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怎样写导游词例文(精选20篇)

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海洋公园导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 579 字

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大连老虎滩海洋公园坐落在国家级风景名胜区——大连南部海滨的中部,占地面积118万平方米,有着4,000余米的曲折海岸线。

老虎滩海洋公园拥有以展示白鲸、北极熊、海豚、南极企鹅、鲸鲨等极地海洋动物为主的场馆——极地馆;展示珊瑚礁生物群为主的大型综合类海洋生物场馆——珊瑚馆;全国最大的半自然状态的人工鸟笼——鸟语林;展示野生海象、海狮、海狗群居生活的场馆——海兽馆;以海狮、海象与小丑幽默互动展示为主的的场馆——欢乐剧场;以亲近动物为理念的室外海豚展示场馆——鲸豚互动广场;悦赏群居海豹憨态可掬的人工岛屿——蓝湾开心岛;全国最大的花岗岩动物石雕——群虎雕塑,以及化腐朽为神奇的马驷骥根雕艺术馆等闻名全国的旅游景点。这里还有全国最长的大型跨海空中索道;大连南部海滨数量较多的旅游观光船;以及惊险刺激的侏罗纪激流探险、海盗船等游乐设施。

老虎滩海洋公园是大自然与人工智慧的完美结合,是滨城大连的一道亮丽风景,20xx年,老虎滩海洋公园被评为中国旅游知名品牌,20xx年,又被国家旅游局首批评为国家5A级旅游景区,并顺利地通过了ISO9001质量管理体系和ISO14001环境管理体系的国际认证。老虎滩海洋公园是展示海洋文化,突出滨城特色,集观光、娱乐、科普、购物、文化于一体的现代化海洋主题公园。20xx年,五一期间老虎滩珊瑚馆会展出国内首例、亚洲最大人工饲养鲐鱼群。

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更多相似范文

篇1:达岭英文导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 657 字

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我们往右下方看,在登城口的南侧陈列着一门大炮,名为“这时威大将军”。这门炮炮身长2.85米,口径105毫米,由于中炮身上铸有“敕赐神威大将”而得名。字最大的射程是500多米,可见当时的军工业是比较发达的。

北8楼是八达岭长城海拔最高的楼,高达888.9米,建筑也很有特色。原来还可登上敌楼观山望 景,但目前为了保护文物封了楼门。

从关城城台到南峰的最高处南4楼,城墙长685.8米,高度上升142.4米,特别是南3楼至南4楼之间,山脊狭窄,山势陡峭,长城逶迤400多米。城顶最险处,坡度约为70度,几乎是直上直下。南1楼和南2楼,都没有修复二层,从南3楼遗存的柱础看,原来也有铺房。

南峰长城以南4楼地势最高,海拔803.6米。登楼眺望,长城自西南向东北蜿蜓于山脊之上,宛如苍龙,宏伟壮观。使人不由得想起我国著名的长城专家罗哲文先生登临八达岭长城时咏的诗;千峰叠翠拥居庸,山北山南处处峰。锁钥北门天设险,半哉峻岭走长龙。从南4楼到南7楼,高度逐渐下降。南5楼与南6楼之间在长城的内侧距城墙30米的山脊上,耸立着一座白色的小亭,这就是1987年6月落成的“贵州省修复长城纪念碑亭”。南6楼是一座铺房,铺房建在上层的顶上,面阔三间,硬山顶,红柱子,灰色瓦,小巧玲珑。这大概是当年“千总”的指挥所。

今天的长城,早已失去军事价值,而以其特有的魅力,吸引着广大中外游客,成为举世闻名的旅游胜地。随着旅游业的发展,长城这一中华民族的象征,全世界重要的文化遗产,会焕发出新的生机。以更优质的旅游服务、更优美的旅游环境迎接着大家的到来!

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篇2:有关阿里山的导游词怎么写

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 1108 字

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盼望已久的旅遊

從三年前,媽媽就說帶我出國旅遊,可一直沒有實現。終於在這個暑假如願以償了。在去巴厘島的頭一天晚上,我就抑制不住內心興奮,翻來覆去的睡不着。終於挨到天亮,我早早的起床,快速收拾停當,催促媽媽快點到機場。安檢結束后我就坐在飛機上靜靜的等待飛機起飛。就算是飛機誤點了兩小時,我依然很高興。

熱情的當地人

我剛下飛機就感受到了印度尼西亞人那淳樸,熱情好客的民俗風情。導遊小姐雙手合實,用真誠的微笑祝福我們:“旅途愉快!”之後給我們帶上了當地的島花“雞蛋花”製成的花環,迎面而來的花香使我陶醉在其中。

第二天,我在沙灘上撿到一隻小小的螃蟹,特別高興。裝在袋裡,像個寶貝似的捧在手裡。路上經過許多商戶,突然,一個商戶:“啊,啊,啊!”板著臉指着螃蟹大叫起來。我看見他的表情,嚇得我瞪大了眼睛,心想:是不是當地不讓抓螃蟹呀!當我正在詫異時。他微笑着沖我豎起大拇指:“Good!Good!”原來他是在跟我開玩笑,他用這種表達方式向我祝賀,為我高興。

有一天早上,媽媽用房間內的電水壺燒水時,一摸電線,馬上渾身顫抖,還好電流較弱馬上就甩開了。我們怒氣沖沖的找他們理論。第二天,他們收拾房間時,不光把水壺換了,還為我們準備了水果籃和一盤花,還有一張卡片,上面是當地的語言。雖然我不懂,但我理解他們以此表達的歉意之情。

在馬路上當地人見了我們都會點頭微笑。在酒店裡,每一個服務員,看見你都會說:“Goodmorning;Hello!”之類的話語。

當地人就是這樣坦誠相待、彬彬有禮。

海龜島

在巴厘島的對岸,有一個海龜島,特別小基本算是巴厘島的一部分了。島上是專門繁殖海龜和當地特有的動物的。上面的海龜最大的,直徑足足有七八十厘米,最小的,也是剛剛出生的,還沒有手心大呢!島上還有蝙蝠、蜥蜴、大嘴鳥、蟒蛇、鷹和各種鳥類。參觀這個島的旅客不需要購買門票。島上的活動有:抱海龜,拿蟒蛇,摸蜥蜴,看大嘴鳥,扛鷹等等。但當你離開時,要捐錢多少都可以,為島上的繁育工作作出貢獻。

巴厘島的沙灘是,細細的,軟軟的。海水退潮時,海草鋪滿了整個沙灘,沙灘上有很多被海水衝上來的海產品。那的海膽有許多許多,我還發現了一個長長的海參呢!都是在我所見到的海里很難發現的,這正是叫人驚奇地方。我撿了很多小海螺,沒想到裡面還有寄居蟹呢!你要把海螺擱那兒不動,一會兒兩個小鉗子就偷偷的鑽出來,悄悄地背着“家”逃走。躺在沙灘上,吹着海風,明媚的陽光照在你身上,看看美景,那真是人間仙境,叫我留戀望返。

那軟軟的沙灘,清澈見底的海水,藍藍的天空,白白的雲兒,高高的椰子樹,蔥綠的熱帶植物,迷人的熱帶風光成為世界上有名的旅遊聖地。我喜愛巴厘島的所有,如:人、美景、動物、海洋……

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篇3:达岭英文导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 1893 字

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My friends, everybody! Welcome to the badaling Great Wall. I am your tour guide, Qiu Xuyang, you call me little high or high conductivity, by today I lead you to visit the Great Wall at badaling, hope you have a good and unforgettable time here.

Badaling Great Wall wall 6-9 meters high, planar trapezoid, bottom width 6. 5-7. 5 meters 8, 4. 5-5. 8 m. Most of the wall a wide flat, can "WuMa and ride, 10 people in parallel"; The wall line be the outside, the outer wall is high, the medial wall is low. Everyone along the direction of my finger to see: the wall beside the road, at the entrance of a total of five iron cannon, iron cannon, though after one hundred years vicissitudes of life remains intact, the largest of a gun barrel length 2. 85 meters, diameter of 105 mm, range of km above, power is great. Everyone can be a photo here. On the Great Wall you to look at the up and down two floors building is the watchtowers, watchtowers horse-refraining pits and shot hole, around the upper house for the bottom of the soldiers, lodging and storage materials.

Go the distance, this is the beacon tower, which friend can say the use of a beacon tower? Beacon tower is good, the main role is to facilitate investigation, there are enemy invasion at the same time, can be burning fuel, such as straw so that you can use fireworks on the situation of the enemy, is on alert for the next. Ok, my friends keep up with the pace of the I, as the saying goes: "not a true man unless he comes to the Great Wall!" Now we see the tilted 45 degrees in the triangle type of stone is the famous mens stone. Come here, everybody is the genuine hero, take you to the excited mood to leave you here permanent shadow.

Two hours of long time went by, in a twinkling of an eye small high here I wish you a happy happy life! A happy family! People gain flourish! A happy journey! We have a chance to meet again!

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篇4:幽默导游欢迎词精选_导游词范文_网

范文类型:欢迎词,导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 1185 字

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幽默导游欢迎词精选

范文一

各位团友,大家好啊!很高兴见到各位,首先我代表我们公司青岛××旅行社对大家参加这次的旅游活动表示热烈的欢迎,本人托大家的鸿福,很幸运能够成为大家的导游。在这里要跟大家说声谢谢哦:“谢谢大家”。先自我介绍吧,我呢是青岛××*旅行社的经理(停顿一下)派来的导游,我姓黄,单名一个锋字,大家可以直接喊我的名字:黄锋。这个名字挺简单,对吗?又好记,呵呵,希望大家喜欢。在我身边这一位呢是我们这次旅途中最为劳苦功高的一位,我们的××陈师傅,开足两天车的时间,非常幸苦。在此,我们于以热烈的掌声多谢我们的陈师傅。(略停)谢谢大家!那么,在这两天里面呢,就将由我和陈师傅以及一会我们的地陪这三位工作人员为大家服务,务求使到大家在我们旅途中的:食住行游购娱“都能够得到满意的服务。大家有什么需要帮忙的地方尽不妨尽管说,我们尽所可能地去满足大家的要求。所以,我们也希望在座的每一位团友都能够配合我们导游司机的工作,爱护车厢里的清洁卫生。最后,请大家再次以热烈的掌声来预祝我们将会度过一个轻松愉快的旅程!

范文二

各位尊敬的游客朋友们(停顿)——吃了吗?

啊?没吃啊,没吃就让刘导我带您吃去吧!我就知道您几位刚下火车(飞机),一路上奔波劳碌的,肯定没吃,其实早给您安排好了,我们这马上就要去我们沈阳最有名的特色餐馆——老边饺子让您先大快朵颐,让您先从味觉上感受一下我们沈阳人的热情!

光顾着说吃了,还没自我介绍一下呢,我呢,叫刘峰,沈阳旅行社的导游员,正宗的东北爷们儿(亮相),也许有的人觉得我们东北男人比较粗犷,不太适合做导游这种细致的工作。其实不然。经过联合国教科文组织36名专家组经过147天的科学论证,得主结论——俺们东北这嘎达出导游!

您看您别着急鼓掌啊,您的让我给您说出个一二三来不是吗?为什么说我们东北汉子最适合当导游呢?原因如下:一、我们东北人实在,热情,没有坏心眼,这个是全国公认的。所以说我们东北导游的服务肯定是一流的,因为我们热心肠啊!二、导游是个重体力劳动活,起早贪黑不说,每天这东跑西颠的,没个好身体可不行,不说别的,您几位游客光玩还累呢,何况是我们导游了,对吧,所以说这就是我们东北人适合作导游的第二个原因,我们牙好,嘿,胃口就好,身体倍儿棒,吃嘛嘛香,您瞅准了——东北男导游!(众人笑)

范文三

两个黄鹂鸣翠柳,一片孤城万仞山,独在异乡为异客,夜半钟声到客船,天生我才必有用,相见时难别亦难,要问此诗谁人做,不是别人正是咱!

唐诗一首,呵呵。开个玩笑!

各位客官,各位嘉宾:

旅行开始之际,导游李成林给您请安!

