大草原为铺衬，88座洁白的蒙古包自然和谐地点缀期间，形成了一道亮丽的风景线。蒙古包建筑各具特色，中小型豪华蒙古包30顶，融现代建筑文化与古代建筑文化为一体，可为100多名豪华团游客提供住宿方便;仿古蒙古包30顶，再现古代蒙古族少数民族传承的建筑风格;大型豪华蒙古包8顶，是餐饮、聚会和举办歌舞晚会、接待来宾的专用场所;游牧式蒙古毡包20顶，体现了游牧民族的生活方式。每当夏季，在蓝天白云的映衬下，这里凉爽宜人，扑鼻的芳草清香与泥土的气息，让人能够真正体味到返璞归真、回归自然的感受。朋友们，做客巴彦塔拉旅游城是您明智的选择。神舟系列载人飞船着陆点从乌兰花镇向北行约60公里，是一个名叫红格尔苏木的地方，神舟系列飞船正常返回时的着陆点就位于这个苏木(乡)的阿木古郎牧场。红格尔，蒙古语意为温柔的地方;阿木古郎，蒙古语意为平安、吉祥。载人飞船的回收对于着陆场的条件有严格要求：着陆场必须位于飞船的运行轨道内;飞船着陆场必须人烟稀少，甚至树木的比例都不能超过千分之一，以免飞船着陆时造成人员伤害;地势必须平坦，坡度不能超过五度;在方圆数十公里区域内，还不能有1100伏高压电线。着陆区内不能有铁路，不能有三层以上的房屋，不能有河流。而红格尔苏木的主着陆场就具备了这些条件。主着陆场面积为20__多平方公里，地广人稀、地势平坦是这里成为飞船着陆场的必备条件。近年来，神舟系列载人飞船着陆点已成为无数中外游人心仪已久的旅游目的地。

Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is located in the middle and upper reaches ofthe Yellow River in Northwest China, between 35 ° 14 - 39 ° 23 n and 104 ° 17- 107 ° 39 E. It is adjacent to Shaanxi Province in the East, Inner MongoliaAutonomous Region in the West and North, and Gansu Province in the south, with atotal area of 66400 square kilometers. The terrain is long and narrow from northto south, high in the South and low in the north. From north to south, there areHelan Mountain, Ningxia plain and Liupan Mountain. Ningxia is 456 km from northto South and 250 km from east to west. Ningxia is located in the transition zonebetween the Loess Plateau and Inner Mongolia Plateau. In terms ofgeomorphological types, the loess landform eroded by flowing water is dominantin the south, and the arid denudation and wind erosion landform is dominant inthe middle and North. There are relatively high mountains and widely distributedhills, alluvial plain formed by fault subsidence and alluvial of the YellowRiver, platform and sand dunes. The surface morphology is complex and diverse.According to the statistical data in early 20__, hilly area accounts for 38%,plain area 26.8%, mountain area 15.8%, platform 17.6% and desert 1.8%. Theaverage altitude is 1090-20__m. Helan Mountain is the natural barrier of Ningxiaplain. The main peak, Aobao Geda, is 3556 meters above sea level. The YellowRiver passes through 12 cities and counties in the middle and North, with a flowof 397 km.

Ningxia is located in the inland, belongs to temperate continentalsemi-arid climate. It straddles the East Monsoon Region and the northwest aridregion, and the southwest is close to the Qinghai Tibet alpine region, which isroughly located in the intersection and transition zone of the three naturalregions in China. The annual average temperature is 5 ℃～ 9 ℃, and thetemperature difference between day and night is large. The annual precipitationis generally 200-600 mm. With 3000 hours of sunshine and 170 days of frost freeperiod, it is one of the areas with the most abundant sunshine and solarradiation in China.

Ningxia is one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese civilization. The latePaleolithic human activity site and unearthed cultural relics in Shuidonggou,Lingwu County, Ningxia Province show that human beings have been living andreproducing here as early as 30000 years ago.

During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, theworld-famous Great Wall began to be built in the territory. After the firstemperor of Qin unified China, he sent troops to settle down in Ningxia and beganthe history of diverting water from the Yellow River for irrigation. By the HanDynasty (206-220 BC), the farming economy here had been quite prosperous. In the14th year of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty (755), the "an Shi rebellion" brokeout. Prince Li Heng entered Ningxia and became emperor in Lingwu. At that time,Ningxia had become one of the important channels of East-West transportation andtrade in China. In the first year of Baoyuan (1038) of Northern Song Dynasty, LiYuanhao, the leader of Dangxiang nationality, established Daxia state withNingxia as the center, which was called Xixia in history, and its capital wasXingqing prefecture (now Yinchuan City). After Mongolia exterminated Xixia,Ningxia Fu Road was set up in the 24th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1287). NingxiaWei was set up in Ming Dynasty. Ningxia government was set up in Qing Dynasty.In the early years of the Republic of China, Ningxia government was changed toshuofangdao, and Ningxia Province was established in 1929. After the founding ofthe peoples Republic of China in 1949, Ningxia Province was abolished in 1954.Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established on October 25, 1958.

