社会实践报告英语翻译【推荐3篇】
发布于2023-12-28 20:50,全文约 15835 字
篇1:英语翻译实习报告
我从正式开始学习翻译到现在,不过两年时间。作为一个年轻的翻译爱好者,我对翻译这门让人时而绝望时而又充满希望的艺术,有着自己最真实的经历与感悟。在此想借本文与所有翻译新手共勉。
关于英汉互译的研究著作可谓汗牛充栋,各种派别观点层出不穷,让后来者眼花缭乱,却又无从选择。其实从英译汉的角度来说,究其本质,过程无非就两个步骤:1、准确理解英文原文;2、用地道的中文表达原文的含义。
如何准确理解英文原文
我们先来谈谈第一个步骤,如何准确理解英文原文——这一点说白了就是考验译者的阅读理解能力。如果说在阅读中遇到不认识的单词或词组,译者尚且能够通过查阅字典的方式解决的话,那么英语中繁复多样的句式往往就不是一本字典可以打发的了。尤其在阅读文学性较强的英语作品时,作者行云流水般的笔触通常都是借助丰富多变的句型来表现的。这些英语作品与我们日常教科书本中选取的文章相比,往往来得更为艰深难懂。怎么办?惟一的办法就是从头做起:
1、确保自己在学校中或是培训班上接触到的一切阅读材料都能够完全透彻地理解。
千万不要小瞧学校老师为你选择的阅读教材,或许它们所触及的话题不是非常新鲜前卫,或许它们涵盖的内容与你的兴趣爱好相悖。但是,它们却能在不经意间为你打下阅读基础的坚实栋梁。
2、在学有余力的基础上,可以选择一些英语课外读物来扩充自己的阅读量。
对具体英语读物的选择其实还是有些讲究的。比如,有些学生对文学类作品很感兴趣,但并不意味着他们在一开始就该选择那些厚得像砖块一样的原版名著来阅读,因为这样做无异于“自杀”。究其原因,仅其中的生词就足以使阅读者信心全无。那么,那些有中英文对照的版本是否能称为上佳之选呢?答案依然为否。因为这极易激发读者的惰性,尤其对阅读量有限的读者来说更是如此。
对此我的建议是,选择那些名著的缩写本,并且是配有详细注释的版本。在阅读过程中,读者往往很难定位陌生的词组或表达。比如说有这样一句话:HesaidthatIwaswayoutofthatgirl’sleague.初次见到这个表达的人可能以为只要查到league的中文意思问题就解决了,他们无法立刻意识到,AbeoutofB’sleague是一个完整的词组表达式,其含义是:A君配不上B君;而句中的way一词,也不是我们以前学过的“道路”或者“方式、方法”的意思,而应解释为“远远地”或是“过于”。所以,全句的正确理解应为:他说我压根儿就配不上那个女孩子。如果读者选择读物的时候能够找到有类似这样配以注释的版本,阅读起来就既不会因为生词过多而灰心,同时又能够逐渐培养定位词组的语感了。
3、将新鲜或新学的词组记录在笔记本上,并连同该词组出现的句子一起写下,以供随时重温。
有时候,仅写下词组对我们的记忆来说是一项很大的挑战,因为我们可能很快就会忘记其含义。即使当初在一旁写下了中文意思,时间一长就会忘记应如何使用它了。这时如果为该词组提供背景环境,不但能够加深我们对它的记忆,也可以为日后模仿成句提供现成例子。
对英语原文的准确理解是英译汉的第一步。形象说来,这一步就像是“踩点”,一定要踩得准、踩得到位,只有这样才能为下一步转换成中文打好基础。
如何使行文变得“地道”
英译汉的第二步是用地道的中文表达原文的含义。这对译者的中文功底是一个十足的考验。这里的“地道”指的是,译文不会让人感觉到有英语原文的痕迹,就好像它原来就是一篇中文作品一样。
很多时候,译者对原文的理解没有问题,但是要将这粗糙、原始、零碎的理解升华为通顺、精致、具整体性的另一种语言,并用符合该语言习惯用法的表达转述出来,往往就不是那么容易了。尤其当原文是以精确简约著称的英语,而目标语言是惯于华美繁复的汉语时,我们往往就得花费更多的工夫去打磨译文,才能弥合两种语言之间的沟壑。那么我们如何培养出这种“地道”的翻译呢?