大家也许不明白,怎么先上来称呼各位叫客官,水是有源的,树是有荫的,这么说也是有原因的。现在都喊:顾客是上帝!过去可不是这样讲,过去说衣食父母,演员的衣食父母是看客,司机的衣食父母是乘客,饭店的衣食父母是吃客,妓院的衣食父母是……,这个不好说了。(

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篇5:关于平遥古城导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 688 字

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大家好!我是一名小导游,今天,我为大家介绍一坐文化县城——平遥古城。平遥古城是我国境内现存最为完整的明清县城,它是中原地区古县城的典型代表,现在我们还有十分钟的车程,我就先给大家做个简单的介绍。

古城位于山西省的平遥县,已有2700多年的历史,是我国唯一一座世界文化遗产古县城。平遥古城墙把平遥县城一格为两个风格迥异的世界。宝:古城便是其一。平遥城墙建于明洪武三年,全长6。4公里,为方形,城墙高12米左右,外有护城河。共有3000个哚口、72座故楼, 城墙内街道、铺面、楼市保留着明清时期的建筑;城墙外是新城,是一座古与现代建筑各成一体、交相辉映、令人遐想不已的胜地。“晋商”的发源地,中国第一家银行“日升昌”票号,在这里诞生。平遥鼎盛时期一度成为金融中心。可见,在中国金融史上,平遥占有很重要的地位。平遥有三三宝的是双林寺,寺内的彩塑造像20xx余尊,是我们的“彩塑艺术宝库”。

现在我们已经到了古城,大家跟我下车,来,首先映入我们呢眼帘的就是这青色的古城墙,大家可以仔细看看,古城的整体形状像只大乌龟,北门是龟首,南门是龟尾,东门和西门是乌龟的四肢。

现在大家跟我一起上游览车,我们在车上继续欣赏,沿着龟脊我们游览古城的大街小巷,大家可以看到这里面是一派繁荣的景象,有古代的当铺、钱庄、贸易商行,还有客栈、酒吧……都是比较丰富的,待会我们浏览车停了,大家可以自行参观,看看有没有想买的一些小纪念品,中引文这里的东西还是比较有特色的。

平遥古城是一座雄伟的古城,值得我们流连忘返,希望大家多多去发现古城的“美”!现在大家就自行参观吧,一个小时候在门口下车的地方集合,大家注意安全。

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篇6:澳门妈阁庙导游词_澳门导游词_网

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 476 字

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澳门妈阁庙导游词

欢迎大家来到妈阁庙!我是你们的导游,我姓x,大家可以叫我小x。为了便于大家参观游玩,下面我首先大家介绍一下妈阁庙。

妈阁庙是中葡文化融合起点,也是澳门最著名的名胜古迹之一,至今已逾五百年,是澳门三大禅院中最古者。妈阁庙原称妈祖阁,在澳门东南方,俗称天后庙,建于一四八八年,正值明朝。背山面海,沿崖建筑,古木参天,风光优美。整座庙宇包括大殿、弘仁殿、观音阁等四座主要建筑,石狮镇门、飞檐凌空,是一座富有中国文化特色的古建筑。

1998年10月28日,在澳门最高点,路环岛的叠石塘山顶,又落成了全世界最高的妈祖雕像。她矗立在澳门的最高点,因此,无论从海面或还是陆地,都清晰可见。开光以来原本人迹罕至的路环岗顶,一时车水马龙,香火鼎盛。

每年春节和农历3月23日娘妈生辰日,是妈祖阁香火最鼎盛的时候。除夕午夜开始,不少善男信女纷纷到来拜神祈福,庙宇内外,一片热闹,而诞期前后,庙前空地会搭盖一大棚作为临时舞台,上演神功戏。

神功戏是澳门妈阁水陆演戏会历年的酬神习俗。“神功”是指为神做的功德。在节日、神诞等庆祝活动上表演粤剧,表达“神人共乐”的精神。

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篇7:洛阳白马寺英文导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 3973 字

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White horse temple is located in the henan luoyang city east, 10 kilometers in the south-north luoyang city harmony door 1.5 kilometers to the west, called Jin Gangya temple, the so-called "Chinas first ancient temple", is the Buddhism was introduced into China after the first official temple. It was built in the eastern han dynasty emperor yongping eleven years (AD 68), it has a history of nearly 20xx years.

White horse temple original structure size is extremely magnificent, past dynasties and rebuilt several times, but because of the war, rise and fall several times, ancient architectural structures, the peoples government to preserve the famous cultural monuments, had repeatedly repair. Existing five major temple and four compound and wing. Prior to the gate, the gate is three arch side by side. Mountain gate, a pair of stone lions and a pair of stone horse, schism, inside the gate on both sides of things have taken the second monks tomb and zhu flange. Five major temple from south to north in turn as the great, big Buddha hall, male temple, temple and which the Lu Dian. Each hall has statues, many works for the yuan, Ming and qing period. Which the Lu Dian on the cool and refreshing, cool and refreshing for taken the teng, zhu flange translation of buddhist scriptures. Wing left and right sides is symmetrical. The whole building grand solemn, layout in neat formation. In addition, there are 40 many inscriptions, is valuable to study the history of the temple.

White horse temple sits, existing is a rectangular courtyard, covers an area of about 40000 square meters. Temple gate, square south have in recent years, newly built stone memorial arch, free life pond, stone bridge, the left and right sides of the green space. About relative two stone horse horse, size, and so the horse, gentle and harmless, this is two song dynasty stone carving horse, horse is excellent stone carving art. The white horse temple gate for the reconstruction of Ming dynasty, for a three arches, side by side on behalf of the three free door, Buddhism is called nie pan gate. Part name, certificate face carved over the doorway craftsmen are relics of the eastern han dynasty. Temple five layers existing hall, located on a straight axis, partial temple on both sides are symmetrical to each other. In the great hall, in the middle of woodcarving niches, niche stick around and more than 50 of golden dragon. Within the recess for the maitreya, namely "happy Buddha". He laughs, barefoot sit cross legged, vivid and interesting, was in stitches. Inside two side, four major Kings sitting majestically, is the patron saint of buddhist. Smiling Buddha (after the wei tuo days, Buddhism guardian deity, towering stands, shows the majesty of the dharma).

White horse temple east gate walk about 300 meters, there is a 13 layer JiYun tower, straight into the sky. JiYun tower was built in the five dynasties period, originally, when the invasion of nomads from song dynasty burned. Rulers of great years to rebuild the tower, has been 800 years of history.

White horse temple building grand scale, the present layout of jiajing rebuild, only great, big Buddha hall, male temple, temple four halls. The gate on both sides of things of gad Ye Ma and zhu flange second monks tomb. Backyard, in which the Lu Ge broken stone, engraved with the history of the white horse temple is an important historic sites, temple preaching tang by building (read bed), yuan inscriptions have high artistic value. Temple originally also unearthed jade carved maitreya Buddha, has been stolen to the United States. The inside of the temple of Buddha is mostly yuan substitute dry lacquer, especially the Buddha Ursa major, is the best of the luoyang existing statue. According to records, The Three Kingdoms wei is the white horse temple have big pomegranate, jingshi legend: "charming sweet pomegranate, a stone." Temple east there is a big jin at fifteen years (1175) to build JiYun tower.

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篇8:长城英文导游词范文_导游词范文_网

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 11346 字

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长城英文导游词范文

到长城旅游还是有着很多外国人的,所以你需要准备英文的导游词,下面第一范文网小编为大家带来了长城英文导游词范文,希望对你有所帮助!

长城英文导游词范文

The Great Wall, like the Pyramids of Egypt, the Taj Mahal(1) in India and the Hanging Garden of Babylon(2), is one of the great wonders of the world. Starting out in the east on the banks of the Yalu River in Liaoning Province, the Wall stretches westwards for 12,700 kilometers to Jiayuguan in the Gobi desert, thus known as the Ten Thousand Li Wall in China. The Wall climbs up and down, twists and turns along the ridges of the Yanshan and Yinshan Mountain Chains through five provinces-Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Gansu--and two autonomous regions--Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, binding the northern China together.

Historical records trace the construction of the origin of the Wall to defensive fortification back to the year 656 B.C. during the reign of King Cheng of the States of Chu. Its construction continued throughout the Warring States period in the fifth Century B.C. when ducal states Yan, Zhao, Wei, and Qin were frequently plundered by the nomadic peoples living north of the Yinshan and Yanshan mountain ranges. Walls, then, were built separately by these ducal states to ward off such harassments. Later in 221 B.C., when Qin conquered the other states and unified China, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered the connection of these individual walls and further extensions to form the basis of the present great wall. As a matter of fact, a separate outer wall was constructed north of the Yinshan range in the Han Dynasty(206 BC--1644 BC.), which went to ruin through years of neglect. In the many intervening centuries, succeeding dynasties rebuilt parts of the Wall. The most extensive reinforcements and renovations were carried out in the Ming Dynasty (1368--1644) when altogether 18 lengthy stretches were reinforced with bricks and rocks. it is mostly the Ming Dynasty Wall that visitors see today. The Great Wall is divided into two sections, the east and west, with Shanxi Province as the dividing line. The west part is a rammed earth construction, about 5.3 meters high on average. In the eastern part, the core of the Wall is rammed earth as well, but the outer shell is reinforced with bricks and rocks. The most imposing and best preserved sections of the Great Wall are at Badaling and Mutianyu, not far from Beijing and both are open to visitors. The Wall of those sections is 7.8 meters high and 6.5 meters wide at its base, narrowing to 5.8 meters on the ramparts, wide enough for five horses to gallop abreast. There are ramparts, embrasures, peep-holes and apertures for archers on the top, besides gutters with gargoyles to drain rain-water off the parapet walk. Two-storied watch-towers are built at approximately 400-meters internals. The top stories of the watch-tower were designed for observing enemy movements, while the first was used for storing grain, fodder, military equipment and gunpowder as well as for quartering garrison soldiers. The highest watch-tower at Badaling standing on a hill-top, is reached only after a steep climb, like "climbing a ladder to heaven". The view from the top is rewarding, hoverer. The Wall follows the contour of mountains that rise one behind the other until they finally fade and merge with distant haze. A signal system formerly existed that served to communicate military information to the dynastic capital. This consisted of beacon towers on the Wall itself and on mountain tops within sight of the Wall. At the approach of enemy troops, smoke signals gave the alarm from the beacon towers in the daytime and bonfire did this at night.

Emergency signals could be relayed to the capital from distant places within a few hour long before the invention of anything like modern communications. There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing. Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to the Manchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911) Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each. Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages. As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.

Notes:1. the Taj Mahal in India 印度的泰姬陵2. the Hanging Garden of Babylon 巴比伦的空中花园3. Sanskrit 梵语4. Uigur 维吾尔语

There stand 14 major passes (Guan, in Chinese) at places of strategic importance along the Great Wall, the most important being Shanghaiguan and Jiayuguan. Yet the most impressive one is Juyongguan, about 50 kilometers northwest of Beijing.

Known as "Tian Xia Di YI Guan" (The First Pass Under Heaven), Shanghaiguan Pass is situated between two sheer cliffs forming a neck connecting north China with the northeast. It had been, therefore, a key junction contested by all strategists and many famous battles were fought here. It was the gate of Shanghaiguan that the Ming general Wu Sangui opened to the Manchu army to suppress the peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng and so surrendered the whole Ming empire to theManchus, leading to the foundation of the Qing Dynasty. (1644-1911)

Jiayuguan Pass was not so much as the "Strategic pass Under the Heaven" as an important communication center in Chinese history. Cleft between the snow-capped Qilian Mountains and the rolling Mazong Mountains, it was on the ancient Silk Road. Zhang Qian, the first envoy of Emperor Wu Di of the Western Han dynasty (206 B.C-24 A.D), crossed it on his journey to the western regions. Later, silk flowed to the west through this pass too. The gate-tower of Jiayuguan is an attractive building of excellent workmanship. It has an inner city and an outer city, the former square in shape and surrounded by a wall 11.7 meters high and 730 meters in circumference. It has two gates, an eastern one and a western one. On each gate sits a tower facing each other. the four corners of the wall are occupied by four watch towers, one for each.

Juyongguan, a gateway to ancient Beijing from Inner Mongolia, was built in a 15-kilometer long ravine flanked by mountains. The cavalrymen of Genghis Khan swept through it in the 13th century. At the center of the pass is a white marble platform named the Cloud terrace, which was called the Crossing-Street Dagoba, since its narrow arch spanned the main street of the pass and on the top of the terrace there used to be three stone dagobas, built in the Yuan Daynasty(1206-1368). At the bottom of the terrace is a half-octagonal arch gateway, interesting for its wealth of detail: it is decorated with splendid images of Buddha and four celestial guardians carved on the walls. The vividness of their expressions is matched by the exquisite workmanship. such grandiose relics works, with several stones pieced together, are rarely seen in ancient Chinese carving. The gate jambs bear a multi-lingual Buddhist sutra, carved some 600 years ago in Sanskrit(3), Tibetan, Mongolian, Uigur(4), Han Chinese and the language of Western Xia. Undoubtedly, they are valuable to the study of Buddhism and ancient languages.

As a cultural heritage, the Wall belongs not only to China but to the world. The Venice charter says: "Historical and cultural architecture not only includes the individual architectural works, but also the urban or rural environment that witnessed certain civilizations, significant social developments or historical events." The Great Wall is the largest of such historical and cultural architecture, and that is why it continues to be so attractive to people all over the world. In 1987, the Wall was listed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage site.

万里长城导游词400字

尊敬的先生们,女士们,小朋友们,你们好!我们将要游览的是壮丽的万里长城。我是你们的导游。万里长城是我国重点文物保护单位,在1987年12月被列入世界遗产名录,这是中国人的骄傲和自豪.

毛主席说过:"不到长城非好汉."是啊!长城是中国民族的象征,身为中华儿女怎么能不来游览一番呢?

古时候有孟姜女哭倒长城的动人传说:勤劳聪明的孟姜女为了寻找被官兵捉去修长城的丈夫,千里迢迢来到长城下,经过打听,却知丈夫已被活活累死!听到这晴天霹雳,孟姜女伤心地在长城下一连哭了三天三夜.只听"轰隆"一声,8百里长城倒下了.游客们,这是一个多么动人的故事啊!