Ningxia is rich in mineral resources with prominent advantages inagriculture, energy and tourism. There are 1.288 million hectares of cultivatedland in the region. Among them, more than 333000 hectares are irrigated. Thereare more than 660000 hectares of wasteland suitable for agriculture to bedeveloped, including 133000 hectares of wasteland for aquaculture, 56000hectares of wastewater and 3 million hectares of grassland. More than 50 kindsof mineral resources have been discovered, and the per capita potential value ofnatural resources is 163.5% of the national average value, ranking fifth in thecountry. In particular, non-metallic mineral resources are rich, mainly coal,gypsum, oil, natural gas and so on. Gypsum reserves rank first in China. Nearlyone third of the land in the region is rich in coal resources, with provenreserves of more than 30 billion tons, ranking fifth in the country. The provenreserves of Lingwu coalfield alone reach more than 27 billion tons, equivalentto the total proven reserves in Northeast China. Among the top ten coal types inChina, there are nine in Ningxia. Taixi Coal, the world famous high qualityanthracite, has an annual export volume of 1 million tons. The Shaanxi GansuNingxia basin natural gas field across Ningxia has proved reserves of more than200 billion cubic meters. It is a world-class large gas field.

The autonomous region has five prefecture level cities of Yinchuan,Shizuishan, Wuzhong, Guyuan and Zhongwei, six municipal districts of Xingqing,Jinfeng, Xixia, Dawukou, Huinong and Yuanzhou, two county-level cities of Lingwuand Qingtongxia, 11 counties of Yongning, Helan, Pingluo, Tongxin, Yanchi,Zhongning, Haiyuan, Jingyuan, Xiji, Longde and Pengyang, and HongsibaoDevelopment Zone (county-level immigration Development Zone), with Yinchuan asits capital.

Ningxia has 35 ethnic groups, including Hui and Han, with a totalpopulation of 6.0373 million at the end of 20__, including 3.7742 million Hanand 2.0649 million Hui. Ningxia is the largest Hui inhabited area in China. Huipeople believe in Islam.

The Hui nationality in China was formed in the Yuan Dynasty. The origin ofthe Hui nationality can be traced back to the middle of the seventh century,when Arab and Persian merchants came to China to do business and stay. In theYuan Dynasty, a large number of Central Asian, Persian and Arab came to China.Due to intermarriage and socio-economic relations, they formed Hui nationalityin the process of long-term relationship with Han, Uygur, Mongolian and othernationalities. As early as the Song Dynasty, there were Persians who believed inIslam and settled down in Ningxia. In the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of ArabMuslims from Central Asia, together with the Mongols, moved to Ningxia tocultivate and defend the frontier. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginningof Ming Dynasty, the Hui nationality gradually formed, and Ningxia Huinationality entered a relatively stable development period.

Hui peoples living in Ningxia can be traced back to the end of TangDynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia period, most of the Muslims fromthe east came to the Central Plains from Yumen and Jiuquan via Xixia. By theYuan Dynasty, a large number of Arabs, Persians and Central Asians wererecruited or migrated to live in the form of semi military and semi nomadic. Inthe early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Hui people were placed in Lingzhou(now Lingwu City) and Guyuan counties as "attached to Tuda". In addition, theHui people who constantly migrated to Ningxia for development and reclamationformed many Hui settlements. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the QingDynasty, the population of Hui nationality in Ningxia increased dramatically.During the Tongzhi period (1862-1874), the anti Qing uprising of the NorthwestHui people was brutally suppressed, and the volunteers and their families weremoved to remote areas. Some of them migrated to Lingzhou, Huaping (now JingyuanCounty of Ningxia), Longde, Haiyuan and other counties.

As the main ethnic group in Ningxia Hui people believe in Islam. In NingxiaHui inhabited areas, there are more than 3000 mosques with differentarchitectural forms and scales, and about 4000 imams. The Muslim people of Huinationality generally believe in five "lessons", namely: recitation, ceremony,fasting, lesson and pilgrimage. There are three traditional festivals of the Huipeople: Eid al Fitr, guerbang (also known as Eid al AdhA) and Shengji Festival.The autonomous region, cities and counties have established religious socialorganizations at all levels, namely Islamic Associations, to manage their ownreligious life. The autonomous region has set up Ningxia Islamic school inYinchuan city and Tongxin Arabic school in Tongxin County, helping the Muslimpeople to cultivate a large number of talents with religious knowledge. Inaddition to Islam, there are mass beliefs, Buddhism, Catholicism, Christianityand Taoism in Ningxia. The peoples Government of the autonomous region treatsall kinds of religions equally, protects the normal religious activities of themasses, and all kinds of religious people live in harmony for a long time inNingxia.