再拿前文提到过的一个句子为例:HesaidthatIwaswayoutofthatgirl’sleague.句中way一词若单独解释,则可以理解为“过于”或“远远地”等含义,但是如果直接放置到句中,其译文则成为:他说我过于配不上那个女孩子;他说我远远配不上那个女孩子;与我们给出的译文“他说我压根儿就配不上那个女孩子”相比,“过于”和“远远”显然都不如“压根儿”来得地道,虽然从本质上讲,这三个词的含义都很相近。你一定想问:我怎么就想不到“压根儿”这个词呢?那是因为你没有成功进行角色的变换。
什么叫做角色的变换?
当我们做到上文所讲的第一步“准确理解英文原文的含义”后,我们的思维会在不经意间嵌入英文语言的模式。这时,只有成功脱离该模式,进入换位思考的状态,才有可能在最大程度上激活自身的汉语表达能力。面对这种情况,我们应该将原文的含义提取出来,暂存在大脑中,想想作为一个中国人,他会怎样来表达这层意思;或者回想自己有没有亲历过类似的情况,自己当时又是如何表达的呢?如此这般,较为地道的用语就能信手拈来了。
又如这么一个句子:Butthesameadvantagewouldapplytoallspecies,andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace.原文理解起来并不困难,但若跳不出英语的思维模式、不考虑中文惯用表达、逐字翻译,其结果就是:但是同样的优势将会出现在所有的物种身上,然而惟独我们谱写出交响曲和字谜游戏,将石头刻成雕像,划分时间和空间。
这样的翻译不能说有错,但是中文的美感全无。翻译界前辈总结的“信达雅”是以信达为基础,以雅为目标的三步翻译标准,其中最难把握的也就是这第三步“雅”的境界。下面我们来具体分析一下这个句子的各个部分。
首先要注意的词是第一个分句中的would,这个词可不是随便用的,它除了在过去将来时中会出现以外,还会出现在虚拟语气里。在此我们可大致判断,第一个分句其实是一个省略虚拟句式,即省略的非真实条件句,而被省略的部分就是该非真实条件复合句中的条件部分,而我们看到的只是结果部分。所以有必要将条件部分还原为:如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力,那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。
第二个小分句andyetwealonecomposesymphoniesandcrosswordpuzzles,carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace中,值得注意的地方可不少:
(1)整个句子的结构:andyetwealone如同一个统领的标志,后面的compose,carve,map分别是其下的三个并列动宾词组。如何翻译此类句子?
在这里我们可以采用类似数学中合并同类项的做法——将andyetwealone先提取出来总述,然后将后面的三个动宾词组作为分述,译文为:然而,惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头:我们谱写交响曲
(2)动词compose后面跟的两个宾语symphonies和crosswordpuzzles该如何处理?虽然原文里只用了一个动词,但是在中文里面却很难找到这样一个动词能够同时搭配交响曲和字谜游戏,所以在翻译过程中,应将一个compose拆分为两个中文动词,与两个宾语分别搭配,译文为:我们谱写交响曲,创造字谜游戏;
(3)那么carvestoneintostatues,maptimeandspace这两个动宾结构又该如何处理呢?在这里可以延续前面的主语“我们”:我们谱写交响曲,创造字谜游戏,刻石头成雕像,划分时间空间,但是,这样的译本就看似平淡,没有层次感。如果我们根据意群对该分句进行二度划分,就能把划分符放在carve之前,将后两个动宾词组合为一组,与前文分开。同时,采用主宾对换的方式使得句式结构富于变换,即不再使用“我们”作为动宾结构的主语,而是让原本处于宾语地位的stone和timeandspace翻身作主人,这一切变换措施只需要借助一个小小的地点状语即可实现:在我们的手中,顽石诞生为雕像,时空归依为坐标。全句翻译如下:如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力,那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而,惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头:我们谱写交响曲,创造字谜游戏;在我们的手中,顽石诞生为雕像,时空归依为坐标。这样一来,整句中的小结构里又透出工整对仗之意,大结构上又十分富有层次感,也不失变化;读来全无英文的痕迹,而又忠于原文,这才是令人颇为满意的好译文。
综上所述,翻译两部曲中的第二步是“成品”的关键所在。译者在此既要有跳出原文束缚的能力,又不能一蹦三丈远——完全脱离原文内容实质、凭空创造;也就是说,译者还得有将译文“靠”回原文的本领。翻译之路如此漫漫,大家还需不断“上下而求索”,希望我的这篇文章能够在此给大家“抛砖引玉”。
篇2:英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告_开题报告_网
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告
how to deal with ellipsis in english-chinese translation
i. purpose and significance
with the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. however, the differences between english and chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
it is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in english-chinese rendition. translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
according to the oxford advanced learner’s english-chinese dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. what could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
some words and phrases are useless in chinese but necessary in english. articles in english are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. they are very important in english, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in chinese. ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic chinese. the paper will explore ellipsis in english-chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among china and english-speaking countries.