万里长城凝结了千千万万劳动人民的血汗.是中华民族智慧的结晶.长城像巨龙盘旋在群山中,那磅礴的气势,闻名世界.

我们此时正站在八达岭长城上,踏着脚下的方砖,扶着墙上的条石.单看着数不清的条石,一块有两三千斤重,那时没有火车,汽车,没有起重机,就靠着无数的肩膀无数的手,一步一步地抬上着陡峭的山岭.游客们,看着这些,我们没有理由不想起古代修筑长城的劳动人民来.他们的智慧不得不让我们敬佩!

万里长城到处都是雄伟壮丽的景象,说也说不尽,下面就请大家慢慢游览吧!

长城导游词

大家好,我是今天的导游,我姓薛,大家可以叫我薛导游,今天大家游览的地方是长城,俗话说得好:“不到长城非好汉。”今天,就让我们登上长城做好汉吧!

北京长城如同一条条沉睡的金色的巨龙,静卧在崇山峻岭之间,保卫着祖国伟大的毛主席,这天安门广场,就像龙身上的一片片鳞甲;这一个一个巨大的堡垒,好像龙身上的麟,秦统一六国以后,秦始皇发动一百八十万民工,将各个长城连接成了万里长城。

中间还有一个故事:古时候是用泥和热水来粘成的,现在我们面前的就是好汉坡了,登上了它们就是好汉了!我们扶好鉄扶手,我们向前吧!

从北京出发,不过一百里就来到了万里长城的脚下,这一段长城修筑在八达岭上,高大坚固,是用巨大的条石和城砖筑成的,城墙顶上铺着方砖,十分平整,像一条条很宽的马路,五六匹马可以并行。这气魄雄伟的工程,在世界历史上是一个伟大的奇迹!

今天的旅游就到这里结束了,希望大家下次再来观看这万里长城,看看我们中国这样气魄雄伟的奇迹呀!

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篇9:济南大明湖导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 289 字

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大明湖济南三大名胜之一。大明湖是一天然湖泊,最早见诸文字在1400多年前北魏郦道元所著《水经注》中,隋唐时名"历水陂"、"莲子湖",宋时又称"西湖",金代又称"大明湖"。其水来源于珍珠、濯缨、芙蓉诸泉,有"众泉汇流"之说。"恒雨不涨,久旱不涸"是其一大优点,并具"蛇不见,蛙不鸣"的自然生态之谜。

现今大明湖位于济南旧城区内,公园面积86公顷,湖面46公顷,水深平均2米。"四面荷花三面柳 一城山色半城湖"是她风景特色的写照。湖上鸢飞鱼跃,画舫穿行,岸边繁花似锦,游人如织。

湖畔有历下亭、铁公祠、南丰祠、汇波楼、北极庙和遐园等多处名胜古迹,其中历下亭、铁公祠为市级文物保护单位。

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篇10:避暑山庄导游词英文_英文导游词_网

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 5723 字

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避暑山庄导游词英文

承德避暑山庄又名“承德离宫”或“热河行宫”,位于河北省承德市中心北部,武烈河西岸一带狭长的谷地上,是清代皇帝夏天避暑和处理政务的场所。

避暑山庄导游词英文一

The Mountain Summer Resort

Topic: define the Mountain Summer Resort as “garden bright pearl, science open-air museum”.

Part one: how this garden is special.

*Question:(Outside the resort, to sitimulate the tourist’s interests)

Our garden experts said that, the Summer Vacation Mountain Village is the miniature of our beautiful motherland. Why can the experts say like this?

*Introduction:

Chengde Summer Resort is in the northern part of Chengde city, Heibei province. Chengde Imperial Palace also known as the Rehe Place, where Qing emperors spent their summer days and work in, so it was not an imperial summer palace in its usual meaning, but became a important centre next to Beijing.

*Knowledge about the layout:

There are two parts of the resort——the palaces and a scenic area.

The palaces were for emperors to handled political affairs and lived in. The scenic area includes lakes, hills and grassland. There are eight artificial lakes. Emperor kangXi commented the resort as “having the mountains as the bone and water as the heart ”. Emperor QianLong’s remark, “Though it is named as mountain resort, its beauty is in water” highlighted the feature of the resort. Because KangXi and QianLong have toured in south China many times and appreciated a lot of beauties there, so that beauties were like been moved by the emperors into the resort. So this garden has the north and south style in a body.

*Answer of the question:

The natural mountains and rivers built it was copied the landscape from southern Jiangsu and outside Shanhaiguan, there has forests, lakes, grassland and mountains; almost include all kinds of the landscapes of China.

Outside the palaces is the eight outer temples, this temples surrounding the palaces like the star surrounding the Moon, symbolized the national various nationalities closely around the Qing Dynasty’s rule center.

Part two: Great values of the resort.

In our country history:

The Mountain Summer Resort has witnessed the Qing Dynasty’s consolidation and development. Said from its rich history connotation, it is really a national and religious history museum.

*Question:Why Mountain Summer Resort is considered as “intangible Great Wall”?

When the Qing government made Beijing its capital, it paid attention to the relationship with the national minorities in Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet, and keep a marriage relation with them. It can be seen like this way: the temples around the Mountain Summer Resort were the outcome of the policy of national solidarity and consolidation of the multi-national country.

We know the Ming Dynasty has built Great Wall, but the policy of building the Mountain Summer Resort is more effectual .

From the cultural value:

In the resort, Han Nationality culture and some national minority cultures, both display respective characteristics and absorb from each other. Now Chengde already towards to the world, the culture is not belongs to china also the universe.

避暑山庄导游词英文二

Our garden experts said that, the Summer Vacation Mountain Village is the miniature of our beautiful motherland. Why can the experts say like this?

*Introduction:

Chengde Summer Resort is in the northern part of Chengde city, Heibei province. Chengde Imperial Palace also known as the Rehe Place, where Qing emperors spent their summer days and work in, so it was not an imperial summer palace in its usual meaning, but became a important centre next to Beijing.

*Knowledge about the layout:

There are two parts of the resort——the palaces and a scenic area.

The palaces were for emperors to handled political affairs and lived in. The scenic area includes lakes, hills and grassland. There are eight artificial lakes. Emperor kangXi commented the resort as “having the mountains as the bone and water as the heart ”. Emperor QianLong’s remark, “Though it is named as mountain resort, its beauty is in water” highlighted the feature of the resort. Because KangXi and QianLong have toured in south China many times and appreciated a lot of beauties there, so that beauties were like been moved by the emperors into the resort. So this garden has the north and south style in a body.

*Answer of the question:

The natural mountains and rivers built it was copied the landscape from southern Jiangsu and outside Shanhaiguan, there has forests, lakes, grassland and mountains; almost include all kinds of the landscapes of China.

Outside the palaces is the eight outer temples, this temples surrounding the palaces like the star surrounding the Moon, symbolized the national various nationalities closely around the Qing Dynasty’s rule center.

Part two: Great values of the resort.

In our country history:

The Mountain Summer Resort has witnessed the Qing Dynasty’s consolidation and development. Said from its rich history connotation, it is really a national and religious history museum.

*Question: Why Mountain Summer Resort is considered as “intangible Great Wall”?

When the Qing government made Beijing its capital, it paid attention to the relationship with the national minorities in Mongolia, Xinjiang and , and keep a marriage relation with them. It can be seen like this way: the temples around the Mountain Summer Resort were the outcome of the policy of national solidarity and consolidation of the multi-national country.

We know the Ming Dynasty has built Great Wall, but the policy of building the Mountain Summer Resort is more effectual .

From the cultural value:

In the resort, Han Nationality culture and some national minority cultures, both display respective characteristics and absorb from each other. Now Chengde already towards to the world, the culture is not belongs to china also the universe.

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篇11:介绍丽江导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 700 字

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大家好!欢迎各位来到号称“世界遗产”的丽江古城参观、游玩。

我们随着悠悠的玉泉水,就来到了被称为“高原姑苏”和“东方威尼斯”的丽江古城。丽江古城又叫大研镇,它是保存最好的四大古城之一,也是其中唯一没有城墙的古城。为什么呢?据说是丽江最早的统治者姓“木”,如“木”加框,就变成“困”,因此就没给古城建造城墙。

古城形成于南宋后期,已经有八百多年的悠久文化历史了,面积3.8平方公里,常住人口约三万人。1986年成为国家级历史文化名城,1997年又被列入世界文化遗产。丽江古城除了同苏州古城一样具有“小桥、流水、人家”的特色外,还在古城选址、街道和房屋布局、纳西民居等方面别具一格。

看!那位纳西族老人,他穿着传统的蓝色民族服装,头戴红军帽,在悠闲的散步,呀!还向我们招手呢。

好凉快呀!原来是身后的水龙柱喷出来的泉水,龙是管水的,而古城里木建筑最怕火,但水能克火,这水龙柱预示着不让古城着火的意思。千百年来,这里的人们守护着这座美丽的古城。也请各位游客爱护古城,不要乱扔垃圾,保护环境。

丽江古城还有一个特别的习俗,那就是放河灯。放河灯是一种古老的习俗,据说每天晚上,黑龙潭的龙王会顺着河水巡游古城,放一盏河灯,不仅能保护古城的平安,更能使自己和家人得到龙王的保护,并在今后日子里吉祥如意、心想事成。听了这一个传说,大家赶快放一盏河灯,许一个心愿吧!

现在,我们来到了丽江古城最有名的街道——四方街。这条四方街如蛛网般交错,东南西北各有一个出口。街道的地面是由五彩石铺成的,非常坚固,你用脚踏上去,就会发出非常清脆的声音。四方街非常繁华,街上的客栈没有相同的,如果你在客栈上转几圈,你绝对会知道这些客栈的不同之处。

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篇12:峡的导游词400字

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 467 字

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各位游客朋友们:

大家好!

非常欢迎大家来到三峡大坝,我是大家的导游,我姓潘,大家就叫我小潘吧。

首先,让我们一起来说说我们的三峡工程吧。

三峡工程是中国人民用智慧和汗水创造的冲破性伟大工程。它举天下之力而建,以是,在场的每一位前辈,你们都为其做出过贡献,它是我们共同的自豪!

接下来我们要去三峡大坝的最佳观景点——坛子岭观景台。大家上去的时候要注重安全。站在坛子岭上,凭栏眺望,高峡平湖就在眼前延伸。巍然耸立的三峡大坝如巨龙横江,和沿岸的群山相连,十分的壮观。

由于三峡水库属峡谷河道型水库,坝上湖面并不十分隔阔。站在坛子岭上能看到的湖面在几公里外就消失到峡谷中去了,远没有鄱阳、洞庭的浩淼和壮阔。但它摄人心魄的壮美是深藏不露的,因为我们眼前的那一汪江水示明的是人类对世界第三大江河的征服,承载的是一个人的共同体一百年的梦想。我相信,在场的每一位前辈均可以或许读懂这种美,因为那是属于中华人的共同体的大壮美,那是中华人的共同体崛起在新时代的伟大标志。

好了,我的讲解就要结束了,接下来大家可以自由参观,我们11点在三峡展览馆门跟前集合,谢谢大家。

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篇13:峡导游词英文

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 1759 字

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Good friends! Now, here we are the famous three gorges of Yangtze river, the three gorges between chongqing and hubei province is located in the upper stream of Yangtze river, is the floorboard of the qutang gorge, wu gorge and xiling. But the scenery here, the grand risk but do not break elegant beautiful zhuang, is a good place for leisure.

The total length of two hundred km, everybody look at both sides is the continuous mountains, mountain without any gap, like a green dragon. Here the mountain towering, canopy, lock the sky became a tape. But for now is noon, even the sun was visible!

Of the three gorges project is a "scene". All the year round, the place has a vastly different beauty waiting for you to enjoy. In the summer, and the waters prevailed here, fast-flowing, is a bold and unrestrained beauty. But for safety reasons, or be a little careful. Autumn, is a kind of sad beauty, each with a frost in the morning, have an ape that has turned the noise, real tear-jerker.

If you are a like quiet beauty, really come to the right time! Spring day like today, showed the quiet beauty of the three gorges. Here is like snow jet and green deep pools, the cyclotron to west also reflected the shadow of everything in the world, visitors can explore in turn head to see, here, it has reflected the sun! On you on both sides of the mountain, with a lot of strange pine, interesting. Now, in front of us is on both sides of the waterfall. This water torrents agitation is cultured and shoot the aesthetic feeling, well, as the ship, we enjoy clear water show, the beauty of the mountain grass sheng!

Happy time always passed quickly, we are thats the end of the trip. May this trip to the three gorges can leave a good memories in your heart, goodbye!

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篇14:金华双龙洞导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 1559 字

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“千尺横梁压水低,轻舟仰卧人回溪”,进入内洞就宛如置身仙境龙宫了。内洞更大于外洞,面积约3500平方米,洞内钟乳石、石笋、石幔、石柱、石钟、地下泉水众多。“神龙见首不见尾”,在洞内你就可以见到两龙的龙身、龙爪、龙尾了。其他主要景观有“晴雨石”等数十多个岩溶景观,琳琅满目,惟妙惟肖,游客至此,都会忘记尘世的喧嚣,体验“洞中方一日,人间已三载”的神奇。

洞口双龙独居特色,下面为我们展示下双龙进洞的标准方式哦,值得你体验,惊险无限!