Ningxia Hui people have formed unique customs in clothing, diet, dailyhygiene, marriage, funeral and so on. Hui men like to wear small white caps andblack waistcoats. Hui women also like to wear headsets, gold and silverearrings, rings and bracelets. Hui people pay special attention to hygiene,clean and tidy indoor and outdoor, clean stove. Usually wash hands and face withsoup bottle, bath with hanging pot.

Hui people like to eat the meat of cattle, sheep, camels and otherruminants, but also eat chicken, duck, goose and fish. They dont eat pork,animal blood and dead livestock. Animals eaten by devout believers must beslaughtered by imams. Hui people generally dont smoke or drink. Men, women andchildren all like to drink "Babao" cup tea with nutritional condiments such asrock sugar, tea, medlar, walnut kernel, sesame, longan, jujube and preservedfruit. During the festive Festival, the Hui people mostly make fried food suchas fragrant oil, Sanzi and Yaguo. When there are distinguished guests, they willbe warmly received by the rich "Quanyang banquet" and various Hui snacks. Inmarriage, monogamy is practiced. The wedding ceremony of Hui nationality is verygrand and has many religious and ethnic characteristics. For example, when awedding is held, the Imam should be asked to read "nikaha", that is, to testifyand congratulate with Arabic scriptures. The funeral of the Hui nationality issimple and easy, with the practice of earth burial and thin burial. The funeralincludes four procedures: cleaning the burial body, wrapping the body with whitecloth, holding religious prayer ceremony under the direction of Imam, andentering the burial.

Mosque, also known as the mosque. Arabic is "mesgid", which means the placeto kowtow. It is not only a place for Islamic believers to worship, but also acenter of culture and education and a center of social activities in someplaces. The establishment of mosques in Ningxia started from Yuan Dynasty, andthe number and scale of mosques have developed considerably in Ming and QingDynasties. Gongbei is the mausoleum of an outstanding figure in a certain regionof Islam. Daotang is a place where religious leaders of a certain branch ofIslam worship, chant scriptures, give lectures and live. Islamic architecture inNingxia reflects the process of combining Islamic culture with Chinesetraditional culture, and has distinctive local cultural characteristics andnational personality.

了解藏传佛教的朋友也许都知道，六世仓央嘉措在被押送至青海时神密失踪，他到底在哪里圆寂?他的转世又该是谁?后续的藏传佛教史上的阿拉善这一分支如何解释?这些都已成为一无解之秘。也许唯一的解释就是：佛就是佛，只要信仰他，他便与你同在!

只身遁去的六世达来罗桑仁钦仓央嘉措游历印度、西藏、四川、安多等地后，与1716至1746年期间在阿拉善弘法30年，被当地人尊为上师葛根，他的思想与阿拉善的历史紧紧相连,一段段神奇的故事在这里代代相传。1746年仓央嘉措在腾格里沙漠腹地圆寂，他是广宗寺第一世葛根……

仓央嘉措的心传弟子阿旺多尔济尊师傅遗愿，做了十年准备后与乾隆二十一年(1756年)开工修建广宗寺弘法。次年建成后将仓央嘉措的法体搬至寺内供奉，迎请仓央嘉措的传世灵童座床、举行盛大开光仪式。乾隆二十五年(1760年)清廷赐藏满蒙汗四种文字的乾隆御笔金匾。历史上这里的寺庙建筑规模之大、僧侣人数之多、经典制度之完善、宗教级别之高足以和青海塔尔寺相并论。

这里天似八幅金轮、地如八瓣莲花，呈现吉祥之徽。传说远在唐朝时期十六罗汉和达摩居士就在这里夏安居，罗汉的脚印现在还清晰的留在山洞前的青石上。广宗寺有两位活佛，一位是六世的转世，称葛根;另一位是藏王第巴的转世，称喇嘛坦。六世又转六世后又神秘失踪，至今仍是个不解之谜。

贺兰山是中国为数不多的几个南北走向山脉之一，是中国半干旱气候与干旱气候的分界线。如果说南方水山似工笔画之玲珑剔透，贺兰山则如泼黑大写意，豪迈、粗犷，像北方汉子的脊梁……这里生长这63科214属496种植物，其中被列为国家重点保护的珍贵植物有沙冬青、野大豆、羽叶丁香、四合木等。药用植物310种，纳入国家药典的正品药材70余种。这里生活着51种兽类和115种鸟类，其中属于国家二类保护的25种。此外，这里还有18种爬行动物和275种昆虫，可谓是天然生物宝库。

这里是最能集中体现额鲁特蒙古和硕特部传统文化的地方。1697年，清康熙帝将贺兰山西、黄河以北、祁连山以东，也就是今阿拉善大部地区划分给和硕特部首领和罗理，此后的二百多年来，九位清朝格格远嫁阿拉善。因此，阿拉善和硕特蒙古文化中又融入了许多满族文化与北京文化……