ii. literature review
long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. in china, xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the sanskrit sutras into chinese, but introduced the first chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand china’s ancient culture. meanwhile, he was the first to translate lao tses works into sanskrit. indian scholars had a high opinion of xuanzang, "in china, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that xuanzang is the first great translator."(ye lang, ) we can say that it was xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. then, some big countries such as america, china, and so on became a melting pot.(gu zhengkun, ) people have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
with china’s entry into wto and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. a lot of foreign tourists come to visit china. while traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. sometimes, they even feel confused. a lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. all of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (ma zuyi, ). i am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. the love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. but every time when i have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. in order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. of course, translation is one of them. all translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(gu jinming, 1997) from my perspective, they really have done a great job. and i want to retrospect the cause of their development. after a thorough evaluation, i choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from english to chinese, then i did the following jobs.
i put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then i found that it is a common case in english and chinese which draws much academic interest. in 1976, halliday and hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. this classification exerts great influence in academic circle. thereafter, ellipsis in chinese and english has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. this kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in chinese and english.
another famous theory to explain ellipsis is economy principle. economy principle was put forward by chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his generate crammer. it maintains that language and linguistic study follow economy principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. this principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
in this thesis, i think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. and in both english and chinese, people advocate brevity. shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). however, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(hua xianfa,)these functions distribute in both english and chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both english to chinese and chinese to english translation.
i found that when chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in english to chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. they consider that it is a common phenomenon that chinese always leave out personal articles. while it is obviously different in english that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. that is because when we translate from english to chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. however, it never happens in english. from this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into chinese.
in my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. however, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in china, and we have less influential chinese translators in the world. therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
iii. feasibility analysis
this academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
1.i have great interests in the way of english-chinese translation.
2.i have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
3.i have collected enough references both chinese and western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
4.i have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
5.i have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate english competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise english.
6.my instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject i havechosen.
iv. problems of the research and solutions
1. problems
despite the references i have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in english-chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. what’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in xinjiang, i will have to make full use of my present resources. also, this is the first time i have ever written such a serious academic paper. i am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. solutions
(1) i shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the internet as well.
(2) i shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that i have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) when i have difficulties in the writing process, i shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
v. necessary conditions
1. our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. the internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the internet.
3. i have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
vi. outline
i. introduction
a. a brief introduction of ellipsis in translation
b. what should we pay attention to when dealing with ellipsis
c. the reason why ellipsis is so widely used in translation
1. chinese expressions are much briefer than that of english
2. english grammar is wee-knit and complete in sentence structure
ii. the principles of ellipsis
a. omitted words must be useless and unnecessary in the translated works
b. the meaning of the omitted words is implied in the test
c. omitted words which are self-evident
ш. the functions and applications of ellipsis
a. the coherence of the meaning of expression
b. the coincidence of the manner of expression
1. ellipsis of articles
a. ellipsis of definite articles
b. ellipsis of indefinite articles
2. ellipsis of prepositions
3. ellipsis of pronouns
a. ellipsis of personal and impersonal pronouns
b. ellipsis of indefinite pronouns
c. ellipsis of relative pronouns
4. ellipsis of conjunctions
a. ellipsis of coordinating conjunctions
b. ellipsis of subordinate conjunctions
5. ellipsis of rhetoric
a. ellipsis of repeated words
b. ellipsis of synonyms
篇3:英语翻译实习报告
经过一个学期的学习,我们即将结束《英汉翻译教程》的学习。通过学习,我又掌握了一门新的英语学习技能,也初步了解了英汉翻译的基本要求与要领。简而言之,就是获益匪浅。
英汉翻译是一门建立在综合能力基础之上的学科,囊括了全方位的知识以及中西文化的差异。不管是对个人能力以及日常积累都有较高的要求。前我一直有一种误区:认为只要掌握大量的词汇,翻译起来就会很容易,认为翻译只不过是把大量的词汇拼接连接在一起。可是当我真正接触到这门课程时惊觉自己原来的思维是有多么的狭隘。当翻译一句话时,我根本不知道该怎么组合。勉强组合在一块时不是错误百出,就是很Chinglish.