外洞宽敞高广,面积约1200平方米,可容千人集会。常年洞温保持在17℃左右,冬暖夏凉。特别是在炎热夏日,金华人和游客到洞中纳凉已成千古风俗,比起天然空调,则有过之而无不及,古人形容得好:上山汗如雨,入洞一身凉。

1)摩崖石刻:外洞洞壁有众多摩崖石刻,洞口北壁“双龙洞”三字,传为唐人手迹,后由民国交通次长临摹刻撰;南壁“洞天”二字,为宋代书法家吴琳的墨宝;“三十六洞天”五个大字,则为国民党元老、近代书法家于佑任先生之手笔;*里边石壁上还有“水石奇观”石刻和清代名人探洞游记碑刻;近代合肥游人的“双龙洞”三字石刻,很有趣味,他将“龙”字反刻,寓意双龙洞的两龙头,要站在洞厅内往外反过来看,才能看到他们的真面貌。

2)吕先生藏身:外洞厅北有一挂黄色“石瀑”,俨然是古人衣袍,这就是传说的“吕先生藏身”景点,相传八仙之一 的吕洞宾曾隐身于此,又有传说是,有个村姑誓不嫁抢她的财主,被锁困在洞中,吕洞宾就是从这里去营救洞中的村姑的。靠厅北尽头就是“骆驼仰首”、“石蛙窥穴”、“雄狮迈步”、“金鹞展翅” 等景观,特别是洞中的岩溶景观“仙人田”层层叠叠,使人不由产生来到世外的感觉。.

3)屏石横亘:内外洞之间有巨大的屏石横亘相隔,仅有狭窄的地下河相通,河长15 余米,宽3米多。要想进入内洞,只有屏息仰卧小船中,逆水擦岩而过,不得稍做抬头,否则就有碰破鼻尖之虞,很是惊险,游览方式为世界独有。古诗云“洞中有洞洞中泉,欲觅泉源卧小船”就是描写历史上就是如此探洞的。明朝的地理学家、旅行家徐霞客在420xx年前,则是向洞前的潘老太太借了澡盆,解衣游进双龙内洞的。

4)金华山八洞之首:明代的徐霞客根据双龙洞“外有二门,中悬重幄,水陆兼奇,幽明凑异”的独特景观特点和价值,把它列为“金华山八洞”。

金华自古以优越的地理和交通条件为商家倚重,是历史上商业繁华的地区之一.金华物产丰富,“金华火腿”和“金华酥饼”两个传统名产更是名扬海外,其它花茶、藕粉、佛手在全国知名度很高。此外,金华白字酒、寿生酒、佛手酒、义乌南枣、东阳木雕、浦江麦杆画、草编、剪纸、永康灰鹅、方岩玩具、兰溪蜜枣、花猪等在省内外享有较高声誉.改革开放后涌现出的义乌中国小商品城也以逐渐系统化,近年相当活跃,以小见大,以多见长,物廉价美,市场充满一片繁荣景象。其他如永康中国科技五金城、金华工商城、浦江书画市场、磐安特产城等20余个特大型、大中型购物市场,使金华成为辐射国内外的物质集散中心,被誉为“购物天堂”。

浙江武义牛头山国家森林公园,位于有“江南华清池,浙中桃花源”之美誉的浙江省武义县境内,距武义县 城60公里,总面积1327.69公顷。公园属中山地貌,峰峦叠嶂,高耸云霄,千米以上山峰林立,牛头山,海拔1560米,不仅由仙而名,更因水而灵。古树断崖 相伴的碧湖悬瀑,皮筏漂流、爬坡戏 浪等激情诱惑,让游宾在访仙问道之余,可拥抱激流而抵达快乐生命的巅峰。牛头山神牛谷漂流,峰险崖峭,峡 深流急。漂流全程3公里,大小落差有20余个,*高落差有2.6米,两岸林密 岩奇,兽跃禽飞,和谐怡然,派原始 景象。良好植被的水源涵养和水质净化,造就了可与九寨沟媲美的秀水。 河流顺山势而下,千回百转,曲径通幽,大有“山水复疑无路,柳岸花明又 一村”的新奇。

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篇15:颐和园英文版导游词_导游词范文_网

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 6399 字

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颐和园英文版导游词

当有外国友人来华参观颐和园时,你会如何用英语向他介绍北京颐和园呢?下面是小编为大家整理的北京颐和园英文版的导游词,供大家参考。

篇一:

hi! Hello, I am your tour guide xiao Lin, today by I lead you to visit the world cultural heritage, beautiful scenery of the Summer Palace, we hope you have a good time, play fun.

Now we have been to the Summer Palace, the Summer Palace formerly qingyi park, built qing dynasty emperor qianlong fifteen years as AD 1750, Beijing in the qing dynasty, is the famous "three mountains five gardens" built in the last one. Also is one of Chinas four big gardens, on March 4, 1961, the Summer Palace was announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units, in August 1998 was rated as the world cultural heritage, the Summer Palace on May 8, 2019 by the national tourism administration approval for the state 5 a-class tourist scenic spot.

The Summer Palace gates, around the hall, came to the famous promenade. The promenade is 720 meters long, divided into 273 rooms, each cross on the sill between painted with colorful painting, painting the character, the grass, the landscape, as well as some historical stories and myths and legends.

Tourists now here we are at the foot of longevity hill, you look at that whether there is a three layer architecture of anise pyramid stand that is halfway up the mountain, buddhist incense under the rows of resplendent and magnificent palace, is to go to the temple.

篇二:

Situated in the western outskirts of Haidian District, the Summer Palace is 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) from central Beijing. Having the largest royal park and being well preserved, it was designated, in 1960 by the State Council, as a Key Cultural Relics Protection Site of China. Containing examples of the ancient arts, it also has graceful landscapes and magnificent constructions. The Summer Palace is the archetypal Chinese garden, and is ranked amongst the most noted and classical gardens of the world. In 1998, it was listed as one of the World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.

Constructed in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234), during the succeeding reign of feudal emperors; it was extended continuously. By the time of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), it had become a luxurious royal garden providing royal families with rest and entertainment. Originally called "Qingyi Garden" (Garden of Clear Ripples), it was know as one of the famous "three hills and five gardens" (Longevity Hill, Jade Spring Mountain, and Fragrant Hill; Garden of Clear Ripples, Garden of Everlasting Spring, Garden of Perfection and Brightness, Garden of Tranquility and Brightness, and Garden of Tranquility and Pleasure). Like most of the gardens of Beijing, it could not elude the rampages of the Anglo-French allied force and was destroyed by fire. In 1888, Empress Dowager Cixi embezzled navy funds to reconstruct it for her own benefit, changing its name to Summer Palace (Yiheyuan). She spent most of her later years there, dealing with state affairs and entertaining. In 1900, it suffered again, being ransacked by the Eight-Power Allied Force. After the success of the 1911 Revolution, it was opened to the public.

Composed mainly of Longevity Hill and Kunming Lake, The Summer Palace occupies an area of 294 hectares (726.5 acres), three quarters of which is water. Guided by nature, artists designed the gardens exquisitely so that visitors would see marvelous views and be amazed by perfect examples of refined craftwork using the finest materials.

Centered on the Tower of Buddhist Incense (Foxiangge) the Summer Palace consists of over 3,000 structures including pavilions, towers, bridges, and corridors. The Summer Palace can be divided into four parts: the court area, front-hill area, front-lake area, and rear-hill and back-lake area.

Front-Hill Area: this area is the most magnificent area in the Summer Palace with the most constructions. Its layout is quite distinctive because of the central axis from the yard of Kunming Lake to the hilltop, on which important buildings are positioned including Gate of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Dispelling Clouds, Hall of Moral Glory, Tower of Buddhist Incense, the Hall of the Sea of Wisdom, etc.

Rear-Hill and Back-Lake Area: although the constructions are fewer here, it has a unique landscape, with dense green trees, and winding paths. Visitors can feel a rare tranquility, and elegance. This area includes scenic spots such as Garden of Harmonious Interest and Suzhou Market Street.

Court Area: this is where Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu met officials, conducted state affairs and rested. Entering the East Palace Gate, visitors may see the main palace buildings: the Hall of Benevolence and Longevity served as the office of the Emperor, the Hall of Jade Ripples where Guangxu lived, the Hall of Joyful Longevity, Cixi‘s residence, the Hall of Virtue and Harmony where Cixi was entertained.

Front Lake Area: covering a larger part of the Summer Palace, opens up the vista of the lake. A breeze fluttering, waves gleam and willows kiss the ripples of the vast water. In this comfortable area there are the Eastern and Western Banks, the Seventeen-Arch Bridge, Nanhu Island, and so on. On the western bank float six distinct bridges amongst which the Jade-Belt Bridge is the most beautiful.

颐和园是我国现存最完好、规模最宏大的古代园林。位于北京市海淀区境内,距天安门20余公里,占地290公顷。

颐和园原为封建帝王的行宫和花园,远在金贞元元年(1153年)即在这里修建“西山八院”之一的“金山行宫”。明弘治七年(1494年)修建了园静寺,后皇室在此建成好山园。1664年清廷定都北京后,又将好山园更名为“瓮山行宫”。清乾隆年间,经过2019年的修建工程,将该园改名为“清漪圆”。此时的清漪园,北自文昌阁至西宫门筑有围墙,东、南、西三面以昆明湖水为屏障,园内修建了许多亭台楼阁,桥廊斋榭,山清水秀,富丽堂皇。咸丰十年(1860年),英法联军疯狂抢劫并焚烧了园内大部分建筑,除宝云阁(俗称“铜亭”)智慧海、多宝琉璃塔幸存外,珍宝被洗劫一空,建筑夷为一片废墟。光绪十四年(1888年)慈待太后挪用海军经费3000万两白银,在清漪园的废墟上兴建起颐和园。光绪二十六年(192019年)颐和园又遭八国联军的野蛮破坏,后慈禧又动用巨款重新修复。数百年来,这里一直是封建帝王、皇室的享乐之地,解放辟为公园。1961年国务院公布颐和园为全国重点文物保护单位。

颐和园包括万寿山、昆明湖两大部分,园内山水秀美,建筑宏伟。全园有各式建筑3000余间,园内布局可分为政治、生活、游览三个区域。政治活动区,以仁寿段为中心,是过去慈禧太后和光绪皇帝办理朝事、会见朝臣、使节的地方。生活居住区,以玉澜堂、宜芸馆、乐寿堂为主体,是慈禧、光绪及后妃居住之地。风景游览区,以万寿山前山、后山、后湖、昆明湖为主,是全园的主要组成部分。

在世界古典园林中享有盛誉的颐和园,布局和谐,浑然一体。在高60米的万寿山前山的中央,纵向自低而高排列着排云门、排云股、德辉殿、佛香阁、智慧海等一组建筑,依山而立,步步高升,气派宏伟。以高大的佛香阁为主体,形成了全园的中心线。沿昆明湖北岸横向而建的长廊,长728米,共273间,像一条彩带横跨于万寿山前,连结着东面前山建筑群。长廊中有精美柁画 14000多幅,素有“画廊”之美称。位于颐和园东北角,万寿山东麓的谐趣园,具有浓重的江南园林特色,被誉为 “园中之园”。

占全园总面积四分之三的昆明湖,湖水清澈碧绿,景色宜人。在广阔的湖面上,有三个小岛点缀,其主要景物是西堤、西堤六桥、东堤、南湖岛、十七孔桥等。湖岸建有廓如亭、知春亭、凤凰墩等秀美建筑,其中位于湖西北岸的清晏舫(石访)中西合璧,精巧华丽,是园中著名的水上建筑。后山后湖,林茂竹青,景色幽雅,到处是松林曲径,小桥流水,风格与前山迥然不同。山脚下的苏州河,曲折蜿蜒,时狭时阔,颇具江南特色。在岸边的树丛中建有多宝琉璃塔。后山还有一座仿西藏建筑——香岩宗印之阁,造型奇特。苏州街原为宫内的民间买卖街,现已修复并向游人开放。拥山抱水,绚丽多姿的颐和园,体现了我国造园艺术的高超水平。

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篇16:关于秋茂园的导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 327 字

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秋茂园位于苗栗县通霄镇北方5公里的新埔村内,是由旅日侨胞黄秋茂博士独资兴建,园内花木扶疏,为通霄着名的风景名胜之一,亦是全台少数不收门票的私人花园风景区,因此十分值得嘉许!

秋茂园占地约4公顷,园中造景以人工为主,设有多座凉亭、座椅及动物、人物塑像,色彩艳丽,俚俗味十足。

园内的各项雕像皆以“友爱、和平”为出发点-您可在此看见东方的宗教庙宇与西方的教堂等,园主并题了一首“友爱诗”,提倡人与人的和平相处之可贵!

建筑在斜坡上的“神灵馆”,利用眼睛的错觉,制造了“水往高处流”、“球往高处滚”的现象,走在里面会让人不自觉头昏眩,十分有趣。秋茂园的后门外是海堤,可在此眺望中国台湾海峡波涛,颇为心旷神怡。

另秋茂园特别请各位游客维护园内各项设施,务请大家合作配合。

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篇17:2024年美丽三峡导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 366 字

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大家好,我是导游王书悦,今天由我带领大家一起欣赏美丽三峡中最为险峻的巫峡。

我们现在乘船顺水而下,大家可以看到高耸的山峰与河岸紧密相连,北魏地理学家郦道元曾这样描述“两岸连山,略无阙处”。也是细致地写出了三峡山峰的高,大家可以低头树影斑驳,倒映在水面。

现在我们来到巫峡水流最为湍急的河段,请大家坐好,体验一把“朝发白帝彩云间,千里江陵一日还”的畅快。巫峡的水以急、多、猛著称,而在夏季更加突显出它湍急的流水。

请大家抬头看石壁上生的枝条,发及山尖上所长的奇形怪状的松柏,这都是大自然对生命的最好演绎。大家可以侧耳听猿鸣,很悲凉。

现在大家回头望我们刚刚渡过的河段,急流所激起的白浪在不停打转,请大家在拍照时注意拿稳相机、手机。

前方就快到岸,我们的巫峡之旅也即将告以段落,大家在下船时请注意脚下,再回首远眺美丽壮阔的长江三峡的咽喉——巫峡。

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篇18:校园导游词600字

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:学校,导游,全文共 587 字

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各位游客大家好,我是你们这些旅行者的导游叫俞点,大家可以叫我小俞,希望和大家和平共处,祝大家旅途愉快。这次我们要游览的是北海小学。

北海小学始建于1904年,是由辛亥革命先驱徐锡麟及教育家蔡元培先生创办的。百年北小用他们先进的思想和不懈的努力铸就的如橼大笔,写下一页页灿烂的历史篇章。学校以“文化策略”为导向,以“对话策略”为载体,以“反思策略”为推动,以“名师策略”为激励,扎实推进师资队伍建设。

走进学校大门,我们就来到了校友路,校友路两旁载满了花草树木,有两棵茶树,两株迎春花,一棵柚子树和许多桂花树。每到秋天,两旁桂花的香味就分散到校园的角角落落,一阵风带着桂花的香味拂过我们的脸庞使我们感到神清气爽。在校友路的左边正前方,就是行政楼,穿过行政楼就到了北海小学最有意思的走廊——艺术长廊。艺术长廊上写着北海小学的历史和近期的活动,还有同学们做的小报。艺术长廊的旁边是老师们、校长们的办公室,在艺术长廊的右边的大楼,分别是综合楼和教学楼六。穿过通道就来到了教学楼三,教学楼三修筑在多才路和园丁路相交的地方。

在教学楼的左边,是孩子们最爱去玩的地方——操场。每当下课铃声传来,孩子们就纷纷跑去操场,有的在排球场练排球,为比赛做准备,有的在沙坑里蹦蹦跳跳,有的在玩“老鹰捉小鸡”的游戏......

游客们,你们说北海小学美吗?如果你们还想欣赏和认识北海小学,那就请下次再来找我吧!

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篇19:长沙旅游英文版导游词_湖南导游词_网

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:旅游,导游,全文共 8565 字

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长沙旅游英文版导游词3篇

“长沙”之名最早见于3000多年以前的西周。此后历朝历代,长沙均为湖湘首邑和南方重镇,新中国成立后,长沙作为湖南省省会,成为国务院首批颁布的24座历史文化名城之一。下面是第一范文网为大家带来的长沙旅游英文导游词,希望大家喜欢。

篇1:长沙旅游英文导游词

Welcome to changsha! I am your tour guide, my name is x, you can call me little x. In order to facilitate everyone to visit, let me first introduce the origin of the name, changsha people.

"Changsha" in the name of the first in the western zhou dynasty, 3000 years ago. Later dynasties, changsha of hunan city and southern town, after the founding of new China, as the capital of hunan province, changsha become one of the state council promulgated the first 24 historical and cultural city.

Changsha is a how of, opinions vary, different history records, basically has the following a few said:

One, named star in changsha

Shi-ji day GuanShu "cloud:" days have lodge, to have the state domain." Twenty BaSu Chiu lodge a star called "changsha", the ancients according to astrology esets theory, the land of changsha to changsha star, think changsha place-names from star name, so the changsha "star sand," said.

Second, named Yu Wanli sand shrine

Wan Lisha shrine said today (Monday) in jin at the earliest Kan horse because of the "thirteen states:" han "has Wan Lisha shrine, and since hunan state, to a surname wanli, yue changsha." Since then, the tang dynasty Li Jifu "yuanhe county," citing "DongFangShuoJi" cloud: "the south county have Wan Lisha shrine, from hunan state to a surname wan li, yue, changsha." Tang tu yu tong Canon "tam states" qin ", changsha county, since the note also cloud: "have Wan Lisha temple, yue changsha." So after the generation of local Chronicles, more say as the source of changsha is named, and best.i exposition, think of god, the god of changsha in the ancient cult sand activities.

Three, gets its name from the "land of sand"

Changsha for geological structure by quartz sandstone and glutenite, siltstone and shale as the foundation, after years of external force, formation collapse rock and the weathering and water erosion, make a lot of sand and stone are accumulated in the surface, especially in downtown changsha xiangjiang river valley, with large areas of beach, sand, etc., when low water season, exposing the chau, beach, and to show people a piece of sand, especially grew up the sand, "white sands, such as frost and snow," the scene is very conspicuous, so many of ancient books called changsha township sand or sand land. Like changsha satrap of da tang Zhang Wei the "changsha folk dancing inscriptions" lead "dun armour" cloud: "sand land, YunYang market." Road history again yue: "sand, for changsha; YunYang, ling for tea." "Yuanhe county" cloud: "" yugong" domain of jingzhou, the spring and autumn for released, qian chu south of the border. The qin dynasty and the world, points in guizhou sands of township, changsha county, south of to tong xiang chuan."

Four, gets its name from the long bar

Surface states of changsha xiangjiang river, about 5000 meters long, 100 meters wide, is a relatively distinctive geographical landscape.

Five, takes its name from "the" language "cult goddess"

Before "nanping pretty more" chu, changsha residents "pretty the clan. In the language of the "long" is the meaning of "altar", "sand" is the meaning of "goddess", not "god" of sand. "Changsha" in quite the meaning is "local" sacrifice to the goddess. , zhuang and dong ethnic communities have the custom of worship of the goddess, in their idioms "adulthood village, changsha" first.

conclusion

After the age of literati scholars discussion, the first and second kind of claims being negative. While the third and fourth on the basis of basic same, is a prominent feature characteristics of changsha, relatively believable. Changsha placenames, should be the natural environmental characteristics of the ancient ancestors according to changsha and gradual confirmation, finally established, posterity; Should be "began in the conceptions of the world", to the western zhou dynasty was confirmed. As for the fifth said, is not determined, but also as a ra.

篇2:长沙旅游英文导游词

Welcome to! I am your tour guide, my name is x, you can call me little x. For a fun filled visit to in order to facilitate everyone, let me first introduce you.

Changsha city in hunan province in the east, north basin west margin of downstream of the xiangjiang river and clear. The geographical scope for 53 - 114 ° east longitude 111 ° 15, north latitude 27 ° 51 - 28 ° 41. East of jiangxi yichun regions and pingxiang, zhuzhou, xiangtan, the two cities in the south, loudi, yiyang two cities in the west, and north to yueyang, yiyang, the two cities. What about 230 km long, about 88 km wide north-south. The citys land area of 11819.5 square kilometers, of which the city covers an area of 556 square kilometers. Changsha is a city with a history of more than 20xx years long history culture, as early as the spring and autumn period, is one of the strategic in south chu.

Of the han dynasty liu bang after the founding, in 206 BC to river, changsha, and the establishment of the han dynasty territories - changsha, since then, changsha began to build walls, and gradually become a mohican. Changsha a humid subtropical monsoon climate. Climate characteristics: mild climate, abundant precipitation, rain heat over the same period, the four seasons. The city of changsha annual average temperature 17.2 ℃, counties 16.8 ℃ to 17.3 ℃, annual accumulated temperature of 5457 ℃, the urban average annual rainfall of 1361.6 mm. Landscape: capital, as orange chau, pavilion, martyrs park, and the moon island.

Today, I was over, the interpretation of the following is the time you visit freely, we assembled in about 30 minutes at the door, hope that this visit will give you a deep impression, I wish everybody can have a good time, thank you

篇3:长沙旅游英文导游词

Welcome to! I am your tour guide, my name is x, you can call me little x. For a fun filled visit to in order to facilitate everyone, let me first introduce you.

Changsha, the ancient called "tam states", is a famous chu city, surrounded by city and happiness. Changsha as the first batch of historical and cultural cities in China, has three thousand years of splendid ancient civilization, is the ancestor of the chu culture and hunan culture, the archaeological wonders of the world "mawangdui han tomb unearthed here. Hunan changsha now the capital of hunan province, is the political, economic, cultural, transportation and science and education center, is also the ring the leading cities of changsha-zhuzhou-xiangtan urban agglomeration.

Scenic spot

Changsha national 5 a-class tourist area: capital - j tourist area. National 4 a level tourist area: changsha window of the world, spirifer lake eco-tourism park in hunan province, tai wai, mountain national forest park, hunan museum, lei feng memorial hall, and, as cabinet. National key scenic spots: capital city scenic area. National forest park, the sky ridge national forest park, and tai wai mountain national forest park. National water conservancy scenic spot: changsha xiangjiang river in changsha city water conservancy scenic spot (xiangjiang river sight), qian longhu ecological resort.

The best travel time

Changsha is one of the four big stove in Chinese cities, one to the sweltering heat. Changsha high temperature and humid summer, is not suitable for travel time. The best time of the rest of the time are changsha tourism.

Regional distribution

Changsha in hunan province east, downstream of the xiangjiang river basin west margin of long clear. In changsha, zhuzhou and xiangtan city in the south, west arrived in loudi, north of yueyang, yiyang, east yi chun city, pingxiang in jiangxi province. Changsha city governs: changsha city (furong district, by tianxin, yuelu district, kaifu district, yuhua district, city) and liuyang, xingsha, ningxiang county, a total of six district a liang county.

History and culture

Due to the eight years war of resistance, Wen Xi fire and broken capitalism, changsha urban area ancient relics of ancient almost wiped out. In 1978 the mainland since the reform and opening up was carried out by the rapid development of urban construction, but there is no full consideration of the historical block protection, does not yet exist full of historical and cultural blocks, the remaining four complete granite street. Begin to pay close attention to in recent years, the ancient city of rescue, set up five protective rescue "historical and cultural blocks, the blocks are: taiping street, tide of street, small order, Simon, historical and cultural blocks as pavilion.

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篇20:关于故宫导游词

范文类型:导游词,适用行业岗位:导游,全文共 14455 字

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首先我来介绍故宫的概况。

故宫过去叫紫禁城,它是明清两代的皇宫。紫禁城始建于明朝永乐四年(142019年)永乐十八年建成,占地面积72万多平方米,距今已有62019年的历史。在这里曾居住了明清两朝24位皇帝。紫禁城的建筑是依据我国古代的《周礼.考工记》中“前朝、后市、左祖、右社”的原则建造的。

那么为什么叫“紫禁城”呢?这里面有很深的文化内涵。咱们中国是一个天文学非常发达的国家,早在3000多年前的甲骨文中就有许多关于天象的记载。在古代的天象观测中,人们发现,有一颗星的位置是不变的,始终居于天空的正中,它是紫微星,也就是大家熟悉的北极星。人们认为那是天帝居住的宫殿,称它为“紫宫”。皇帝称自己为天子,就是天帝的儿子,他所居住的宫殿就叫“紫宫”,这是其一,其二呢,皇帝居住的宫院,对寻常老百姓来说,是绝对的禁忌之地。于是两层含义合起来,所以就叫“紫禁城”

紫禁城是明朝的第三个皇帝朱棣,也就是永乐皇帝在142019年开始营建的,用了2019年的时间才全部建成,1421年正式迁都北京。从明朝永乐到清朝宣统,共有24位皇帝在这儿居住过,统治中国达491年。

相传紫禁城有宫殿9999间半,实际上是8700多间,是我国也是世界上目前规模最大、保存最完整的宫殿建筑群。这些宫殿沿中轴线排列,并向两边展开,左右对称,格局严正,气魄雄伟,极为壮观。当我们漫步在这些宫殿之间时,不仅仅可以亲身接触到它的一砖一瓦,还会欣赏到青铜、玉器、书画、珠宝等珍贵的文物。要知道,这些文物都是从故宫博物院150多万件藏品中精心挑选出来的,您定会爱不够,也看不够。再者说,在那些文物的背后,在眼前这些殿宇之中曾经发生过许许多多令人荡气回肠的故事,足以让您听不够、想不够。简单一句话,您今天走进了这明清两代的皇宫,就是走进了中华文明的宝库。

故宫的全称是“故宫博物院”,因为它是在明清两朝的皇宫和宫廷旧藏文物的基础上,建立起来的综合性国家级博物馆。说到这儿您可能会问了,那故宫博物院是什么时候成立的呢?不要着急,这还要从末代皇帝溥仪的退位说起。192019年,辛亥革命推翻了清王朝的统治,192019年溥仪正式宣布退位。按说,这座宫殿应该收归国有。可是,按照当时的规定,溥仪却被允许居住在后宫部分,长达十几年。