首先,英汉翻译应遵循“忠实,通顺”的标准。所谓忠实,就是忠实于原文的内容。由于中西文化之间存在的巨大差异,一句英文在欧美人看起来顺理成章,而在我们中国人看起来就会极其别扭。我们就会在翻译过程中不自觉的用上自己的思维,因而改变了原文的意思破坏了原文的风格。通顺就是指原文语言必须通俗易懂,符合规范。译文必须通顺,避免死译,硬译,符合规范。把原文的内容适当的表达出来,既不能改变扭曲,也不能增加或删减。如“Heisseriouslyill”.就译为:“他病得很厉害”。有人为了追求汉语的“漂亮”译为“他苟延残喘”,这就得不偿失了。
其次,翻译分为三个阶段:理解,表达,和校核。准确理解原文所要表达的意思,注意上下文的关系在翻译过程中是至关重要的。在翻译时采取直译或者意译两种方式。有时在翻译过程中我们也可以直译和意译结合起来使用。主要取决与具体的情景。校核也是一个非常重要的过程,不可忽视。即在翻译时要经过反复的推敲,已到达最好效果的翻译。
翻译不是一朝一夕就能做到做好的事。我们在日常学习中必须注重积累有关英译汉方面的知识以及基本方法。了解基本英汉语言对比(词法和句法)。通过对比,掌握两种语言各自的特点,以及所对应的意思,在翻译的时候才能得心应手的运用。避免造成错用,误用,闹出笑话。需要注意的是随着语言的发展,很多英语单词已经不再紧紧局限于其原有的意思,更有了扩展。这就要求我们积极扩充自己的积累。同时,我还学习掌握了英译汉时常用的方法和技巧。如:增词法,重复法,省略法,以及词义的转义等等。还有关于各种不同句型的不同翻译方式。如定语从句,被动语态,状语从句等等,这些在书本上都有系统的介绍。我们在日常练习的时候也要避免为了做题而做题,要在过程中学会理解,应用这些方法。
我还体会到理解和翻译并不是一回事,几个人的理解相同,翻译成的文字风格可以是不同的。通过学习,我了解到可以直译的就直译,只要把词序调整一下,保证通顺,不致引起误解就好。如果不能直译,可凭借各种翻译技巧,在不偏离原文意思的前提下,对句子的结构作一些变动。方法也好,技巧也好,都是为忠实、通顺地再现原作这个目的服务的,其功效自不待言,但并非万应灵药。任何方法在应用中都有其限度,过犹不及。如果一味死搬教条,盲目遵照翻译的规则,过分依赖这些翻译的技巧,最终只会落得个邯郸学步的结果。优秀的翻译者会在在实践中经常数法并用,因人因文而异,并无一定之规,主要靠自己不断实践、不断总结经验和不断提高理论水平,才能最终达到得心应手、曲尽其妙的境界。
经过学习,我确实获得了不少的进步以及在本学期的翻译学习中,我们获得了翻译专业应具备的一项技能,也对下学期的汉英翻译学习有了初步的计划和想法,以后学起来的时候亦不会无从下手。我相信我在今后的翻译道路更加宽阔平坦,我会再今后的学习中,不断总结经验技巧,是这些宝贵经验成为翻译学习的宝贵财富,力争做一名合格的英语人。
我也知道只是经过这学期的学习,我还有很多缺失以及不足的对地方。像中西文化这方面我就做的不是很好,经常在翻译时会弄不清具体的背景知识而做出错误的译文。翻译的时候也会出现措辞不当的现象。我还需要继续的加深关于这方面的知识。翻译不像我想象中的那么简单,但是也不是高不可攀。最重要的是要保持一颗积极学习进取的心,无论何时何地不能失去对翻译的热情。只有这样,才能在日后的学习中遇到困难时有勇气克服它。翻译本就是一个需要不断探索,积累,应运的过程。我有信心在未来的学习中会越走越远,越做越好!!!