在1924年冬季的一天,冯玉祥将军的手下鹿钟麟,将溥仪和他的后妃逐出了皇宫,同时成立“清室善后委员会”,接管故宫,并对皇宫中的文物进行了清点。又经过一年的紧张筹备,1925年10月10日在乾清门前广场举行了盛大的建院典礼。那天,为了争先目睹这座神秘的皇宫和宫殿里珍藏的宝贝,许多人拥向故宫,北京城万人空巷、交通堵塞,这件事成了当天各大报纸的重要新闻。

故宫在开放的第一天,到底接待了多少游客,我们不知道。可这几年,每年都有近1000万中外游客到故宫参观游览。因为故宫是全年365天开放的,算起来,每天平均要接待将近3万人呢。

故宫博物院已经有80多年的历史了,在这么长的时间,尤其是新中国成立后,故宫在古建筑保护、文物收藏、研究和展览方面,取得了巨大的进步。您知道吗?目前故宫珍藏的文物有150多万件,占全国文物馆藏总量的十分之一,其中一级文物占全国文物的五分之一还多呢?那故宫的文物都有哪些品种呢?这150多万件文物种类齐全,包括玉器、陶瓷、书画、珐琅、漆器、金银器,以及大量帝后、妃嫔服饰、衣料和家具等十多个门类。

这些年来,故宫博物院除了保存和复原三大殿、后三宫和西六宫外,又开辟了青铜、陶瓷、书画、珍宝、钟表等专馆,并经常举办各种临时的主题性展览。另外,你还可以到故宫的网站上看看,网址是:.. (D是英文Digital 数字的意思;PM是Palace Museum,故宫的意思。中文意思就是数字故宫。

城池

午门 是皇宫的正门,因其位于紫禁城的午位(正南方)故称午门。“五凤楼”;在明清两朝,它的地位非常重要,许多重大仪式都是在这里举行的。比如:每年农历十月,皇帝要亲自到这儿来颁布下一年的历书。另外,打完仗,将士得胜回朝后,要在午门前举行隆重的献俘礼。午门有时也会作为举行喜庆活动的场所。每年农历正月十五的元宵节,这儿要张灯结彩、“放灯”三天,而且允许平民百姓来赏灯游玩,显示皇家于民同乐、普天同庆的太平景象。然而,说到这午门,大家都会想到“退出午门斩首”这句话吧。其实,这句话纯属误传,北京当时的刑场在南城的菜市口。那这句话是怎么传出来的呢?过去大臣们和皇帝在朝堂上议政,经常出现意见不和的情况。在明朝时,皇帝就可以把触犯他的大臣拉到午门外用竹子打屁股。这叫廷杖。千万不要小看这竹子,它是一种碗口粗的毛竹,里面还要灌上水银,据说是为了加大杀伤力,几杖下去就能皮开肉绽。被打的人不死也要终生残疾。这种恐怖的事情从皇宫传到民间,就逐渐变成“推出午门斩首”了。

神武门 故宫的北门。这座门故去除了供帝后妃嫔、太监、宫女们进进出出外,还是击鼓报时的场地。当年这门楼上有一支大鼓和一口大钟,每夜有专人值班击鼓报更。这里说的更,是过去人们对夜间的计时方法,一更约为两个小时,一夜分五更。夜里11点到第二天1点,正是三更的时候,所以就有了“三更半夜”或“半夜三更”的说法。每天夜幕降临后,在击鼓报初更之前,先要敲钟108响。楼高夜静,紫禁城里的人们,都能听到这钟鼓声。

东华门 是整个明代皇宫的东门,与西华门一东一西,遥相对应。东华门与西华门不像午门与神武门那样处于正南正北方为,而是处于靠近东南、西南方位。

西华门是紫禁城的西门,门外与东华门一样矗立着一块下马石碑。这个门的职能与东华门相同,是大臣们上朝进宫出入的必经之地,或许因为出入东华门要经过一大片马厩的缘故,大多数朝臣一般进出皇宫都走西华门。清代皇帝和太后平时出宫游玩也多走西华门。

角楼 在紫禁城高高的城墙上,有四座小巧别致、精美无比的角楼。它们像四颗明珠,镶嵌在高大的城墙上,它们不仅是我国,也是世界上的建筑精品。这角楼的建筑十分复杂,它一共有三层檐。关于这角楼的建造,还有一个故事呢,我来说说吧。 相传,明朝的永乐皇帝在修建皇宫时,特意指定要在紫禁城的死角,各建造一座“九梁十八柱七十二脊”的角楼,并且限期100天,盖不好要杀头。谁也没有见过这么复杂的建筑阿,这可难坏了全国各地的能工巧匠。眼看皇帝的限期就要到了,工匠们愁的都吃不下饭。这是,来了一个卖蝈蝈的老头儿。他那蝈蝈笼子非常精致漂亮,大家都为过去看那巧夺天工的笼子。有个工匠不自觉的数起笼子上的玉米秸,“一根梁,两根梁…..”一数,一共是九根横粱、十八根柱子、七十二个脊。哎,这部正式咱们要盖的角楼吗!大家非常兴奋,突然想起卖蝈蝈的老头儿,可一看,老头儿不见了。工匠们七嘴八舌的说,这是鲁班爷显灵,来救我们了。于是,工匠们如期建好了角楼。

护城河和金水河 紫禁城城垣的外围围绕着一条宽52米,深6米的护城河,河岸陡直,由条石砌成,俗称筒子河。清代护城河的北、东、西三面内侧建有守卫围房732间,戒备森严。护城河水的源头是京西的玉泉山,玉泉山水经过颐和园、运河、西直门的高梁桥,流到市中心的后海,然后从地安门的步梁桥下分出支流,经景山西门的地道进入护城河。从康熙朝开始在护城河中种莲藕,农历七月,荷花盛开,十分壮观。收获的莲子和莲藕除交给宫中食用外,剩余的拿到市场上卖,所得银子作为小花销。嘉庆以后开始出租给人养荷收取租金。故宫周围有两条金水河,一条是内金水河,一条是外金水河。外金水河在天安门前,其水系来自护城河西边的河段,护城河河水到达宫墙西南角后,进入地道,在从织女桥流出,绕过社稷坛,从外金水桥流过,经牛郎桥向东过天妃闸,流出皇城。内金水河的水是从神武门西边的地道引入的护城河河水,河水沿内廷西区供电墙外向南流,在慈宁花园墙外向东南转,蜿蜒经武英殿,在太和门前广场形成一个优美的拱形渠,然后转向北流经文渊阁,在銮驾库的西边流出皇宫。整条内金水河在皇宫里绵延2019多米,河上共有大大小小21座桥,还有10多处涵洞。内金水河除有排泄雨水、方便宫中取水、消防等实际功能之外,增加精致也是其中不可忽视的因素。

太和门和三大殿

太和门 朋友们,到了皇宫,您一定想知道皇帝上早朝的地方吧,太和门,就是明朝“御门听证”的地方。所谓御门听证,就是大家所说的上早朝,由皇帝和大臣们讨论、处理国家大事。 在人们的印象中,皇帝上朝都是在威严的大殿里,其实不然。每天清晨,皇帝从后宫出来,坐在这太和门种种摆放的龙椅上。王公大臣们按照文东武西的顺序,站在门下的广场上,向皇帝奏事。皇帝身边站着当班的内阁学士,负责记录皇帝的意见,退朝后再稍加整理,颁行天下,这就是我们常说的“圣旨”或“上谕”,国家的日常事务就在这太和门商量决定了。说到这里,也许您会想到:在露天的门外办公,万一刮风下雨怎么办呢?其实别说刮风下雨,就是平常这里也不打舒服。但按当时的规定:皇帝和大臣们每天都要上早朝。不过,制度是死的,人是活的。封建社会每个朝代的头一两个皇帝一般都还比较勤奋,后代的皇帝就贪图享乐,把祖父辈打江山时的艰辛和治天下短裤新都抛到脑后了。明朝也不例外,中后期的万历皇帝竟长达24年不临朝。历史学家曾说过“明之亡,则亡于神宗”就是说明朝的灭亡正是从这位明神宗开始的。到清朝的时候,将御门听证改在故宫的乾清门。

金水桥 在太和殿前面有五座精致的汉白玉石桥,这就是著名的金水桥。您知道它为什么叫“金水桥”吗?我先说桥下这条河的水,它来自京城西面的玉泉山,从紫禁城的西北进入,东南流出。而古人推崇阴阳五行学说,就是金木水火土这五种物质,认为“西”这个方位在五行中属金,所以取名“金水河”,那上面的桥自然就叫“金水桥”了,我们都知道,天安门外也有金水桥,那是外金水桥,而我们眼前的是内金水桥,这金水河不光起到了装饰庭院的作用,也是紫禁城里重要的消防水源和排水渠道,故宫中的水源是很少的,一旦宫殿着火,金水河里的水就非常珍贵了。

太和殿 在宽阔的太和门广场上,广场中间有一条青白石铺成的御道,这条御道当年只有皇帝才能走。从太和门广场北望,在那高大、漂亮的汉白玉台基上,有座雄伟的建筑叫太和殿,也就是老百姓所说的金銮殿。这汉白玉台基高达8米,比现在的两层楼还要高。修建这么高的台基,为的就是造成大殿的雄壮感。咱们国家古建筑的主体是木结构,而木材本身又不可能很高大,于是聪明的工匠采用高大的石台基将大殿托起,以增强气势。 在紫禁城所有宫殿中,以这座金銮殿最受尊崇,当年最高级别的仪式和大典都在这里举行。比如说,皇帝登基、大婚、册立皇后,还有在发生战争时派将出征,都要在太和殿举行非常隆重地典礼活动。其中最为隆重的就是登基大典,皇帝要这里接受百官和外国使臣的朝贺。此外一年当中的三个大节庆,也就是元旦、冬至和万寿节,皇帝也要在这里举行盛大的宴会。其实这个元旦不是咱们现在的新年,而是农历的大年初一_—春节。冬至是一年当日光照时间最短的一天,古人认为这是阳长阴消的日子,值得大庆。所以皇帝要在冬至那天到天坛祭天,次日在太和殿接受王公大臣的朝贺,而万寿节则是当朝皇帝自己的生日。您可能在电视剧中看到过举行大典的场景把,这广场的两要布置雄壮的仪仗队,文武百官就跪在这御道的两旁。而皇帝是坐在太和殿内的宝座上,接受官员们的叩拜大礼的。既然太和殿的地位这么重要,在建筑规格上自然就是最高、最大的了。它的建筑面积是2377平方米。不仅在紫禁城内,就是从全国范围看,也是现存最大的木结构宫殿。从它的屋脊到地面,高达35米,比现在的10层楼房还要高。讲到这里,不知您是否注意到这么一个问题。您看,这么大的一个广场,怎么连一颗树也没有?原来,这是为了突出三大殿的壮观和皇帝的尊严。您想一想,如果这里松柏参天,三大殿掩映在树荫之中,那还能有现在这种气势马?再者说,这里是举行重大典礼的地方,要求格外庄严肃穆。如果有了树木,仪仗和百官的站位都会受到影响,将有损于典礼的严肃性。如此说来,是这些宫殿建筑的功能,决定了这里不能种树。 在太和殿的汉白玉台基上,有许多青铜鼎,其实那时香炉,因为它们是模仿周朝的鼎造的,所以叫鼎式炉。三层石台上共有18个香炉,象征着清朝的18个行省。每当大典时,就在香炉腹部装上香料,然后将香料点燃,18个香炉就一起散出缕缕青烟,使太和殿显得更加神秘庄严。 太和殿外面两边平台的两个角落,各有一件汉白玉雕凿的器具。在一块圆石板上,中间插一根铁针,周围刻有刻度。当太阳升起时,铁针的投影指向哪个时刻,就表示是什么时辰了。它叫日晷,是古代的一种计时工具。与日晷对称的位置,是一座石头亭子,它叫嘉量。在嘉量的里面石斛(hu)、斗、升、合(ge)、龠(yue)五种计量器具,一直到近代,人们还常用斗和升来称量东西。为什么要把这两件器具摆放在这儿呢?这里面有很深的文化内涵。在中国古代,时间和度量衡是非超重要的,它代表上天的旨意和国家的统一。在世间,只有天子才能代表上天,行使规定时间和计量的权力,它们象征着皇权的至高无上。摆放在日晷和嘉量旁边的统龟、铜鹤是举行大典时熏香用的,但还有一定的寓意。我们都知道,龟、鹤是长寿的动物,在太和殿的两边摆放上龟、鹤,象征着国运永昌。 我们都知道故宫有8700多间房子,而这太和殿,就有55间,这是怎么回事呢?因为在古代,我们把四根柱子之间算一间屋子,而太和殿是横11间、纵5间,就是55间了。所以说,整个故宫也只是由几百座宫殿。 摆放在太和殿中平台上的龙椅,就是民间俗称的金銮宝座。它是用紫檀木制成,从明朝到清朝一直是用。这宝座的宽度大大超过高度,给人一种非常稳定的感觉,象征着皇权安稳、江山永固。大殿里的柱子,靠近金銮宝座的是6根金黄色的柱子,他表面贴的是金箔,6根金柱拱卫着那巨大的龙椅,把皇帝衬托得更加尊贵、庄严。此外还有66根朱红色的柱子。这些柱子都是用才子东北长白山的红松制成的,每根高12米,直径1米多,两个人都抱不过来。当年没有显得的大型运输工具,要采伐、运输这么的木材,实在是一件非常艰难的事情。 在太和殿的天花板上,有一个盘龙藻井。这“藻井”是古建筑中的名称,就是指天花板中间镂孔雕刻的一块。太和殿的藻井是一条蟠龙,就叫蟠龙藻井。在这龙嘴的下面,吊着一个亮晶晶的圆球,它叫“轩辕镜”。这个东西可大有讲究,您听说过“炎黄子孙”这个词吧。传说古代有炎、黄两帝,而咱们现代人都是它们的后代,所以中国人都说自己是炎黄子孙。而过去的皇上也自认为是黄帝的继承者和接班人。这个传说中的黄帝号“轩辕氏”,而皇上在宝座的正上方悬挂一个轩辕镜,表示自己三正统黄帝,而且有轩辕氏的保佑。 太和殿地面上铺的是一种亮亮的方砖。您听说过紫禁城“金砖墁地”吗?指的就是这种“金砖”。这种砖并不是拿黄金制成的,那它为什么会叫金砖呢?这种砖是在今天苏州附近的御窑村烧制的。因为是专门为京城烧制的,所以叫“京砖”。可是南方人发“京”这个字音时,听起来像是黄金的“金”字。久而久之,这京砖被叫成金砖了。虽说这砖不是用黄金制成,可是由于它的制作方法独特,工艺复杂,它的质地更像大理石一样细密、坚固,尽管经历了几百年的摩擦,依然光亮如镜,再加上烧制、铺墁这种砖的费用也是很高的,所以,冠以“金砖”的美名,也是名副其实。

中和殿 太和殿后面有一座四四方方、象亭子一样的建筑,是中和殿。它是黄帝在大典之前的休息室。每次大典前,皇帝从后宫出来,在中和殿稍作停留。当太和殿所有的仪式都准备好后,有专门的人来导引着皇帝,沿中间的御道,从太和殿的后门走近去。当皇帝一落座,就要焚香、奏乐、响鞭,整个大典便开始了。由于这里是皇帝大典之前做准备工作的地方,所以他在后来逐渐成为举行各种祭祀、典礼时的准备场所。在各种祭祀活动中,有一项很特殊,那就是每年春天的祭农。每年春分,皇帝要到先农坛,那里有一块皇帝的“自留地”,就是咱们俗称的“一亩三分地”。平常有专门的官员管理,但到了春分那天,皇帝要亲自到这块田地上,扶扶犁,锄锄地,这叫行“亲耕礼”,祈求五谷丰登。皇帝在去先农坛之前,要在中和殿举行一个仪式,看一看他要用的农具,这也反映皇帝对农业的重视。当然了,中和殿还有其他用途。比如皇帝要在这里阅视家谱。皇族和老百姓一样,也有自己的家谱,皇帝的家谱叫“玉牒”。玉是玉器的玉,牒是通牒的牒,每隔十年重修一次。这里要说明一句,皇帝的家谱虽名为玉牒,但并不是用玉制成的,也是用纸张书写,只是为了强调皇帝家谱的高贵,才称为玉牒。中和殿的另一个用途,是皇帝在这里为皇太后上徽号。皇帝为了表示孝道,要在寿庆和节日给皇太后上一些吉祥的称号,叫做徽号。像我们熟悉的“慈禧”“慈安”就是徽号。

保和殿是一座非常著名的宫殿,在明清两朝,这里是皇家的高级宴会厅。每逢重大节日和帝后生日,皇帝都要在这里宴请文武百官,以示庆贺。一些少数民俗的领袖,像西藏的高僧,蒙古王公来皇宫,皇帝也要在这里设宴款待,以示笼络。公主出嫁,皇帝也要在这里宴请亲家,表示对他们的尊重。然而,保和殿在读书人的心目中,地位是最高的,因为从清朝乾隆年间开始,保和殿拥有了一项更加重要的职能,成为中国科举考试的最高一级殿试的考场。老百姓所熟知的状元,就是从这座大殿里考出来的。朝为放牛郎,暮登天子堂。将相本无种,男儿当自强!您听过这首童谣吗?它的前两句是说一个青年早上还在为地主放牛,晚上就到天子堂来考试了。而“天子堂”,指的就是这保和殿。这里形容读书人的一步登天,其实当年可不是这样的。在当年,能够到这座大殿内参加考试,就应经是非常非常不容易了。因为来到这里的考生,都是从全国众多学子中,经过从地方到京城层层考试选出来的。一个读书人,熟读“四书五经”之后,首先要中秀才。中了秀才就是读书人,到县衙大堂,见县官就不用跪了。秀才要去省会城市考试考“乡试”,考中为举人,举人就可以做县令之类的小官了,社会地位也会得到很大的提升。您还记得吗,在电视剧《铁齿痛牙纪晓岚》里就有秀才参加乡试,考官们徇私作弊的情节。其实,中举对于科举之路来说,只是万里长征走完了第一步。举人们还要到京城的国子监去考“会试”。然后才有资格到这座宫殿参加考试,所以叫“殿试”。“殿”就是保和殿的“殿”。殿试每三年举行一次,由皇帝亲自主考。从早上考到晚上,整整一天。阅卷工作全部结束,皇帝要在太和殿进行一个隆重的发榜仪式,称之为“金殿传胪”。所有参加殿试的贡生们都云集在太和广场,皇帝亲自在大典上宣读前三名的名字。考中第一名的称为状元,第二,第三名称为榜眼和探花。这三个人可以很荣耀的从午门正中的门洞走出紫禁城,这是皇帝对他们的恩宠。

云龙石雕 故宫中,在许多宫殿的前台都有石雕,用浮雕的手法刻出游龙、翔凤等图案。这些石雕主要为了装饰,显示皇家的威严和气派。在这些大大小小的石雕中,保和殿后也就是台阶中间的云龙石雕是最大的一块。石雕的图案,从上到下,刻着九条形态各异、栩栩如生的游龙,嬉戏于云海之中,非常生动、精美。这块石雕是用一块完整的大青石雕成的,现在长16.57米,宽3.07米,平均厚度1.70米,重量达200多吨。这块石料是采自北京房山区的大石窝村,距离紫禁城有100多华里。在500多年前,没有任何现代化运输工具的情况下,是如何从百里之外将这么巨大的石头完整的运来的呢?这是一个非常有趣的话题。简单地说,就是借助冰,是用拉旱船的办法拖过来的。工匠们从紫禁城到大石窝村,每隔一里地打一口井。到了严冬季节,从井里把水提上来,泼在路面上,就这样波一条100多华里的冰道。我们知道,饼面上的摩擦力小的多。就是这种能够情况下,仍然动用了两万多名民工、几千匹骡马,用了近一个月时间,耗银11万两,才把这块大石头拉进紫禁城里,其艰难程度可想而知。每个人站在它面前,都不得不从心底叹服古代劳动人民的勤劳和智慧。

铜缸 故宫里有许多大缸,您想这些大缸是做什么用的呢?这些缸是储水防火用的,故宫里现在总共有308口铜缸或铁缸,分散在各个宫殿附近。故宫的缸都有一个特点,缸底的石基都留有一个方口。因为北京的冬天很冷,户外的水很容易结冰,所以入冬以后,专门有太监来管理这些缸。在缸的外面套上棉套,上面盖上缸盖,低下烧上炭火,一直烧到惊蛰时节气温回升了才撤火,基座下的方口就是烧炭的炭口。这些缸大部分都是用青铜铸成的,缸外面是镏金的,一口缸要用黄金约3公斤。金灿灿的镏金铜缸衬着红墙,十分华贵气派。可是,如果我们走到前朝宫殿旁边,会发现那里的缸表面只留下了斑斑的黄迹。这是怎么回事呢?说道这儿,我要讲一段令人心酸的历史了。100多年前,也就是公元192019年,八国联军以镇压义和团的名义,侵略北京。当他们进入紫禁城后,对宫廷物品进行了大肆劫掠,抢走了数不清的玉器、玛瑙、佛像,许多珍贵图书、档案也被破坏。这些大缸表面,金灿灿的黄金夜难逃此劫。贪婪的侵略者用刺刀把缸表面的镏金一点点刮去,留下横七竖八的刀痕,引起我们痛苦的回忆,提醒我们要勿忘国耻,自强不息!

横街

在保和殿和乾清门之间有条狭长的广场,是紫禁城内的一条分界线,称“横街”,又叫乾清门广场。横街以南是外朝,是举行重大典礼的场所。横街以北是皇帝后妃们居住的地方。从这里向北的一片金碧辉煌的宫殿,就是紫禁城的内廷。在内廷紫禁城的中轴线上有三座宫殿,依次是乾清宫、交泰殿和坤宁宫,称为后三宫,再往北是御花园。两侧各有六座规制相同的院落,就是妃嫔们居住的东六宫和西六宫。东六宫的东侧,有皇帝供奉祖先的奉献殿和乾隆打算养老的宁寿全宫。在内廷中轴线的西面,有一大片宫殿,是供太后、太妃们居住的慈宁宫、寿康宫。另外,还有一座很高的建筑,与周围其他殿堂有很大差异。那是外西路的一处佛堂,叫雨花阁,是故宫中最大的一处佛堂。这座阁楼的形制与其他宫殿明显不同,它的四个屋脊各雕有一条铜铸镏金的龙,四条游龙栩栩如生,呼之欲出。

军机处 在乾清门西高墙边,有排又矮又小的房子,比起紫禁城里那些高大的宫殿,它们实在是太不起眼了。可是正像俗话所说的“人不可貌相”一样,这几间小房子也非比寻常,因为这就是鼎鼎大名的“军机处”所在地。您在各种文学、影视作品中所看到的“军机大臣”,就在这里值班。清朝为什么要把军机处那样一个非常重要的机构,放在这么一个不起眼的地方呢?就是因为这排房子的一墙之隔就是皇帝居住的养心殿。雍正初年,西北地区放生大规模的武装叛乱,军情紧急,雍正皇帝经常在养心殿昼夜不停的和大臣们商量如何评定叛乱。为了随时召见这些大臣,雍正便将养心殿外这排平房作为大臣们休息和等候的地方。这样一来,既节省了时间,又有利于保密。于是,军机处成为正式的国家机关,国家的军政大事都在这里决断,而本来掌握朝政大权的内阁变成空架子。军机大臣的人选要皇帝亲自在大学士、尚书、侍郎等大臣中选任。这样军机处就完全置于皇帝的直接控制之下了。而军机大臣确实有一定权势。要是没有过人的才能,还是不可能成为军机大臣的。一位大臣初入军机处,叫学习“行走”,他每天的工作就是誊写诗片。皇帝每天口诵所制诗文,这位大臣只能肃立静听,然后回到军机处根据记忆将皇帝的诗文誊些出来,也能做到准确无误了,才能参加撰写皇帝的谕旨。皇帝的谕旨,有时一天好几次,有时一说就是几百句话,听了以后,仅凭记忆,要能写的完全符合皇帝的本意才行。您说,这活儿容易吗?

景运门 在明朝时期可是戒备森严,没有皇帝的诏令,就是王公大臣也不能进入。因为,这是进入皇宫内院的必经之门。在景运门西面,有一个和它正对着的门,叫隆宗门,隆宗门的作用及管理办法,和景运门完全一样的。

后三宫

乾清门,它和南面的太和门有异曲同工之处。太和门是明朝“御门听证”的场所,清朝则改在这里。清代的许多重大国事比如平定吴三桂等人的叛乱、抗击沙皇俄国的侵略、出兵收复中国台湾等。都是在这里讨论决策的。乾清门内是一个不大的院子,周围有一些看上去很普通的长廊式房屋,您可千万别小看这些没有气派的平房,中国历史上许多重大历史事件就发生在这里。您听说过康熙智擒鳌拜的故事吗?这历史上真实的一幕,就发生在乾清门西侧的叫南书房的屋子里。康熙做皇帝的时候只有8岁,又鳌拜登四名大臣辅政,鳌拜居功自傲,专横跋扈。有很大野心。他通过大肆结党营私,迫害异己逐渐总揽了朝廷大权,干了许多坏事。康熙14岁时,名义上正式亲政,可实际上鳌拜仍然控制着朝廷,把康熙置于傀儡地位。有一次,鳌拜和一个大臣发生争执,鳌拜在朝堂上,就和皇帝大吵大闹,后来竟然撸起袖子、伸出拳头,胁迫康熙。康熙只好暂时忍耐。从那以后,康熙决心除掉这块绊脚石。然而鳌拜是满族贵族中有名的“勇士”武功极好,又手握大权,在朝中有一大帮党羽,要扳倒鳌拜也不是件容易的事。康熙决定智取,假装迷上了摔跤,他让人找了十几个身体强壮并和自己年龄相仿的少年,天天在一起玩摔跤。有时鳌拜进宫办事,看到小皇帝这样贪玩,认为不会有什么作为,就更加不把皇帝放在心上,做着独揽大权的美梦。经过一年多的训练,康熙认为时机已经成熟,便在康熙八年五月的一天,召鳌拜来南书房讲书,当时这里是康熙读书的地方。当鳌拜像往常一样趾高气扬的走进去时,突然拥上一帮少年,连拉带绊把他按倒在地,鳌拜还以为这帮孩子在跟他开玩笑。当他被捆绑住后,康熙严厉的列举了鳌拜的30条罪状。考虑到鳌拜毕竟为清朝立下过汗马功劳,宣布将他终生监禁。不可一世的鳌拜后来死在狱中。这一年康熙皇帝才16岁。

乾清宫 是皇帝的寝宫,明朝的14位皇帝和清朝的顺治,康熙两位皇帝都曾在这里居住,并在这里批阅奏章、召见官员、接见外国使节。从清朝第五代皇帝雍正开始,将寝宫移到了养心殿。宫殿里宝座的上方,悬挂着一块牌匾,上面写着“正大光明”四个大字。这块匾是康熙皇帝临摹顺治皇帝的笔迹写成的,在学多电视剧中出现过,可以说它是紫禁城中最重要的一块匾,为什么这么说呢,有两个理由:首先“正大光明”这四个字是清朝皇帝标榜的祖训格言,制成扁悬挂在这里,作为立身、齐家、治国、平天下的基本准则。再者,它和清朝雍正皇帝创立的秘密建储制度有关。储是储存的储,建储业叫立储,就是确立皇位继承人。我国历代王朝,大都采取公开建储的方式,立为太子的多是嫡长子,也就是皇后生的第一个儿子。可是皇帝的儿子一般都很少,不少皇子都做着皇帝梦,他们为此往往拉帮结伙、勾心斗角,甚至发展为同胞骨肉互相残杀,您看过电视剧《康熙王朝》吗?剧中的康熙皇帝就因为建储而遇到问题:他曾两次立嫡长子胤礽为太子,又两次把他废掉。此后康熙便不再提太子的人选,直到他临死之前,才下诏书,让四子胤祯继承皇位,这就是雍正皇帝。由于康熙朝的太子长期不定,而雍正即位又比较突然,所以民间就盛传雍正是偷改了康熙皇帝的遗诏而登上皇帝宝座的。据说,康熙写的是“传位十四子”,雍正勾结负责传召的故名大臣隆科多将“十”字上面加一横,下面加意钩,改称了了“于”字,成为“传位于四子”。事实果真如此吗?据清史专家考证,这种传说是靠不住的,因为清代这种传位诏书要用满汉两种文字书写。这样看来,雍正并不是靠篡改诏书登上皇位的。雍正皇帝即位后,吸取历史教训,决定将公开立太子的制度,该为秘密建储。秘密建储的做法是,皇帝在位时不公开确立太子,通过对皇子们的全面考查,选定皇位接班人,并秘密的将这个皇子的名字写在两份诏书上,一份由混各地随身带着,另一份装在一个小盒子里,密封好后,就放在这块“正大光明”匾背后。当皇帝病危时或去世后,由朝廷重臣和王公贵族,一起把这两份诏书取出来,对照无异后,即按照上面的名字公布下一任皇帝。这种方法确实减少了皇子之间的争斗。雍正皇帝设立了这种秘密建储制度后,他的儿子乾隆皇帝就是以这种方式登上皇位的。

交泰殿 是以做四方的亭式建筑。这座宫殿上的彩画图案和其他宫殿的是有区别的。所绘彩画是一对对飞翔凤凰,而其他宫殿基本上都是一对对游龙。在封建社会,龙是皇帝的象征,而凤凰是皇后的象征。皇后头上戴的是凤冠,穿的是凤头鞋,住的是凤楼。说到这儿您是不是已经想到了交泰殿的用途,原来这交泰殿是宫内专门为皇后准备的正殿。在皇宫中,皇后的地位也是非常尊贵的。每年的一些重要节日,如元旦,还有千秋节,也就是皇后的生日,皇后就会端坐在交泰殿内的宝座上,接受宫内嫔妃以及一些高级官员大夫人的朝拜。殿内正上方悬挂的那张匾写有“无为”二字。这两个字很是耐人寻味,无为是古代的一种政治思想,讲究清静无为、清心寡欲,其实就是不要有太多的作为,凡是要顺其自然。交泰殿虽然不大,里面的陈设却非常丰富。宝座两旁有一些蒙着布的方架子颇引人注目。当年这些架子上放置着象征皇权的大印,一共有25方,习惯上称为二十五宝,这些都是乾隆皇帝亲自选出来的。在殿的两侧,还有两件大型计时器,东边的叫“铜壶滴漏”,西边的叫“大自铭钟”。铜壶滴漏是中国古代传统的计时器,大自铭钟是吸收西方近代科学仿造的钟表。

坤宁宫 是后三宫的最后一宫。我们知道后三宫中最前面的是乾清宫,从名字上看,按照中国传统文化的解释,这“坤宁”二字同乾清宫的“乾清”二字是非常对应的,“乾”指天,象征着阳;“坤”指地,象征着阴。“清”“宁”都是表示安定、和谐的意思。您该猜到坤宁宫的作用了吧!乾清宫是皇帝的寝宫,那坤宁宫自然是皇后的寝宫了。在明朝,除了个别失宠的皇后外,其他皇后都住在这座宫殿内。清代,顺治和康熙时期,皇后依然住在坤宁宫里。到了雍正皇帝时,由于皇帝搬出乾清宫,皇后也就不再住坤宁宫了,于是对坤宁宫作了改建。从此,这座古老的宫殿在结构和功能上,都发生了有趣的变化。首先说,这座宫殿的正门不居中,而是偏向东边,这是东北地区满族的建筑特色,再者说,坤宁宫的窗户纸都糊在窗棂的外面,过去人们说东北三大怪,其中就有这“窗户纸糊在外”。在风沙大地区,这种把窗户纸糊在密集的窗棂外面的方法,既可以使窗户纸不易被风刮破,还可以使窗棂上不落灰尘。屋内的陈设,就更有特色了。大殿的西半部分较大,是萨满教举行祭神的场地。萨满教是满足的民族宗教,在东北地区非常流行,它是一个多神教,佛教中的释迦牟尼、观音菩萨,汉族民间祭拜的关云长,以及山里的虎、鹿、猪、熊,路边的石头、树林等都是萨满教的祭祀对象。坤宁宫东侧是皇帝皇后大婚的洞房。按照礼仪,帝、后新婚,要这这里住满三天。三天之后,皇帝搬到养心殿,而皇后在东西六宫中中选择一宫居住。洞房中的陈列室末代皇帝溥仪和他的“皇后”婉容大婚的原状。洞房的墙上涂着红漆,地上铺着红地毯,到处都是红色,在洞房的门口和东侧过道的木影壁上,各有一个大红底金色双喜字,寓意着“开门见喜”。靠窗户的大炕,是皇帝和皇后因交杯酒、唱交祝歌的地方。屋内靠西北墙的地方摆有皇帝和皇后的龙凤喜床。

坤宁门 是御花园的入口。到了这里,古柏老槐扑面而来,有一种神清气爽的感觉。御花园的面积并不大,它东西长130多米,南北宽90米,总面积不超过12019平方米。但古代的工匠们就利用这一方小小得天地,安排了各类建筑20多座、古树160株,还有两座假山、两方水池及散布其间的大量奇花异石,使御花园显得格外典雅、幽静,幽赏起来,美不胜收。

御花园

钦安殿 走进天一门,在钦安殿的前面,您能看到两棵长的很奇特的柏树。这两棵树的根和主干彼此独立,但从树杈上就相依相偎,难分彼此了。人们称它为“连理树”、“连理枝”。古代人把这种连理枝又叫“合欢树”、“夫妻树”。其实它们不是天然形成的,在它们很小的时候,园艺工匠就将它们拧到了一起,最后长成了这个样子。您知道吗,钦安殿是整个故宫中最古老的建筑,它是从明代保存下来的,距现在已经有580多年的历史了。明清两朝都在这里供奉玄武大帝。玄武大帝也叫真武大帝,是水神。皇宫都是木结构的房子,非常怕火,过去由于没有避雷针,曾多次着火。特别是太和殿,因为最高大,更容易遭受雷击,自明初建成以来,曾经发生五次较大的火灾。所以封建帝王们特意在宫中专门找一个宫殿供奉水神,祈求保佑皇宫的安全。而且,这连理枝前的门叫天一门,门的名字也跟水有关系。《易经》上说“天一生水”,水是灭火的,于是起这个名字,用水镇火,图个吉利。我们都知道,浙江宁波有一座明代的藏书楼叫“天一阁”,也是取这个意思。当然,这些都是一种心理上的安慰罢了。

养性斋 是座凹字形的两层楼阁式建筑。它的外墙倚着御花园的墙壁,海棠树、太湖石环绕周围,环境很优雅,在这儿居住一定很舒服。谁在这儿住过呢?他就是末代皇帝溥仪的英文老师。这位英文老师是苏格兰人,中文名字叫庄士敦。他是一个中国通,中国话也讲的非常流利。在电影《末代皇帝》中,就有这位英文教师的镜头。溥仪在《我的前半生》中写道,自己念书厌烦的时候,庄士敦能循循善诱,“讲些山南海北、古今中外的掌故。”他称赞庄士敦是自己的又一个灵魂。因此,溥仪特意把这养性斋,赏赐给庄士敦当书房兼卧室。当然,溥仪学习英文就业在这里了。

堆秀山,它是用江苏太湖流域的“太湖石”人工堆砌成的。太湖石是在太湖里被湖水多次冲刷而形成的奇形怪状的石头。要细算起来,这堆秀山“太湖石”的历史比整个皇宫都古老,听我们讲讲吧。在北宋的都城开封,过去由一座山叫“艮岳”,就是用太湖石堆成的。可是建好后不久,北宋就被金朝灭亡了,艮岳山也毁了。等到明朝初年修建紫禁城时,就把这些石头运到这儿,堆成了我们眼前的堆秀山。所以这些太湖石有近102019年的历史了。在山脚下,正中有一个门洞,在门洞的东西两侧各有一座人工喷泉。那时候故宫里没有自来水管道,这喷泉是怎么设计的呢?工匠们在半山腰两侧各设一口蓄水的大缸,通过水道,产生压力,使水从下面的龙嘴里喷出。而喷泉造型是用石头雕刻的一条蛟龙,盘踞在石座上面。喷泉整体造型和谐美观,使皇帝的游玩别有情趣。堆秀山山上有一座小亭子“御景亭”。那儿是御花园的最高点,每年农历八月十五中秋节、九九重阳节,皇帝会带着后妃们,在亭内登高赏月、饮酒作诗。

絳雪轩 为5间房的建筑。这个“絳”字是红色的意思。可我们都知道,雪是白的,那么,絳雪岂不成了红色的雪吗?其实,当年这里种着5棵海棠树。一阵微风吹来,白中透红的海棠花瓣纷纷飘落,地面上就像下了一层红色的雪,乾隆皇帝为此作诗“暇日高轩成小立,东风絳雪未酣霏”,来赞美当时的景色,所以取名叫絳雪轩。絳雪轩对面的花坛,竖着一块枯木。但您仔细想想,如果这是块木头,常年的风吹日晒雨淋,早就腐烂了。其实,这是一块木头的化石,叫木变石。这木变石是怎么形成的呢?据记载,东北的松木沉入松花江,经常年累月,变成石头,就是木变石了。一般的木变石都比较小,可是我们看这块石头,有一米多高,就十分难得了。这块石头是黑龙江的一个大将军,进献给乾隆皇帝的,乾隆得到石头后,非常高兴,诗兴大发,题诗一首,刻在石头上。

延晖阁 为二层阁楼。您可千万不要小看这阁楼,清朝的选秀女就是在这里进行的,每三年选一次,满、蒙、汉八旗官员的女儿凡是13岁到17岁的都要参选,只有到17岁仍未被选上的才可以自由婚嫁。选秀女的时候,候选的女孩子们先由太监从神武门领到这御花园北门外等候。选时一到,再将那些女孩子引到这延晖阁前站好,让坐在阁里的皇帝、皇太后挑选。被选中的秀女,或成为皇帝的嫔妃,或指配给皇子皇孙和皇家宗室的子弟。您知道吗?慈禧就是17岁时在这里被选入宫的。好,延晖阁讲到这里。我现在问您一个问题,您看过电视剧《还珠格格》吗?那里面的格格门住的地方叫什么来着?没错,淑芳斋!在延晖阁西北边有一个小屋檐,倚着红墙,那里面就是淑芳斋了。它位于西六宫最北处,目前还没有公开开放。我所以要讲一家,是为了消除一个误会,实际上这淑芳斋并不是拍《还珠格格》时的场景,也不是格格居住的地方,电视剧只是借用了这个名字。在清朝的时候,淑芳斋是皇帝和后妃们看戏的场所。紫禁城内共有5个戏台,淑芳斋里就有两个,梅兰芳、杨小楼等人都在这里演过戏

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